Electronic Materials Science

by Irene, Eugene A.

• ISBN13: 9780471695974
• ISBN10: 0471695971
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-04
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A thorough introduction to fundamental principles and applications From its beginnings in metallurgy and ceramics, materials science now encompasses such high- tech fields as microelectronics, polymers, biomaterials, and nanotechnology. Electronic Materials Science presents the fundamentals of the subject in a detailed fashion for a multidisciplinary audience. Offering a higher-level treatment than an undergraduate textbook provides, this text benefits students and practitioners not only in electronics and optical materials science, but also in additional cutting-edge fields like polymers and biomaterials. Readers with a basic understanding of physical chemistry or physics will appreciate the text's sophisticated presentation of today's materials science. Instructive derivations of important formulae, usually omitted in an introductory text, are included here. This feature offers a useful glimpse into the foundations of how the discipline understands such topics as defects, phase equilibria, and mechanical properties. Additionally, concepts such as reciprocal space, electron energy band theory, and thermodynamics enter the discussion earlier and in a more robust fashion than in other texts. Electronic Materials Science also features: * An orientation towards industry and academia drawn from the author's experience in both arenas * Information on applications in semiconductors, optoelectronics, photocells, and nanoelectronics * Problem sets and important references throughout * Flexibility for various pedagogical needs Treating the subject with more depth than any other introductory text, Electronic Materials Science prepares graduate and upper-level undergraduate students for advanced topics in the discipline and gives scientists in associated disciplines a clear review of the field and its leading technologies.

Author Biography

EUGENE A. IRENE is Professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He received his PhD in solid-state and physical chemistry from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1972 and worked for IBM for ten years in the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
1 Introduction to Electronic Materials Science	1	(8)
1.1 Introduction	1	(2)
1.2 Structure and Diffraction	3	(1)
1.3 Defects	4	(1)
1.4 Diffusion	5	(1)
1.5 Phase Equilibria	5	(1)
1.6 Mechanical Properties	6	(1)
1.7 Electronic Structure	6	(1)
1.8 Electronic Properties and Devices	7	(1)
1.9 Electronic Materials Science	8	(1)
2 Structure of Solids	9	(22)
2.1 Introduction	9	(1)
2.2 Order	10	(2)
2.3 The Lattice	12	(4)
2.4 Crystal Structure	16	(1)
2.5 Notation	17	(4)
2.5.1 Naming Planes	17	(2)
2.5.2 Lattice Directions	19	(2)
2.6 Lattice Geometry	21	(3)
2.6.1 Planar Spacing Formulas	21	(1)
2.6.2 Close Packing	22	(2)
2.7 The Wigner-Seitz Cell	24	(1)
2.8 Crystal Structures	25	(4)
2.8.1 Structures for Elements	25	(1)
2.8.2 Structures for Compounds	26	(2)
2.8.3 Solid Solutions	28	(1)
Related Reading	29	(1)
Exercises	29	(2)
3 Diffraction	31	(30)
3.1 Introduction	31	(2)
3.2 Phase Difference and Bragg's Law	33	(4)
3.3 The Scattering Problem	37	(8)
3.3.1 Coherent Scattering from an Electron	38	(2)
3.3.2 Coherent Scattering from an Atom	40	(1)
3.3.3 Coherent Scattering from a Unit Cell	40	(3)
3.3.4 Structure Factor Calculations	43	(2)
3.4 Reciprocal Space, RESP	45	(8)
3.4.1 Why Reciprocal Space?	45	(1)
3.4.2 Definition of RESP	46	(2)
3.4.3 Definition of Reciprocal Lattice Vector	48	(2)
3.4.4 The Ewald Construction	50	(3)
3.5 Diffraction Techniques	53	(2)
3.5.1 Rotating Crystal Method	53	(1)
3.5.2 Powder Method	53	(2)
3.5.3 Laue Method	55	(1)
3.6 Wave Vector Representation	55	(3)
Related Reading	58	(1)
Exercises	58	(3)
4 Defects in Solids	61	(20)
4.1 Introduction	61	(1)
4.2 Why Do Defects Form?	62	(4)
4.2.1 Review of Some Thermodynamics Ideas	62	(4)
4.3 Point Defects	66	(1)
4.4 The Statistics of Point Defects	67	(4)
4.5 Line Defects-Dislocations	71	(6)
4.5.1 Edge Dislocations	73	(1)
4.5.2 Screw Dislocations	74	(2)
4.5.3 Burger's Vector and the Burger Circuit	76	(1)
4.5.4 Dislocation Motion	77	(1)
4.6 Planar Defects	77	(2)
4.6.1 Grain Boundaries	77	(1)
4.6.2 Twin Boundaries	78	(1)
4.7 Three-Dimensional Defects	79	(1)
Related Reading	79	(1)
Exercises	80	(1)
5 Diffusion in Solids	81	(30)
5.1 Introduction to Diffusion Equations	81	(2)
5.2 Atomistic Theory of Diffusion: Fick's Laws and a Theory for the Diffussion Construct D	83	(4)
5.3 Random Walk Problem	87	(4)
5.3.1 Random Walk Calculations	89	(1)
5.3.2 Relation of D to Random Walk	89	(1)
5.3.3 Self-Diffusion Vacancy Mechanism in a FCC Crystal	90	(1)
5.3.4 Activation Energy for Diffusion	91	(1)
5.4 Other Mass Transport Mechanisms	91	(3)
5.4.1 Permeability versus Diffusion	91	(3)
5.4.2 Convection versus Diffusion	94	(1)
5.5 Mathematics of Diffusion	94	(14)
5.5.1 Steady State Diffusion-Fick's First Law	95	(2)
5.5.2 Non-Steady State Diffusion-Fick's Second Law	97	(11)
Related Reading	108	(1)
Exercises	108	(3)
6 Phase Equilibria	111	(28)
6.1 Introduction	111	(1)
6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule	111	(19)
6.2.1 Definitions	111	(2)
6.2.2 Equilibrium Among Phases-The Phase Rule	113	(2)
6.2.3 Applications of the Phase Rule	115	(1)
6.2.4 Construction of Phase Diagrams: Theory and Experiment	116	(4)
6.2.5 The Tie Line Principle	120	(1)
6.2.6 The Lever Rule	121	(4)
6.2.7 Examples of Phase Equilibria	125	(5)
6.3 Nucleation and Growth of Phases	130	(7)
6.3.1 Thermodynamics of Phase Transformations	130	(3)
6.3.2 Nucleation	133	(4)
Related Reading	137	(1)
Exercises	138	(1)
7 Mechanical Properties of Solids-Elasticity	139	(22)
7.1 Introduction	139	(2)
7.2 Elasticity Relationships	141	(6)
7.2.1 True versus Engineering Strain	143	(1)
7.2.2 Nature of Elasticity and Young's Modulus	144	(3)
7.3 An Analysis of Stress by the Equation of Motion	147	(3)
7.4 Hooke's Law for Pure Dilatation and Pure Shear	150	(1)
7.5 Poisson's Ratio	151	(1)
7.6 Relationships Among E, epsilon, and v	151	(2)
7.7 Relationships Among E, G, and v	153	(3)
7.8 Resolving the Normal Forces	156	(1)
Related Reading	157	(1)
Exercises	158	(3)
8 Mechanical Properties of Solids-Plasticity	161	(26)
8.1 Introduction	161	(1)
8.2 Plasticity Observations	161	(2)
8.3 Role of Dislocations	163	(12)
8.4 Deformation of Noncrystalline Materials	175	(11)
8.4.1 Thermal Behavior of Amorphous Solids	175	(2)
8.4.2 Time-Dependent Deformation of Amorphous Materials	177	(2)
8.4.3 Models for Network Solids	179	(4)
8.4.4 Elastomers	183	(3)
Related Reading	186	(1)
Exercises	186	(1)
9 Electronic Structure of Solids	187	(42)
9.1 Introduction	187	(1)
9.2 Waves, Electrons, and the Wave Function	187	(9)
9.2.1 Representation of Waves	187	(2)
9.2.2 Matter Waves	189	(1)
9.2.3 Superposition	190	(5)
9.2.4 Electron Waves	195	(1)
9.3 Quantum Mechanics	196	(19)
9.3.1 Normalization	197	(1)
9.3.2 Dispersion of Electron Waves and the SE	197	(2)
9.3.3 Classical and QM Wave Equations	199	(1)
9.3.4 Solutions to the SE	200	(15)
9.4 Electron Energy Band Representations	215	(6)
9.4.1 Parallel Band Picture	215	(1)
9.4.2 kappa Space Representations	216	(3)
9.4.3 Brillouin Zones	219	(2)
9.5 Real Energy Band Structures	221	(3)
9.6 Other Aspects of Electron Energy Band Structure	224	(2)
Related Reading	226	(1)
Exercises	227	(2)
10 Electronic Properties of Materials	229	(40)
10.1 Introduction	229	(1)
10.2 Occupation of Electronic States	230	(6)
10.2.1 Density of States Function, DOS	230	(2)
10.2.2 The Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function	232	(3)
10.2.3 Occupancy of Electronic States	235	(1)
10.3 Position of the Fermi Energy	236	(4)
10.4 Electronic Properties of Metals: Conduction and Superconductivity	240	(13)
10.4.1 Free Electron Theory for Electrical Conduction	240	(4)
10.4.2 Quantum Theory of Electronic Conduction	244	(3)
10.4.3 Superconductivity	247	(6)
10.5 Semiconductors	253	(11)
10.5.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors	253	(4)
10.5.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors	257	(4)
10.5.3 Semiconductor Measurements	261	(3)
10.6 Electrical Behavior of Organic Materials	264	(2)
Related Reading	266	(1)
Exercises	266	(3)
11 Junctions and Devices and the Nanoscale	269	(28)
11.1 Introduction	269	(1)
11.2 Junctions	270	(5)
11.2.1 Metal-Metal Junctions	270	(1)
11.2.2 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions	271	(3)
11.2.3 Semiconductor-Semiconductor PN Junctions	274	(1)
11.3 Selected Devices	275	(15)
11.3.1 Passive Devices	276	(3)
11.3.2 Active Devices	279	(11)
11.4 Nanostructures and Nanodevices	290	(4)
11.4.1 Heterojunction Nanostructures	290	(3)
11.4.2 2-D and 3-D Nanostructures	293	(1)
Related Reading	294	(1)
Exercises	295	(2)
Index	297