Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis

by Stefan; Raluca-Ioana

• ISBN13: 9780824706623
• ISBN10: 0824706625
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-08-15
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

"Covers the most recent methods and materials for the construction, validation, analysis, and design of electrochemical sensors for bioanalytical, clinical, and pharmaceutical applications--emphasizing the latest classes of enantioselective electrochemical sensors as well as electrochemical sensors for in vivo and in vitro diagnosis, for DNA assay and HIV detection, and as detectors in flow systems. Contains current techniques for the assay or biochemical assay of biological fluids and pharmaceutical compounds. "

Table of Contents

Introduction	v
Electrochemical Sensors Design	1	(34)
Solid Membrane Electrodes Design	2	(7)
Diamond Bused Sensors Design	3	(1)
Plastic Membrane Based Sensors Design	4	(1)
Molecular Imprinting Polymers Based Sensors Design	5	(3)
Composite Polymers Based Sensors Design	8	(1)
Sol-Gel Based Sensors Design	8	(1)
Modified Electrodes Design	9	(1)
Liquid Membrane Electrodes Design	9	(1)
Modified Paste Electrodes Design	10	(2)
Gas Sensors Design	12	(1)
Biosensors Design	13	(10)
Supports Used for Immobilization of Biological Active Substances	14	(1)
Immobilization Procedures	15	(1)
Multienzymatic Sensors Design	15	(6)
Transducers	21	(1)
A New Design for an Enzyme Electrode Favorable for an Extended Use and Storage Life	22	(1)
Immunosensors Design	23	(3)
Immobilization Procedures	23	(3)
Sensor Arrays Design	26	(2)
Microelectrodes Design	28	(7)
References	30	(5)
New Theoretical Concepts for Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	35	(20)
The Configuration of Membrane-Solution Interface	35	(2)
Charge Transfer Across the Membrane-Solution Interface	37	(2)
Ion Transfer	37	(1)
Electron Transfer	37	(1)
Photoinduced Charge Transfer	38	(1)
Membrane Configuration	39	(1)
Transport Through the Membrane-Solution Interface for the Microelectrodes Based on a Liquid Membrane	39	(1)
The Main Types of Equilibria that Are Taking Place at the Membrane-Solution Interface	40	(4)
New Theoretical Model for Potential Development Based on Membrane Equilibria	40	(1)
General Equilibria	41	(1)
Specific Equilibria	42	(2)
Equations of Correlation Related to the Response of ISME	44	(5)
The Correlation Between EMF of the Cell and Stability of Ion-Pair Complex	44	(2)
The Equation of Correlation Between the Slope of ISME and Stability of the Ion-Pair Complex Formed at the Membrane-Solution Interface. When Different Ligands Are Used in Sensor Construction	46	(2)
Equations of Correlation Between the Slope of ISME and Some Parameters that Characterized the Matrix of the Membrane	48	(1)
Selectivity of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes: Explanation Through Membrane Equilibria	49	(6)
Influence of the Composition of the Membrane on the Selectivity of tile Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	50	(1)
Influence of the Composition of the Bulk Solution on the Selectivity of the Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	50	(1)
References	50	(5)
Response Characteristics of Electrochemical Sensors	55	(14)
Electrode Function	55	(2)
Potentiometric Electrodes	55	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	56	(1)
Standard Electrode Potential, E°	57	(1)
Slope (Response) of the Electrode	57	(1)
Potentiometric Electrodes	57	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	58	(1)
Limit of Detection	58	(2)
Potentiometric Electrodes	59	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	59	(1)
Linear Concentration Range	60	(1)
pH Range	60	(1)
Ionic Strength and Activity Coefficients	61	(1)
Response Time	61	(1)
Influence of the Temperature on the Response of the Electrodes	62	(1)
Selectivity	62	(5)
Potentiometric Electrodes	63	(3)
Amperometric Electrodes	66	(1)
Response Characteristics Specific to the Biosensors	67	(2)
Michaelis-Menten Constant (KM)	67	(1)
Lifetime (ti)	67	(1)
References	68	(1)
Analytical Methods That Use Electrochemical Sensors	69	(4)
Calibration of Electrochemical Sensors	69	(1)
Potentiometric Electrodes	69	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	70	(1)
Direct Potentiometry and Direct Amperometry	70	(1)
Standard Addition Method	70	(1)
Titrations	70	(3)
Potentiometric Titrations	71	(1)
Amperometric Titrations	71	(1)
References	72	(1)
Applications of Electrochemical Sensors in the Analysis of Inorganic Substances	73	(20)
Ammonium Ion	73	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	73	(1)
Biosensor	74	(1)
Barium	74	(1)
Cadmium	74	(1)
Calcium	75	(1)
Carbon Dioxide	75	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	75	(1)
Biosensors	76	(1)
Cesium	76	(1)
Chloride	76	(1)
Copper	76	(1)
Fluoride	76	(1)
Gold	77	(1)
PH	77	(1)
Hydrazine	77	(1)
Hydrogen Peroxide	77	(4)
Sol-Gel-Based Amperometric Biosensors for the Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide	79	(1)
Amperometric Biosensors Based on Horseradish Peroxidase for the Assay of Hydrogen Peroxide	80	(1)
Iodide	81	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	82	(1)
Amperometric Biosensor	82	(1)
Iron (III)	82	(1)
Lead	83	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	83	(1)
Amperometric Biosensor	83	(1)
Lithium	83	(1)
Magnesium	84	(1)
Mercury (II)	84	(2)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	85	(1)
Biosensor	85	(1)
Nitric Oxide	86	(1)
Nitrate Ion	86	(1)
Nitrite Ion	86	(1)
Phosphate Ion	86	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	87	(1)
Biosensor	87	(1)
Potassium	87	(1)
Strontium	87	(1)
Sulfite Ion	88	(1)
Superoxide Radical	88	(1)
Thiocyanate Ion	89	(1)
Uranyl	89	(1)
Zinc	90	(3)
References	90	(3)
Applications of Electrochemical Sensors in the Analysis of Organic Substances	93	(74)
Acetate Ion	93	(1)
Acetyl Salicylic Acid	93	(1)
Amino Acids	94	(1)
Ascorbic Acid	94	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	94	(1)
Biosensors	95	(1)
Cholanic Acids	95	(1)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid	95	(1)
Iopanoic Acid	96	(1)
Lactic Acid	96	(1)
Monochloracetic Acid	96	(1)
Salicylic Acid	97	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	97	(1)
Biosensor	97	(1)
Uric Acid	97	(1)
Alcohol	98	(1)
Alliin	99	(1)
Amines	99	(2)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	99	(1)
Biosensors	100	(1)
Amineptine	101	(1)
Amiodarone	101	(1)
Amitriptyline	101	(1)
Ampicillin	102	(1)
Amygdalin	102	(1)
Ascorbate Ion	102	(1)
Atrazine	103	(1)
Atropine	103	(1)
Bacteria	103	(1)
Benzoate Ion	104	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	104	(1)
Biosensor	104	(1)
Buformin	104	(1)
Carbamate	105	(1)
Carbofuran	106	(1)
Catechol	106	(1)
Cefuroxime	107	(1)
Ciprofloxacin	107	(1)
Chlorpromazine	107	(1)
Chlorletracycline	107	(1)
Cholesterol	107	(1)
Choline and its Derivatives	108	(1)
Choline	108	(1)
Acetylcholine	108	(1)
Butyrylcholine	109	(1)
Cholinesterase Inhibitors	109	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	109	(1)
Biosensor	110	(1)
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin β-Subunit	110	(1)
Clenbuterol	111	(1)
Cocaine	111	(1)
Creatinine	112	(1)
Diazinon	112	(1)
Di-Isopropyl Fluorophosphate	112	(1)
Diltiazem	113	(1)
Dimedrol	113	(1)
Disopyramide	113	(1)
Dopamine	114	(1)
Ephedrine	114	(1)
Escherichia Coli	115	(1)
Ethanol	115	(1)
Flavanol	115	(1)
Flecainide	116	(1)
Flunaizine	116	(1)
Flurbiprofen	117	(1)
Formaldehyde	117	(1)
Fructose	117	(1)
Furaltadone	118	(1)
Glucose	119	(15)
Coated-Wire leased Biosensors	122	(1)
Polymer leased Biosensors	122	(2)
Plasma-Polymerized Film Based Biosensor	124	(1)
Composite Materials Based Biosensors	124	(1)
Diamond Based Biosensors	124	(1)
Sol-Gel Based Biosensors	125	(2)
Carbon Paste Based Biosensors	127	(1)
Graphite Rod Based Biosensors	128	(1)
Glassy Carbon Based Biosensors	128	(1)
Glass Beads Based Biosensors	129	(1)
Amperometric Biosensors Based on Lipid-Modified Glucose Oxidase	130	(1)
Amperometric Biosensors Based on Glucose Dehydrogenase	130	(1)
Amperometric Biosensors Based on Pyranose Oxidase	131	(1)
Utilization of Electropolymerization for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors	131	(1)
Utilization of Co-Immobilization Techniques for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors	132	(1)
Utilization of Screen-Printed Technique for the Design of the Glucose Biosensors	132	(1)
Multilayer Based Biosensors Design	133	(1)
Glutamate	134	(1)
Glutaminase	135	(1)
Glutathione	135	(1)
Glycerol	135	(1)
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor	136	(1)
Heparin	136	(1)
Hexylammonium Ion	136	(1)
Histamine	136	(1)
Hydroquinone	137	(1)
Hypoxanthine	137	(1)
Imidazole Derivatives	138	(1)
Imipramine	138	(1)
Immunoglobulin G	139	(1)
α-2-Interferon	139	(1)
Ketoconazole	140	(1)
Ketotifen	140	(1)
Labetalol	140	(1)
Lactate	140	(1)
Lactate Dehydrogenase LD-1	141	(1)
Lactose	141	(1)
Lecithin	142	(1)
Lidocaine	142	(1)
Lomefloxacine	142	(1)
Lysine	143	(1)
Metformin	144	(1)
Metomidate	144	(1)
Mexiletine	144	(1)
Mianserin	144	(1)
Moclobeimide	144	(1)
NADH	145	(1)
Norfloxacin	146	(1)
Ornithine	146	(1)
Oxalate Ion	147	(1)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode	147	(1)
Biosensor	147	(1)
Papaverine	148	(1)
Paraoxon and Parathion	148	(1)
Penbutolol	149	(1)
Penicillin	149	(1)
Pentoxyverine	150	(1)
Pesticides	150	(1)
Phenols and Their Derivatives	150	(2)
Phenothiazine	152	(1)
Polyamines	152	(1)
Polystyrenesulfonate	152	(1)
Procaine	152	(1)
Procainamide	153	(1)
Progesterone	153	(1)
Propylhexedrine	153	(1)
Pyrantel	153	(1)
Quinidine	154	(1)
Ranitidine	154	(1)
Sulicylate Ion	154	(1)
Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate	154	(1)
Staphylococcal Protein A	155	(1)
Tamoxifen	155	(1)
Taxol	155	(1)
Tetramisole	156	(1)
Thaumatin	156	(1)
Theopliylline	156	(1)
Tizanidine	157	(1)
Trazodone	157	(1)
Trichophyton Rubrum	157	(1)
Triglycerides	157	(1)
Trimethoprim	158	(1)
Urea	158	(1)
Vitamin B1	159	(1)
Xanthine	159	(8)
References	159	(8)
The Assay of DNA Using Electrochemical Sensors	167	(8)
Electron Transfer-Electrochemical Sensors for the Assay of DNA	168	(1)
Biosensors for the Assay of DNA	169	(6)
DNA Biosensors Used to Determine Other Substances	172	(1)
References	173	(2)
Electrochemical Sensors Used in the Diagnosis of HIV	175	(4)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection	176	(1)
Biosensors Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection	176	(1)
Immunosensors Utilized for the Quantification of HIV Degree of Infection	177	(2)
References	177	(2)
Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensors	179	(20)
Molecular Recognition in Chiral Discrimination	180	(4)
Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Potentiometric, Enantioselective Membrane Electrodes	181	(1)
Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Amperometric Biosensors	182	(1)
Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Immunosensors	183	(1)
The Role of Kinetics in Molecular Recognition of Enantiomers Using Electrochemical Sensors	183	(1)
Applications of Enantioselective Electrochemical Sensors in Bioanalysis	184	(10)
Amino Acids	184	(1)
Aryl Ammonium Ions	185	(1)
Captopril	186	(2)
D-Carnitine	188	(1)
Cilazapril	188	(1)
Enalapril	189	(1)
Lactate	189	(1)
Pentopril	190	(1)
Perindopril	190	(1)
1-Phenylethylammonium Chloride	191	(1)
Proline	191	(1)
Ramipril	192	(1)
(+)-3,3',5,5'-Tetraiiodo-Thyronine (T4)	192	(1)
(+)-3,3',5-Triiodo-Thyronine (T3)	193	(1)
Trandolapril	193	(1)
On-Line Simultaneous Assay of Enantiomers	194	(5)
References	196	(3)
Microbial Sensors	199	(8)
Applications of Microbial Sensors in Bioanalysis	200	(7)
L-Aspartic Acid	200	(1)
Fatty Acids	200	(1)
L-Lactic Acid	201	(1)
Alcohol	201	(1)
Ammonium Ion	201	(1)
α-Amylase	202	(1)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)	202	(1)
Cyanide	203	(1)
Ethanol	203	(1)
Glucose	204	(1)
Sulfide	204	(1)
Sulfite	204	(1)
Trimethylamine	205	(1)
Urea	205	(1)
References	205	(2)
Electrochemical Sensor Arrays	207	(20)
Chemometries for Electrochemical Sensor Arrays	208	(2)
Applications of Electrochemical Sensor Arrays in Bioanalysis	210	(11)
Ion-Selective Electrode Arrays	210	(1)
Gas Sensor Arrays	211	(1)
ISFET Arrays	212	(1)
Biosensor Arrays	213	(2)
Electronic Noses	215	(3)
Microelectrode Arrays	218	(3)
The Selection of the Optimum Sensor Array	221	(6)
References	222	(5)
The Utilization of Microelectrodes for in vivo and in vitro Analyses	227	(14)
Lab-on-a-Chip	227	(1)
Micro- and Nanolelectrodes for In Vivo Measurements	228	(4)
Applications of Microelectrodes for In Vivo Assay	232	(9)
Blood Analysis	232	(3)
In Vivo Cardiovascular Measurements	235	(2)
In Vivo Assay of Substances in Brain	237	(1)
pH Measurement in Living Plant Cell	238	(1)
References	238	(3)
Flow Systems with Electrochemical Sensors as Detectors	241	(20)
Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)	241	(1)
Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA)	242	(1)
The Role of Electrochemical Sensors as Detectors in Flow Systems	242	(5)
Coated Tubular Electrodes in Flow Systems	247	(5)
Applications of Coated Tubular Electrodes in Flow Systems	248	(4)
Applications of Electrochemical Sensor/FIA Systems in Bioanalysis	252	(5)
Inorganic Ions	252	(1)
Organic Ions	252	(5)
Applications of Electrochemical Sensor/SIA Systems in Bioanalysis	257	(1)
Fluoride	257	(1)
S-Captopril	257	(1)
Simultaneous Assay Using Electrochemical Sensor/Flow Systems	257	(2)
Electrochemical Sensor/FIA Systems	257	(1)
Electrochemical Sensor/SIA Systems	258	(1)
Challenges	259	(2)
References	259	(2)
Validation Criteria for Developing Electrochemical Sensors for Bioanalysis	261	(6)
Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	262	(2)
Reliability of Analytical Information Obtained with Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	263	(1)
Validation Criteria for Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes	264	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	264	(1)
Reliability of Analytical Information Obtained with Amperometric Electrodes	264	(1)
Validation Criteria for Amperometric Electrodes	265	(1)
Special Validation Criteria for Biosensors and Immunosensors	265	(2)
References	266	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainties for Electrochemical Sensors Applied in Bioanalysis	267	(10)
Interrelation Between Uncertainty and Reliability	267	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainties	268	(1)
The Role of History of the Sample in Estimation of Uncertainty	269	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainly for Methods Used Currently in Clinical Analysis	270	(3)
Estimation of Uncertainly When Spectrometric Methods Are Used in Bioanalysis	270	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainty When Immunoassay Is Used in Bioanalysis	271	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainty When Radiometric Methods Are Used in Bioanalysis	271	(1)
Estimation of Uncertainty When Electrochemical Sensors Are Used in Bioanalysis	271	(2)
In Vivo or In Vitro Measurements?	273	(1)
Data Processing	273	(4)
References	274	(3)
Index	277