Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors

by Zhuiykov; Serge

• ISBN13: 9781420047615
• ISBN10: 1420047612
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-07-27
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The first book to present a detailed analysis of the electrochemistry, development, modeling, optimization, testing, and technology behind modern zirconia-based sensors, Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors explores how to tailor these sensors to meet specific industrial needs. The book addresses a range of different stages of development in zirconia-based sensors for gaseous and molten metal environments, focusing on an accessible form from analysis of interaction at the measuring environment-zirconia sensor interface to reliability testing of the sensors.The coverage highlights different fundamental aspects of electrochemistry and physical chemistry of zirconia, mathematical modeling, optimization parameters, and structures of the electrode materials. The author highlights the factors that determine high sensitivity, critically reviews the limitations of current technologies, and surveys the needs and possibilities of future developments. He covers technologies for vacuum-tight joining zirconia to ceramic insulators and sensor construction materials as well as sensor design and concepts of the total-NOx sensor based on mixed potential. The book includes a critical overview of existing technologies of zirconia gas sensors including nanotechnology.This book fills the gap between pure academic research of the zirconia-based gas sensors, explaining the influence of the double electrical layer on the sensor output signal and the applied, technological, down-to-earth approaches adopted by the vast majority of the industrial companies working in this field. Providing guidance on how to organize a testing program of gas sensors, the book allows readers to look forward in evaluating future trends in the zirconia gas sensors development.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
About the Author	p. xv
Introduction to Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensors	p. 1
Electrochemistry of Zirconia Solid Electrolytes as the Basis for Understanding Electrochemical Gas Sensors	p. 1
Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes	p. 1
Transport Properties	p. 4
Electrophysical Properties of Solid Electrolytes	p. 6
Aging of Solid Electrolytes	p. 11
Single-Phase Solid Electrolytes	p. 12
Two-Phase Solid Electrolytes	p. 14
An Electron Model of Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes Used in Gas Sensors	p. 15
Electrode Processes in Solid Electrolyte Sensors	p. 30
Electrode Reaction within the Triple-Phase Boundary	p. 30
Diffusion of Oxygen Atoms	p. 33
Role of the Electric Double Layer in Electrode Reactions	p. 36
Helmholtz Double Layer	p. 36
Gouy-Chapman Double Layer	p. 37
Stern Modification of the Diffuse Double Layer	p. 38
References	p. 39
Mathematical Modeling of Zirconia Gas Sensors with Distributed Parameters	p. 43
Complete Mathematical Model of Electrochemical Gas Sensors	p. 43
Modeling Interactions of Oxygen with the Zirconia Sensor	p. 50
Modeling Interactions of Various Gases with Non-Nernstian Zirconia Sensors	p. 60
Description of Non-Nernstian Behavior	p. 60
Non-Nernstian Zirconia-Based N[subscript x] Sensors	p. 62
Mathematical Formulation of Zirconia-Based NO[subscript x] Sensors	p. 64
Numerical Mathematical Models of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 71
Identification Parameters of Mathematical Models	p. 80
Verification Adequacy of Mathematical Models to Real Gas Sensors	p. 83
Nomenclature	p. 87
Subscripts	p. 88
References	p. 89
Metrological Characteristics of Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 93
Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 93
Mixed-Potential NO[subscript x] Sensors	p. 93
Description of Nernstian Behavior	p. 97
Mixed-Potential Gas Sensors	p. 98
Concepts of the Total-NO[subscript x] Sensor Based on Mixed Potential	p. 101
Development of the NO[subscript x] Sensor's Design	p. 104
Mixed-Potential Hydrocarbon Sensors	p. 115
Impedance-Based Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 119
Future Trends	p. 125
References	p. 128
Zirconia Sensors for Measurement of Gas Concentration in Molten Metals	p. 135
Zirconia Sensors for the Measurement of Oxygen Activity in Melts	p. 135
Polycrystalline Zirconia Sensors	p. 135
Pe' Parameter Measurements and Sensing Properties	p. 138
Single-Crystal Zirconia Sensors	p. 143
Zirconia Sensors Based on Shaped Eutectic Composites	p. 154
Impedance Method for the Analysis of In-Situ Diagnostics and the Control of an Electrolyte/Liquid-Metal Electrode Interface	p. 161
Galvano-Harmonic Method	p. 163
Impulse Galvanic-Static Method	p. 170
Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Lead-Bismuth Heat Carriers	p. 175
Regulation of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Melts by Zirconia Pumps	p. 176
Characteristics of Lamellar Oxygen Pumps	p. 176
Potentiometric Mode of the Oxygen Pump	p. 177
Galvano-Static Mode of the Oxygen Pump	p. 186
Characteristics of Cylindrical Oxygen Pumps	p. 188
Potentiometric Mode	p. 188
Galvano-Static Mode	p. 191
References	p. 192
Manufacturing Technologies of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 197
Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Ceramic Insulators	p. 197
Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Sensor Construction Materials	p. 207
Nanotechnologies for Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 213
Limitations of Existing Technologies and Future Trends	p. 218
References	p. 222
Errors of Measurement of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 227
Bases of Errors Theory in Relation to Electrochemical Gas Sensors	p. 227
Analysis of Systematic Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 232
Analysis of the Main Components of Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 234
Error Stipulated by the Reference Pressure Instability	p. 239
Error Stipulated by the Variations of Emf	p. 240
Error Stipulated by Inaccuracy of Setting and Measurement of the SEC Temperature	p. 241
Calculation of Errors on the Basis of Experimental Data	p. 243
References	p. 251
Organization and Planning of Testing Zirconia Sensors	p. 253
Main Principles of Testing Zirconia Sensors	p. 253
Sensing Mechanisms of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 253
Sensor Structures and Devices	p. 254
Zirconia Sensor Systems	p. 254
Measurement and Control Systems	p. 254
Selecting the Number of Independent Variables (Factors)	p. 256
Determination of Experimental Data Volume	p. 258
Sequence of Experiment	p. 260
Data Processing	p. 260
Planning of Experiments	p. 265
Development of the Industrial Prototype of the Sensor	p. 266
Product Verification	p. 266
Training	p. 267
Reliability Testing of Zirconia Gas Sensors	p. 267
References	p. 271
Index	p. 273
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