Contents
Preface xiii
Part One Entering the World of Children’s Literature 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to the World of Children’s Literature 1
Defining Literature for Children 2
The Birth of Modern Children’s Literature 4
Book Illustrations 7
The Genres of Literature 8
The Dewey Decimal System 9
Book Formats 11
Picture Books 11
Easy-to-Read Books 12
Illustrated Books 13
Graphic Novels 13
Chapter Books 14
Hardcover Books 14
Paperback Books 15
Grocery Store Books 15
Series Books 17
The Value of Children’s Literature 18
Prereading Schema Building 20
The Process of Schema Building 20
Modeling the Process 22
Summary 24
Chapter 2
Elements of Quality Children’s Literature 26
Book Awards 27
Newbery Medal 27
Caldecott Medal 27
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vi Contents
Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal 28
Hans Christian Andersen Award 29
Children’s Choices and Teachers’ Choices 29
Literary Elements 30
Characters 31
Point of View 31
Setting 34
Plot 35
Theme 37
Style 38
Tone 39
Responding to Literature 39
Reader Response Theory by Gloria Houston 40
Literature Circles 42
Developing a Classroom Library by Susan E. Knell 42
Summary 44
Chapter 3
The Art of Illustration 46
Evaluating Illustrations 47
The Union of Art and Text 47
Visual Elements of Artistic Design 48
Space 48
Line 49
Shape 49
Color 49
Texture 50
Scale and Dimension 51
Composition 51
Artistic Styles 52
Artistic Media and Techniques 55
Painting 55
Drawing 56
Other Techniques 56
Integrating Visual Art and Literature by Janet C. Richards 58
Responding to Literature by Donna Stewart 59
Summary 60
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Contents vii
Chapter 4
Early Childhood Books 62
Books of Early Childhood 63
Board Books 63
Concept Books 64
Pattern Books 74
Wordless Picture Books 75
Motivating Children to Become Lifelong Readers by Susan E.
Knell 77
Summary 79
Chapter 5
Traditional Literature 80
Evaluating Traditional Literature 81
History 82
Characteristics 84
Themes of Traditional Literature 87
The Subgenres of Traditional Literature 89
Myths 89
Fables 92
Ballads and Folk Songs 94
Legends 96
Tall Tales 97
Fairy Tales 98
Cinderella Stories 106
Traditional Rhymes 107
Summary 110
Part Two The Boundless World of Fiction 111
Chapter 6
Modern Fantasy 111
Evaluating Modern Fantasy 112
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The Beginnings of Fiction and Modern Fantasy 113
Hans Christian Andersen 113
Types of Fantasy 115
Animal Fantasy 116
Literary Fairy Tale 116
Animated Object Fantasy 118
Human with Fantasy Character 121
Extraordinary Person 122
Enchanted Journey 125
High Fantasy 128
Supernatural Fantasy 132
Science Fiction 134
Unlikely Situation 137
Summary 139
Chapter 7
Animal Fantasy 144
Evaluating Animal Fantasy 147
Milestones in Animal Fantasy 147
1877: Black Beauty: The Autobiography of a Horse by Anna Sewell 147
1894: The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling 147
1901/1902: The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter 148
1903: The Call of the Wild by Jack London 148
1908: The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame 148
1929: Bambi: A Life in the Woods by Felix Salten 149
1939: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer by Robert L. May 149
1941: Make Way for Ducklings by Robert McCloskey 150
1942: The Poky Little Puppy by Janette Lowrey 150
1952: Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White 150
1957: The Cat in the Hat by Dr. Seuss 150
Types of Animal Fantasy 151
Type I: Anthropomorphic Animals in an All-Animal World 152
Type II: Anthropomorphic Animals Coexisting with Humans 156
Type III: Talking Animals in Natural Habitats 160
Type IV: Realistic Animals with Human Thinking Ability 162
Summary 164
Contents ix
Chapter 8
Multicultural Literature 168
Evaluating Multicultural Literature 170
Categories of Multicultural Books 171
Culturally Neutral Books 171
Culturally Generic Books 172
Culturally Specific Books 172
Misrepresentation of Culture 173
Latino Literature by Alcione N. Ostorga 176
African American Literature by Sabrina A. Brinson 181
Asian American Literature by Ni Chang 186
Native American Literature 192
Literature of Religious Cultures 195
International Literature 196
Summary 200
Chapter 9
Contemporary Realistic Fiction 201
Evaluating Contemporary Fiction 202
Characteristics of Contemporary Realistic Fiction 202
Censorship by Jenifer Jasinski Schneider 203
Selecting versus Censoring 205
Themes 206
Bibliotherapy by Dan T. Ouzts and Mark J. Palombo 208
The Purpose of Bibliotherapy 209
Guidelines for Using Bibliotherapy 209
Families 212
Traditional Families 212
Nontraditional Families 214
Dysfunctional Families 215
Abandoned Children 215
Friendship 216
Contents
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Humor 218
Adventure 219
Mystery 222
Social Reality 224
War 224
Homelessness 225
Poverty and Child Labor 226
Gangs and Crime 226
Racism 226
Personal Issues 227
Animals 229
Summary 230
Chapter 10
Historical Fiction 235
Evaluating Historical Fiction 235
Characteristics of Historical Fiction 235
Biographic Historical Fiction 236
Researching Historical Fiction 238
Scott O’Dell Award 239
Periods Depicted in Historical Fiction 239
Ancient Times 239
Medieval Times 240
Colonial Times 241
Revolutionary Era 242
Early Frontier Era 243
Civil War Era 247
Post—Civil War Frontier Era 248
World War I Era 250
Great Depression Era 251
World War II Era 253
Post—World War II Era 255
Civil Rights Movement 255
Enhancing Curriculum with Historical Fiction by Sharon Smith 259
Summary 261
Contents xi
Part Three Discovering the World through Nonfiction 264
Chapter 11
Biography and Autobiography 264
Evaluating Biography 266
Reading Biographies for Pleasure 267
Types of Biography 268
Authentic Biography 268
Fictionalized Biography 272
Forms of Biography 273
Complete 273
Partial 274
Picture Book 275
Collective 275
Integrating Biography with the Study of History 276
Enhancing Curriculum with Biography by Sharon Smith 276
Summary 279
Chapter 12
Informational Books 281
Evaluating Informational Books 283
Characteristics of Informational Books 284
Enhancing Curriculum with Informational Books 285
Building a Foundation for Content Area Reading 287
Graphic Organizers 288
Summary 294
Chapter 13
Poetry and Verse 296
Evaluating Poetry and Verse 298
Characteristics of Poetry and Verse 298
Rhythm and Rhyme 298
Language 299
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Forms of Poetry 300
Poetry in Our Culture 302
NCTE Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children 303
Developing Love (or Hate) for Poetry 303
Ways to Teach Kids to Hate Poetry 303
Ways to Encourage Kids to Love Poetry 304
Types of Poetry Books 306
The Value of Poetry in the Classroom by Georgann C. Wyatt 306
Summary 309
Chapter 14
Teaching Reading through Literature 312
Reading Aloud to Children 313
Questioning Guidelines 314
Listening—Prediction Activity 314
Sustained Silent Reading 317
Reading Instruction with Trade Books 317
Children’s Oral Reading 319
Individual Oral Reading 319
Group Oral Reading 320
Guided Silent Reading 321
Reading—Prediction Activity 321
Guided Reading Activity 322
Implementing a Yearlong Literature Program 325
Organizing Reading Instruction by Genres 325
Organizing Reading Instruction Thematically 326
Summary 332
Glossary 335
References 342
Name and Title Index 000
Subject Index 000
Credits 000
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