Electroacoustic Devices: Microphones and Loudspeakers

by Ballou; Glen

• ISBN13: 9780240812670
• ISBN10: 0240812670
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2009-08-10
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This is the definitive reference for microphones and loudspeakers, your one-stop reference covering in great detail all you could want and need to know about electroacoustics devises (microphones and loudspeakers). Covering both the technology and the practical set up and placement this guide explores and bridges the link between experience and the technology, giving you a better understanding of the tools to use and why, leading to greatly improved results.* The most comprehensive guide available, heavily illustrated with clear helpful diagrams, charts and equations * Timesaving, one stop reference covering both technology and practical tips and problem solving * Authored by highly respected industry veterans leaders in the field

Author Biography

Glen Ballou is a graduate of General Motors Institute, now called Kettering University, with a bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering and a minor in Electrical Engineering. He has been a Syn-Aud-Con representative, has served as a governor, convention chairman, papers chairman and facilities chairman of the Audio Engineering Society (AES) and has been a member of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) He has been a contributor to Sound and Video Contractor, and Church Production magazine on a variety of subjects. Glen also wrote the chapter on capacitor and inductors for the CRC Press publication The Electrical Engineer Handbook. Glen is owner of Innovative Communications, a company that specializes in room acoustics and sound system design.

Table of Contents

Electroacoustic Devices
Microphones
Introduction	p. 4
Pickup Patterns	p. 5
Omnidirectional Microphones	p. 5
Bidirectional Microphones	p. 9
Unidirectional Microphones	p. 10
Types of Transducers	p. 23
Carbon Microphones	p. 23
Crystal and Ceramic Microphones	p. 24
Dynamic Microphones	p. 26
Capacitor Microphones	p. 33
Electret Microphones	p. 48
Microphone Sensitivity	p. 49
Open-Circuit Voltage Sensitivity	p. 49
Maximum Power Output Sensitivity	p. 50
Electronic Industries Association (EIA) Output Sensitivity	p. 51
Various Microphone Sensitivities	p. 53
Microphone Thermal Noise	p. 53
Microphone Practices	p. 54
Placement	p. 54
Grounding	p. 56
Polarity	p. 57
Balanced or Unbalanced	p. 59
Impedance	p. 59
Miscellaneous Microphones	p. 61
Pressure Zone Microphones (PZM)	p. 61
Lavalier Microphones	p. 69
Head-Worn Microphones	p. 72
Base Station Microphones	p. 75
Differential Noise-Canceling Microphones	p. 76
Controlled-Reluctance Microphones	p. 77
Handheld Entertainer Microphones	p. 77
Pressure-Gradient Condenser Microphones	p. 79
Interference Tube Microphones	p. 82
Rifle Microphones	p. 89
Parabolic Microphones	p. 90
Zoom Microphones	p. 91
Automatic Microphone Systems	p. 94
PolarFlex Microphone System	p. 95
Stereo Microphones	p. 98
Coincident Microphones	p. 98
XY Stereo Technique	p. 100
The ORTF Technique	p. 103
The M/S Stereo Technique	p. 104
The Stereo Boom Microphone	p. 111
SASS Microphones	p. 113
Surround Sound Microphone System	p. 115
Microphones for Binaural Recording	p. 120
Artificial Head Systems	p. 120
In the Ear Recording Microphones	p. 124
USB Microphones	p. 126
Wireless Communication Systems	p. 127
Criteria for Selecting a Wireless Microphone	p. 129
Receiving Antenna Systems	p. 134
Companding	p. 137
Waterproof Wireless Microphone Systems	p. 138
Multichannel Wireless Microphone and Monitoring Systems	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
Frequencies	p. 140
Spacing	p. 140
Frequency Deviation	p. 140
Frequency Coordination	p. 140
Transmitter Considerations	p. 143
Receiver Considerations	p. 146
Antennas	p. 147
Wireless Monitor Systems	p. 151
System Planning for Multichannel Wireless Systems	p. 152
Future Considerations: Digital Wireless Transmission	p. 154
Conclusion	p. 155
Microphone Accessories	p. 156
Inline Microphone Processors	p. 156
Windscreens and Pop Filters	p. 160
Shock Mounts	p. 165
Stands and Booms	p. 169
Attenuators and Equalizers	p. 170
Microphone Techniques	p. 171
Stereo Micing Techniques	p. 173
Microphone Choice	p. 174
Microphone Characteristics	p. 174
Specific Micing Techniques	p. 176
Conclusion	p. 192
Acknowledgments	p. 192
References	p. 192
Bibliography	p. 193
Loudspeakers
Introduction	p. 196
Uses of Loudspeakers	p. 196
Loudspeaker Components	p. 197
Transducer Types	p. 197
Electrodynamic Transducers	p. 198
Diaphragm Types	p. 199
Suspension Methods	p. 201
Mechanical Construction	p. 201
Compression Drivers	p. 203
Electrostatic Transducers	p. 206
Piezoelectric Loudspeakers	p. 210
Motor Design Considerations	p. 213
Output Limitations	p. 215
Heat Transfer Designs for High-Power Woofers	p. 219
Radiator Types	p. 221
Direct Radiators	p. 221
Cone Radiators	p. 221
Dome Radiators	p. 222
Ring Radiators	p. 222
Panel Radiators	p. 223
Horns	p. 223
Loudspeaker Systems	p. 234
Configuration Choices	p. 235
Types of Loudspeaker Systems	p. 236
Performance Issues in Multiway Systems	p. 237
Line Arrays	p. 241
Crossovers	p. 243
Acoustic Boundaries	p. 249
Conclusion	p. 251
Characterization of Loudspeaker Performance	p. 252
Motivation	p. 252
Efficiency and Sensitivity	p. 252
Network Transfer Function	p. 253
Loudspeaker Transfer Function	p. 253
Impedance	p. 255
Distortion	p. 257
Characterization for Design Purposes	p. 257
Characterization for the User	p. 258
Direct Radiation of Sound	p. 261
Acoustics of Radiators	p. 261
Direct Radiator Enclosure Design	p. 265
Horns	p. 270
Loudspeaker Testing and Measurement	p. 271
Linear Transfer Function	p. 271
Chart Recorders	p. 272
Real Time Analyzers	p. 273
Time-Windowed Measurements	p. 274
Swept Sine Measurements	p. 276
Reference	p. 277
Bibliography	p. 277
Loudspeaker Cluster Design
Why Array?	p. 279
Array Problems and Partial Solutions: A Condensed History	p. 280
Conventional Array Shortcomings	p. 280
Conventional Array Shortcoming Analysis	p. 284
Coincident Acoustical Centers: A Practical Approach	p. 286
TRAP Horns: A New Approach	p. 286
TRAP Performance	p. 289
Low Frequency Arrays: Beneficial Interference	p. 289
Horizontal Woofer Arrays: Maintaining Wide Dispersion	p. 289
Vertical Woofer Arrays	p. 291
Line Arrays and Digitally Steerable Loudspeaker Column Arrays	p. 292
What Affects Intelligibility	p. 293
Measuring Intelligibility	p. 294
Architecture and Room Acoustics	p. 295
Line Arrays	p. 296
DSP-Driven Vertical Arrays	p. 300
Multichannel DSP Can Control Array Height	p. 306
Steerable Arrays May Look Like Columns But They Are Not	p. 306
Index	p. 311
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