Electricity Production from Renewable Energies

by Robyns, Beno¿t; Davigny, Arnaud; François, Bruno; Henneton, Antoine; Sprooten, Jonathan

• ISBN13: 9781848213906
• ISBN10: 1848213905
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-05
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

The concept of sustainable development and concern for future generations challenge us every day to the emergence of new technologies for energy production, and new patterns of use of these energies. The rapid emergence of new technologies can make understanding and therefore the perception of it difficult. This book aims to contribute to a better understanding of these new technologies of electricity generation by addressing a diverse audience. Indeed, it presents the issues, sources and means of conversion into electricity using a general approach and develops the notions of scientific basis to understand their main technical characteristics.

Author Biography

Benoit Robyns is Director of research at Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Arnaud Davigny, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur, lille, France.

Bruno Francois, Ecole Centrale de Lille, France.

Antoine Henneton, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.

Jonathan Sprooten, Ecole des Hautes Etudes d'Ingénieur,lille, France.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Introduction	p. xiii
Decentralized Electricity Production from Renewable Energy	p. 1
Decentralized production	p. 1
The issue of renewable energies	p. 2
Observations	p. 2
The sustainable development context	p. 6
Commitments and perspectives	p. 6
Renewable energy sources	p. 9
Wind energy	p. 9
Solar energy	p. 9
Hydraulics	p. 11
Geothermal energy	p. 11
Biomass	p. 12
Contribution of the various renewable energies	p. 13
Production of electricity from renewable energies	p. 14
Electricity supply chains	p. 14
Efficiency factor	p. 16
Bibliography	p. 17
Solar Photovoltaic Power	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Characteristics of the primary resource	p. 21
Photovoltaic conversion	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
Photovoltaic effect	p. 25
Photovoltaic cells	p. 27
Cell association	p. 43
Maximum electric power extraction	p. 49
Power converters	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Structure of the photovoltaic conversion chains	p. 53
Choppers	p. 56
Inverters	p. 60
Adjustment of the active and reactive power	p. 64
Solar power stations	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Autonomous power stations	p. 66
Power stations connected to the network	p. 66
Exercises	p. 67
Characteristic of a photovoltaic panel	p. 67
Sizing an autonomous photovoltaic installation	p. 69
Bibliography	p. 72
Wind Power	p. 75
Characteristic of the primary resource	p. 75
Variability	p. 75
The Weibull distribution	p. 76
The effect of relief	p. 79
Loading rate	p. 80
Compass card	p. 81
Kinetic wind energy	p. 82
Wind turbines	p. 83
Horizontal axis wind turbines	p. 83
Vertical axis wind turbines	p. 91
Comparison of the various turbine types	p. 94
Power limitation by varying the power coefficient	p. 95
The "pitch" or variable pitch angle system	p. 96
The "stall" or aerodynamic stall system	p. 97
Mechanical couplings between the turbine and the electric generator	p. 99
Connection between mechanical speed, synchronous speed and electrical network frequency	p. 99
"Direct drive" wind turbines(without a multiplier)	p. 100
Use of a speed multiplier	p. 101
Generalities on induction and mechanical electric conversion	p. 101
"Fixed speed" wind turbines based on induction machines	p. 103
Physical principle	p. 103
Constitution of induction machines	p. 104
Modeling	p. 105
Conversion system	p. 109
Operation characteristics	p. 111
Variable speed wind turbine	p. 112
Issues	p. 112
Classification of the structures according to machine technologies	p. 113
Principle of element sizing	p. 115
Adjustment of active and reactive powers	p. 117
Aerogenerators based on a doubly fed induction machine	p. 122
Aerogenerators based on a synchronous machine	p. 128
Wind turbine farms	p. 135
Exercises	p. 137
Fixed speed wind turbines	p. 137
Characterization of a turbine and estimate of the generated power	p. 139
High power variable speed wind turbines	p. 143
Bibliography	p. 146
Terrestrial and Marine Hydroelectricity: Waves and Tides	p. 149
Run-of-the-river hydraulics	p. 149
Hydroelectricity	p. 149
Small hydraulics	p. 152
Hydraulic turbines	p. 154
Electromechanical conversion for small hydroelectricity	p. 160
Exercise: small hydroelectric run-qf-the-river power station	p. 163
Hydraulic power of the sea	p. 172
Wave power	p. 172
Energy of the continuous ocean currents	p. 177
Tidal energy	p. 179
Wave production, wave-power generator	p. 185
Production by sea currents	p. 206
Tidal production	p. 216
Exercise: Estimation of the production of a simple effect tidal power	p. 226
Bibliography	p. 227
Thermal Power Generation	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Geothermal power	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
The resource	p. 234
Fluid characteristics	p. 235
The principle of geothermal power plants	p. 237
Thermodynamic conversion	p. 239
Steam turbine	p. 244
The alternator	p. 246
Thermodynamic solar power generation	p. 252
Introduction	p. 252
The principle of concentration	p. 253
Cylindro-parabolic design	p. 258
The solar tower	p. 261
Parabolic dish design	p. 261
Comparison of solar thermodynamic generations	p. 263
Cogeneration by biomass	p. 264
Origin of biomass-energy interests	p. 264
Cogeneration principle	p. 265
Bibliography	p. 268
Integration of the Decentralized Production into the Electrical Network	p. 271
From a centralized network to a decentralized network	p. 271
The transport network	p. 271
The distribution network	p. 272
Services for the electric system	p. 274
Towards network decentralization	p. 278
Connection voltage	p. 279
Connection constraints	p. 279
Voltage control	p. 279
Frequency control	p. 282
Quality of the electric wave	p. 283
Short-circuit power	p. 284
Protection of the electric system	p. 285
Coupling of the production facilities to the network	p. 286
Other constraints	p. 287
Limitations of the penetration level	p. 287
Participation in ancillary services	p. 287
Untimely disconnections	p. 288
Production prediction	p. 289
Network hosting capacity	p. 289
Perspectives for better integration into the networks	p. 290
Actions at the source level	p. 290
Actions on the network level	p. 293
Actions on the consumer level	p. 298
Bibliography	p. 300
List of Authors	p. 305
Index	p. 307
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