All chapters end with Summary and Questions and Problems | |
Preface | |
Why the Criminal Justice Researcher Uses Statistics | |
The Nature of Criminal Justice Research | |
Major Data Sources in Criminology and Criminal Justice | |
Why Test Hypotheses? | |
The Stages of Criminal Justice Research | |
Using Series of Numbers to Do Criminal Justice Research | |
Functions of Statistics | |
Looking and the Larger Picture: A Student Survey | |
Description | |
Organizing the Data | |
Frequency Distributions of Nominal Data | |
Comparing Distributions | |
Proportions and Percentages | |
Rates | |
Simple Frequency Distributions of Ordinal and Interval Data | |
Grouped Frequency Distributions of Interval Data | |
Cumulative Distributions | |
Percentile Ranks | |
Dealing with Decimal Data | |
Flexible Class Intervals | |
Cross-Tabulations | |
Graphic Presentations | |
Measures of Central Tendency | |
The Mode | |
The Median | |
The Mean | |
Taking One Step at a Time | |
Comparing the Mode, Median, and Mean | |
Measures of Variability | |
The Range | |
The Variance and Standard Deviation | |
The Raw-Score Formula for Variance and Standard Deviation | |
The Meaning of the Standard Deviation | |
Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Simple Frequency Distribution | |
Obtaining the Variance and Standard Deviation from a Grouped Frequency Distribution | |
From Description to Decision Making | |
Probability and the Normal Curve | |
Rules of Probability | |
Probability Distributions | |
The Normal Curve as a Probability Distribution | |
Characteristics of the Normal Curve | |
The Model and the Reality of the Normal Curve | |
The Area Under the Normal Curve | |
Standard Scores and the Normal Curve | |
Finding Probability Under the Normal Curve | |
Finding Scores from Probability from the Normal Curve | |
Samples and Populations | |
Sampling Methods | |
Sampling Error | |
Sampling Distribution of Means | |
Standard Error of the Mean | |
Confidence Intervals | |
The t Distribution | |
Estimating Proportions | |
Looking at the Larger Picture: Generalizing from Samples to Populations | |
Decision Making | |
Testing Differences between Means | |
The Null Hypothesis: No Difference between Means | |
The Research Hypothesis: A Difference between Means | |
Sampling Distribution of Differences between Means | |
Testing Hypotheses with the Distribution of Differences between Means | |
Levels of Significance | |
Standard Error of the Difference between Means | |
Testing the Difference between Means | |
Comparing the Dependent Samples | |
Two Sample Tests of Proportions | |
One-Tailed Tests | |
Requirements for Testing the Difference between Means | |
Analysis of Variance | |
The Logic of Analysis of Variance | |
The Sum of Squares | |
Mean Square | |
The F Ratio | |
A Multiple Comparison of Means | |
Requirements for Using the F Ratio | |
Groups Using Analysis of Variance | |
Nonparametric Tests of Significance | |
One-Way Chi-Square Test | |
Two-Way Chi-Square Test | |
The Median Test | |
Looking at the Larger Picture: Testing for Differences | |
From Decision Making to Association | |
Correlation | |
Strength of Correlation | |
Direction of Correlation | |
Curvilinear Correlation | |
The Correlation Coefficient | |
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
The Importance of Scatter Plots | |
Partial Correlation | |
Regression Ana | |
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