Electronic Instrument Design Architecting for the Life Cycle

by Fowler, Kim R.

• ISBN13: 9780195083712
• ISBN10: 0195083717
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-04-25
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Electronic Instrument Design provides a coherent and integrated presentation of the design process, connecting engineering principles to real applications from a systems perspective. Bridging theory and practice, this hands-on guide builds a framework for developing electronic instrumentation, from hand-held devices to consoles of equipment. It offers practical design solutions, describes the interactions, trade-offs, and priorities encountered, and uses specific details, situations, and numerous case studies as examples. The methods may be applied to single prototypes as well as to mass-produced devices. The applications are not technology-dependent, and will therefore not be outdated by the next generation of hardware or software. While the focus of the book is on projects often found in small- or medium-sized companies, many of the principles presented apply to larger projects as well. Electronic Instrument Design is an ideal text for design courses in electrical and industrial engineering, and also serves as a practical guide for engineers in diverse fields.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Acknowledgments	xiii
Abbreviations	xiv
Systems Engineering	1	(18)
Introduction	1	(1)
Overview of Systems Engineering	1	(3)
The Systems Perspective	4	(1)
Documentation	4	(1)
Concept Development	5	(3)
Requirements	8	(1)
Design Development	9	(2)
Rapid Protoyping and Field Testing	11	(1)
Validation, Verification, and Integration	12	(2)
Maintenance and Life-Cycle Costs	14	(1)
Failure, Iteration, and Judgment	15	(2)
Summary	17	(1)
Recommended Reading	17	(1)
References	17	(2)
Architecting and Engineering Judgment	19	(52)
Good Engineering	19	(1)
Questions to Ask	19	(2)
Architecting	21	(1)
Design Concerns and Heuristics	22	(10)
Teamwork and Trust	32	(2)
A Common Problem: Real-Time Control	34	(9)
Case Studies	43	(26)
Summary	69	(1)
Recommended Reading	69	(1)
References	69	(2)
Documentation	71	(28)
Don't Skip This Chapter!	71	(1)
Types of Documentation	72	(1)
Records, Accountability and Liability	73	(1)
Auidence	73	(2)
Preparation, Presentation, and Preservation	75	(5)
Methods	80	(3)
Visual Techniques	83	(8)
Layout	91	(4)
Writing Well	95	(1)
Summary	96	(1)
Recommended Reading	97	(1)
References	97	(2)
The Human Interface	99	(38)
Man-Machine Dialogue and Industrial Design	99	(1)
User-Centered Design	100	(4)
Five Elements of Successful Design	104	(2)
Cognition	106	(2)
Ergonomics	108	(6)
Utility	114	(1)
Principles for Appropriate Operation	115	(1)
Image	116	(2)
Ownership	118	(2)
Practical Applications and System Implications	120	(6)
Some Sources of Errors	126	(1)
Interface Design Specifications	127	(2)
Case Studies	129	(4)
Summary	133	(1)
Recommended Reading	134	(1)
References	134	(3)
Packaging and Enclosures	137	(44)
Packaging's Influence and Its Factors	137	(2)
Design for Manufacture, Assembly, and Disassembly	139	(3)
Wiring	142	(3)
Temperature	145	(1)
Vibration and Shock	146	(2)
Rugged Systems	148	(3)
Component Packaging	151	(5)
Other Mechanical Issues	156	(3)
Case Studies	159	(18)
Summary	177	(1)
Recommended Reading	178	(1)
References	178	(3)
Grouding and Shielding	181	(50)
Foundations of Circuit Operation	181	(1)
Outline for Grounding and Shielding Design	181	(1)
Safety	182	(2)
Noise	184	(3)
Principles of Energy Coupling	187	(6)
Grounding	193	(6)
Filtering	199	(6)
Shielding	205	(6)
Protecting Against Electrostatic Discharge	211	(4)
General Rules for Design	215	(4)
Case Study	219	(9)
Summary	228	(1)
Recommended Reading	228	(1)
References	229	(2)
Circuit Design	231	(58)
From Symbols to Substance	231	(1)
Convert Requirements into Design	232	(4)
Reliability	236	(1)
Fault Tolerance	237	(3)
High-Speed Design	240	(9)
Low-Power Design	249	(1)
Noise and Error Budgets	250	(2)
Standard Data Buses and Networks	252	(9)
Reset and Power Failure Detection	261	(2)
Interface: Input	263	(10)
Interface: Output	273	(12)
Breadboards, Evaluation Boards, and Prototyes	285	(2)
Summary	287	(1)
Recommended Reading	287	(1)
References	288	(1)
Circuit Layout	289	(32)
Mundane but Necessary	289	(1)
Circuit Boards	289	(8)
Component Placement	297	(2)
Routing Signal Traces	299	(7)
Grounds, Returns, and Shields	306	(3)
Connectors and Cables	309	(4)
Design for Manufacture	313	(4)
Testing and Maintenance	317	(2)
Summary	319	(1)
Recommended Reading	319	(1)
References	320	(1)
Power	321	(44)
Sources and Requirements	321	(2)
Outline for Power Design	323	(1)
Buy versus Build	323	(1)
Power Conversion Choices	323	(9)
Definitions and Specifications	332	(6)
Power Distribution	338	(7)
Line Conditioning	345	(2)
Electromagnetic Interference	347	(2)
Reliability	349	(1)
Batteries	350	(4)
Other Power Sources	354	(1)
Case Studies	354	(8)
Summary	362	(1)
Recommended Reading	363	(1)
References	363	(2)
Cooling	365	(38)
Heat Transfer	365	(1)
Approach to Thermal Management	366	(1)
Mechanisms for Cooling	367	(1)
Operating Range	367	(2)
Basic Thermal Calculations	369	(6)
Cooling Choices	375	(1)
Heat Sink Selection	376	(4)
Heat Pipes and Thermal Pillows	380	(2)
Fans and Forced Air Cooling	382	(7)
Liquid Cooling	389	(1)
Evaporation and Refrigeration	390	(2)
Trade-offs in Design	392	(2)
Analysis and Experimentation	394	(1)
Case Studies	395	(6)
Summary	401	(1)
Recommended Reading	402	(1)
References	402	(1)
Software	403	(40)
Why Software in a Book about Electronics?	403	(1)
Types of Software	404	(3)
Traditional Software Life Cycle	407	(7)
Models, Metrics, and Software Limitations	414	(4)
Risk Abatement and Failure Prevention	418	(4)
Software Bugs and Testing	422	(6)
Good Programming Practice	428	(2)
User Interface	430	(2)
Embedded, Real-Time Software	432	(2)
Case Studies and Design Examples	434	(4)
Summary	438	(1)
Recommended Reading	438	(1)
References	439	(4)
Debugging and Testing	443	(68)
Understand Your Components and Circuits	443	(1)
Steps to Debugging	443	(2)
Techniques for Troubleshooting	445	(5)
Characterization	450	(1)
Electromechanical Components	451	(3)
Passive Components	454	(9)
Active Devices	463	(6)
Operational Amplifiers	469	(6)
Analog-Digital Conversion	475	(21)
Digital Components	496	(10)
Case Study: Sensor Calibration	506	(1)
Summary	507	(1)
Recommended Reading	507	(1)
References	507	(4)
Integration, Production, and Logistics	511	(20)
Putting It All Together	511	(1)
Inspection and Tests of Components	512	(4)
Simulation, Prototyping, and Testing	516	(3)
Integration	519	(3)
Validation and Verification	522	(1)
Procurement	523	(1)
Manufacturing	524	(1)
Maintenance and Repair	525	(1)
Training	526	(1)
Disposal and Environmental Concerns	526	(2)
Case Study: Test System for Avionics	528	(1)
Summary	529	(1)
References	529	(2)
Appendix A: Outline of Milestones and Documents for Developing Electronic Instruments	531	(2)
Appendix B: Design Review Checklists	533	(8)
Appendix C: Software Design Tools	541	(2)
Index	543