Electronic Devices and Circuits

by Bogart, Theodore F.; Beasley, Jeffrey S.; Rico, Guillermo

• ISBN13: 9780130851789
• ISBN10: 0130851787
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

For two/three-semester, sophomore/junior-level courses in Electronic Devices, and Electronic Circuit Analysis. Using a structured, systems approach, this text provides a modern, thorough treatment of electronic devices and circuits. Topical selection is based on the significance of each topic in modern industrial applications and the impact that each topic is likely to have in emerging technologies. Integrated circuit theory is covered extensively, including coverage of analog and digital integrated circuit design, operational amplifier theory and applications, and specialized electronic devices and circuits such as switching regulators and optoelectronics.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(4)
The Study of Electronics	2	(1)
Brief History of Electronics	2	(1)
The Use of Computers	3	(1)
SPICE and PSpice	3	(1)
Circuit Analysis and Circuit Design	4	(1)
The pn Junction	5	(22)
Introduction	6	(1)
Creating the pn Junction	6	(2)
Basic Diode Operation	8	(2)
The Diode Current Equation	10	(7)
Breakdown	14	(1)
Temperature Effects	15	(2)
Identifying Forward- and Reverse-Bias Operating Modes	17	(6)
pn Junction Capacitance	23	(4)
Exercises	24	(3)
The Diode as a Circuit Element	27	(41)
Introduction	28	(1)
The Diode as a Nonlinear Device	28	(1)
ac and dc Resistance	29	(3)
Analysis of dc Circuits Containing Diodes	32	(5)
The Load Line	36	(1)
Elementary Power Supplies	37	(10)
Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers	37	(2)
Capacitive Filtering	39	(6)
Voltage Multipliers	45	(2)
Elementary Voltage Regulation	47	(6)
The Zener-Diode Voltage Regulator	47	(3)
Temperature Effects	50	(2)
Zener-Diode Impedance	52	(1)
Three-Terminal Integrated-Circuit Regulators	53	(1)
Diode Types, Ratings, and Specifications	53	(15)
Exercises	63	(5)
Bipolar Junction Transistors	68	(49)
Introduction	69	(1)
Theory of BJT Operation	69	(5)
ICBO Reverse Current	72	(2)
Common-Base Characteristics	74	(5)
Common-Base Input Characteristics	75	(1)
Common-Base Output Characteristics	76	(2)
Breakdown	78	(1)
Common-Emitter Characteristics	79	(7)
ICBO and Beta	80	(2)
Common-Emitter Input Characteristics	82	(1)
Common-Emitter Output Characteristics	82	(4)
Common-Collector Characteristics	86	(2)
Bias Circuits	88	(11)
Common-Base Bias Circuit	88	(4)
Common-Emitter Bias Circuit	92	(5)
Common-Collector Bias Circuit	97	(2)
Design Considerations	99	(3)
CB Bias Design	99	(1)
CE Bias Design	100	(1)
CC Bias Design	101	(1)
The BJT Inverter (Transistor Switch)	102	(4)
Inverter Design	104	(1)
The Transistor as a Switch	105	(1)
Transistor Types, Ratings, and Specifications	106	(3)
Transistor Curve Tracers	109	(8)
Exercises	111	(6)
Small-Signal BJT Amplifiers	117	(68)
ac Amplifier Fundamentals	118	(8)
Input Resistance	118	(1)
Voltage Gain	118	(1)
Current Gain	119	(1)
Output Resistance	119	(1)
Power Gain	120	(1)
The Voltage Gain Formula	120	(1)
Source Resistance	121	(2)
Load Resistance	123	(2)
The Purpose of Bias	125	(1)
Coupling Capacitors	125	(1)
Analysis of the CE Amplifier	126	(12)
Bias-Stabilized CE Amplifier	128	(3)
The Effect of Q-Point Location on ac Operation	131	(2)
Linearity and Distortion	133	(1)
The Effect of Load Resistance on ac Operation	134	(4)
Amplifier Analysis Using Small-Signal Models	138	(18)
Small-Signal Parameters	138	(1)
Small-Signal CB Amplifier Model	139	(5)
Small-Signal CE Amplifier Model	144	(2)
CE Amplifier with Partly Bypassed Emitter Resistance	146	(4)
Small-Signal CC Amplifier Model	150	(6)
Other Small-Signal Models	156	(10)
Transconductance	156	(1)
Output Resistance	156	(1)
The Hybrid-ϕ Model	157	(2)
The h Parameter Model	159	(7)
Multistage Amplifiers	166	(19)
Capacitively Coupled BJT Amplifiers	170	(4)
The Darlington Pair	174	(3)
Exercises	177	(8)
Field-Effect Transistors	185	(47)
Introduction	186	(1)
Junction Field-Effect Transistors	186	(7)
Transfer Characteristics	190	(3)
JFET Biasing	193	(5)
Fixed Bias	193	(4)
General Algebraic Solution---Self-Bias	197	(1)
The Common-Source JFET Amplifier	198	(6)
Small-Signal JFET Parameters	198	(3)
The Common-Source JFET Configuration	201	(2)
The Self-Biased JFET Amplifier	203	(1)
The Common-Drain and Common-Gate JFET Amplifiers	204	(4)
Common-Drain Amplifier	204	(3)
Common-Gate Amplifier	207	(1)
The JFET Current Source	208	(1)
The JFET as an Analog Switch	209	(3)
The JFET Chopper	212	(1)
Manufactures' Data Sheets	212	(2)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FETs	214	(8)
Enhancement-Type MOSFETs	214	(3)
Enhancement MOSFET Transfer Characteristic	217	(1)
Enhancement MOSFET Bias Circuits	217	(2)
General Algebraic Solution	219	(3)
Small-Signal MOSFET Amplifiers	222	(2)
Integrated-Circuit MOSFETs	224	(1)
VMOS and DMOS Transistors	225	(7)
VMOS Transistors	225	(1)
DMOS Transistors	225	(1)
Exercises	226	(6)
Frequency Response	232	(56)
Definitions and Basic Concepts	233	(2)
Amplitude and Phase Distortion	234	(1)
Decibels and Logarithmic Plots	235	(6)
Decibels	235	(3)
Semilog and Log-Log Plots	238	(3)
One-nth Decade and Octave Intervals	241	(1)
Series Capacitance and Low-Frequency Response	241	(9)
Shunt Capacitance and High-Frequency Response	250	(9)
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits at Input and Output	254	(1)
The Overall Picture	254	(2)
Miller-Effect Capacitance	256	(3)
Transient Response	259	(2)
Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers	261	(15)
Low-Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers	261	(6)
Design Considerations	267	(2)
High-Frequency Response of BJT Amplifiers	269	(4)
Cascode Amplifier	273	(3)
Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers	276	(12)
Low-Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers	276	(1)
High-Frequency Response of FET Amplifiers	277	(4)
Exercises	281	(7)
Transistor Analog Circuit Building Blocks	288	(51)
Introduction	289	(1)
The BJT and MOSFET Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits	289	(2)
The BJT Model	289	(1)
The MOSFET Model	290	(1)
The Current Source/Sink	291	(3)
The BJT Current Source	291	(1)
The MOSFET Current Source	292	(2)
The Current Mirror	294	(5)
The BJT Current Mirror	294	(2)
The MOSFET Current Mirror	296	(3)
The Gain Stage	299	(14)
The BJT Gain Stage	299	(3)
The MOSFET Gain Stage	302	(1)
Active MOSFET Loads	303	(2)
Simplifying the Design Process	305	(3)
Diode-Connected Transistors	308	(1)
Diode Transistor Applications	309	(4)
Differential Amplifiers	313	(15)
Difference Voltages	313	(1)
The Ideal Differential Amplifier	313	(7)
The JFET Differential Amplifier	320	(2)
The MOSFET Differential Amplifier	322	(4)
Common-Mode Parameters	326	(2)
The Miller Operational Amplifier	328	(11)
Exercises	332	(7)
Introduction to Digital VLSI Design	339	(43)
Introduction	340	(1)
Transistor-Level Implementation of CMOS Combinational Logic Circuits	340	(4)
The MOSFET Transistor in Digital Circuits	341	(1)
The AND/OR and Inverter Structure	342	(2)
A Design Procedure for Creating CMOS Combinational Logic Circuits	344	(3)
Constructing a CMOS Logic Circuit Using the CD4007 Transistor Array Package	346	(1)
Transient Behavior of CMOS Logic Circuits	347	(7)
Transient Behavior of a CMOS Inverter	348	(3)
Rise and Fall Time Characteristics	351	(2)
Propagation Delay	353	(1)
Clocked CMOS VLSI Circuits	354	(7)
The D-Type Flip-Flop	354	(3)
Master/Slave DFF Operation	357	(2)
Two-Phase Nonoverlapping Clock Circuit	359	(2)
Random-Access Memory and Read-Only Memory	361	(7)
The Six-Transistor Static RAM Cell	361	(1)
The Sense Amplifier	362	(2)
Dynamic RAM	364	(1)
Read-Only Memory	365	(1)
The Floating Gate	366	(1)
The EPROM	367	(1)
The EEPROM	368	(1)
Input/Output (I/O) Buffers	368	(14)
The Input Pad	369	(4)
The Output Pad	373	(2)
Level Conversion	375	(2)
The Tri-State Driver	377	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
Exercises	378	(4)
Ideal Operational Amplifier Circuits and Analysis	382	(21)
The Ideal Operational Amplifier	383	(5)
The Inverting Amplifier	383	(2)
The Noninverting Amplifier	385	(1)
The Voltage Follower	386	(2)
The Compensating Resistor Rc	388	(1)
Voltage Summation, Subtraction, and Scaling	388	(7)
Voltage Summation	388	(3)
Voltage Subtraction	391	(4)
Controlled Voltage and Current Sources	395	(8)
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Sources	395	(1)
Voltage-Controlled Current Sources	395	(3)
Current-Controlled Voltage Sources	398	(1)
Current-Controlled Current Sources	398	(2)
Exercises	400	(3)
Operational Amplifier Theory and Performance	403	(44)
Modeling an Operational Amplifier	404	(1)
Feedback Theory	404	(9)
Feedback in the Noninverting Amplifier	404	(3)
Input Resistance	407	(1)
Output Resistance	408	(1)
Feedback in the Inverting Amplifier	408	(2)
Inverting Input Resistance	410	(1)
Inverting Output Resistance	411	(2)
Frequency Response	413	(5)
Stability	413	(1)
The Gain-Bandwidth Product	414	(4)
User-Compensated Amplifiers	418	(1)
Slew Rate	418	(9)
Offset Currents and Voltages	427	(5)
Input Offset Current	427	(3)
Input Offset Voltage	430	(1)
The Total Output Offset Voltage	431	(1)
Operational Amplifier Specifications	432	(15)
Exercises	443	(4)
Advanced Operational Amplifier Applications	447	(46)
Electronic Integration	448	(6)
Practical Integrators	451	(3)
Electronic Differentiation	454	(6)
Practical Differentiators	456	(4)
Phase-Shift Circuits	460	(4)
Phase-Lag Circuits	460	(1)
Phase-Lead Circuit	461	(3)
Instrumentation Amplifiers	464	(6)
Active Filters	470	(15)
Basic Filter Concepts	470	(4)
Active Filter Design	474	(1)
Low-Pass Filters	475	(1)
High-Pass Filters	475	(2)
Frequency and Impedance Scaling	477	(1)
Normalized Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters	477	(3)
Simple Bandpass Filters	480	(1)
Band-Stop Filters	481	(4)
Logarithmic Amplifiers	485	(8)
Exercises	488	(5)
Wave Generation and Shaping	493	(36)
Voltage Comparators	494	(7)
Hysteresis and Schmitt Triggers	495	(6)
Multivibrators and Waveshapping	501	(5)
An Astable Multivibrator	501	(2)
Waveshaping	503	(3)
Oscillators	506	(8)
The Barkhausen Criterion	506	(2)
The RC Phase-Shift Oscillator	508	(2)
The Wien-Bridge Oscillator	510	(2)
The Colpitts Oscillator	512	(2)
The Hartley Oscillator	514	(1)
The 8038 Integrated-Circuit Functional Generator	514	(1)
Clipping and Rectifying Circuits	515	(7)
Clipping Circuits	515	(6)
Precision Rectifying Circuits	521	(1)
Clamping Circuits	522	(7)
Exercises	524	(5)
Power Amplifiers	529	(51)
Definitions, Applications, and Types of Power Amplifiers	530	(1)
Large-Signal Operation	530	(1)
Transistor Power Dissipation	530	(7)
Heat Transfer in Semiconductor Devices	533	(1)
Conduction, Radiation, and Convection	533	(1)
Thermal Resistance	533	(3)
Derating	536	(1)
Power Dissipation in Integrated Circuits	537	(1)
Amplifier Classes and Efficiency	537	(8)
Class-A Amplifiers	537	(1)
Efficiency	537	(4)
Transformer-Coupled Class-A Amplifiers	541	(4)
Class-B Amplifiers	545	(1)
Push-Pull Amplifier Principles	545	(4)
Push-Pull Amplifiers with Output Transformers	546	(2)
Class-B Efficiency	548	(1)
Push-Pull Drivers	549	(2)
Harmonic Distortion and Feedback	551	(4)
Harmonic Distortion	551	(1)
Using Negative Feedback to Reduce Distortion	552	(3)
Distortion in Push-Pull Amplifiers	555	(3)
Cancellation of Even Harmonics	555	(1)
Crossover Distortion	556	(1)
Class-AB Operation	556	(2)
Transformerless Push-Pull Amplifiers	558	(8)
Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers	558	(6)
Quasi-Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers	564	(1)
Integrated-Circuit Power Amplifiers	565	(1)
Class-C Amplifiers	566	(5)
Amplitude Modulation	569	(2)
MOSFET and Class-D Power Amplifiers	571	(9)
MOSFET Amplifiers	571	(1)
Class-D Amplifiers	571	(4)
Exercises	575	(5)
Regulated and Switching Power Suppliers	580	(26)
Introduction	581	(1)
Voltage Regulation	581	(2)
Line Regulation	583	(1)
Series and Shunt Voltage Regulators	583	(8)
The Zener Diode as a Voltage Reference	584	(1)
Series Regulators	584	(4)
Current Limiting	588	(1)
Foldback Limiting	589	(1)
Shunt Regulators	590	(1)
Switching Regulators	591	(3)
Switching Regulator Data Sheets	594	(1)
Adjustable Integrated-Circuits Regulators	594	(12)
Exercises	604	(2)
Special Electronic Devices	606	(52)
Four-Layer Devices	607	(12)
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs)	608	(1)
Shockley Diodes	609	(1)
SCR Triggering	609	(3)
Half-Wave Power Control Using SCRs	612	(2)
Silicon Controlled Switches (SCSs)	614	(1)
DIACs and TRIACs	614	(5)
Optoelectronic Devices	619	(22)
Photoconductive Cells	620	(2)
Photodiodes	622	(2)
Phototransistors	624	(4)
Solar Cells	628	(1)
Light-Activied SCR (LASCR)	629	(1)
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)	629	(5)
Optocouples	634	(4)
Liquid-Crystal Displays (LCDs)	638	(3)
Unijunction Transistors	641	(7)
Programmable UJTs (PUTs)	646	(2)
Tunnel Diodes	648	(2)
Phase-Locked Loops	650	(8)
FM Demodulation	650	(1)
Frequency Synthesizers	651	(1)
The 565 Integrated-Circuit PLL	652	(3)
Exercises	655	(3)
Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters	658	(24)
Overview	659	(2)
Analog and Digital Voltages	659	(1)
Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Equivalents	660	(1)
Some Digital Terminology	660	(1)
Resolution	661	(1)
The R-2R Ladder DAC	661	(3)
A Weighted-Resistor DAC	664	(1)
The Switched Current-Source DAC	665	(2)
Switched-Capacitor DACs	667	(2)
DAC Performance Specifications	669	(3)
An Integrated-Circuit DAC	672	(1)
The Counter-Type ADC	672	(2)
Tracking A/D Converter	673	(1)
Flash A/D Converters	674	(1)
The Dual-Slope (Integrating) ADC	675	(2)
The Successive-Approximation ADC	677	(2)
ADC Performance Specifications	679	(3)
Integrated-Circuit A/D Converters	680	(1)
Exercises	680	(2)
APPENDIX A SPICE AND PSPICE	682	(30)
A-1 Introduction	683	(1)
A-2 Describing a Circuit for a SPICE Input File	683	(3)
Nodes and Component Descriptions	683	(1)
Specifying Numerical Values	684	(1)
dc Voltage Sources	684	(2)
dc Current Sources	686	(1)
A-3 The .DC and .PRINT Control Statements	686	(4)
The .DC Control Statement	686	(1)
Identifying Output Voltages and Currents	686	(1)
The .PRINT Control Statement	687	(1)
The .END Statement	688	(1)
Circuit Restrictions	689	(1)
A-4 The .TRAN and .PLOT Control Statements	690	(1)
The .TRAN Control Statement	690	(1)
The .PLOT Control Statement	690	(1)
.DC Plots	690	(1)
LIMPTS and the .OPTIONS Control Statement	691	(1)
A-5 The SIN and PULSE Sources	691	(2)
The SIN Source	691	(1)
The PULSE Source	691	(2)
A-6 The Initial Transient Solution	693	(1)
A-7 Diode Models	694	(2)
A-8 BJT Models	696	(1)
A-9 The .TEMP Statement	697	(1)
A-10 ac Sources and the .AC Control Statement	698	(4)
The .AC Control Statement	698	(1)
ac Outputs	699	(1)
.ac Plots	699	(1)
Small-Signal Analysis and Distortion	699	(3)
A-11 Junction Field-Effect Transistors (JFETs)	702	(1)
A-12 MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs)	703	(1)
A-13 Controlled (Dependent) Sources	704	(1)
A-14 Transformers	705	(1)
A-15 Subcircuits	706	(2)
A-16 Probe and Design Manager	708	(2)
Probe	708	(1)
Design Manager	709	(1)
A-17 The PSPICE Library	710	(2)
APPENDIX B STANDARD VALUES OF RESISTORS AND READING AND SELECTING CAPACITORS	712	(3)
B-1 Standard Value of Resistors	713	(1)
B-2 Reading and Selecting Capacitors	713	(2)
Reading Capacitor Values	713	(1)
Selecting the Capacitor	714	(1)
APPENDIX C FREQUENCY RESPONSE DERIVATIONS	715	(3)
Derivation of Equation 7-23 for Finding the Lower Cutoff Frequency fL in an Amplifier with Two Interacting Corner Frequencies, f1 and f2	716	(1)
Derivation of Equation 7-32 for Finding the Upper Cutoff Frequency fH in an Amplifier with Two Interacting Corner Frequencies, fA and fB	716	(1)
Frequency Response in Inverting and Noninverting Op-Amp Configurations	716	(2)
APPENDIX D SEMICONDUCTOR THEORY	718	(18)
D-1 Introduction	719	(1)
D-2 Atomic Structure	719	(2)
D-3 Semiconductor Materials	721	(1)
D-4 Current in Semiconductors	722	(5)
Holes and Hole Current	723	(1)
Drift Current	724	(2)
Diffusion Current	726	(1)
D-5 p- and n-type Semiconductors	727	(2)
D-6 The pn Junction	729	(2)
D-7 Forward- and Reverse-Biased Junctions	731	(1)
D-8 A Semiconductor Glossary	732	(4)
APPENDIX E THE LF353 DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (PARTIAL DATA SHEET)	736	(5)
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises	741	(4)
Index	745