Elementary Statistics, Revised

by Spence, Janet T.; Cotton, John W.; Underwood, Benton J.; Duncan, Carl P.

• ISBN13: 9780132532617
• ISBN10: 0132532611
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1991-12-20
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This application-oriented guide hands you simple-to-use mathematical techniques for determining various statistics in psychology and the behavioral sciences. Progressing from basic descriptive statistics to inferential paramedic statistics, the handbook includes graphic presentations including stem and leaf displays ... step-by-step procedures for performing computations ... advice for selecting the appropriate statistical test for specific studies ... coverage of various statistical computer programs ... and more. Intended for professionals with little or no knowledge of statistics.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Statistics: What It's About	1	(15)
Populations and Samples	4	(1)
Types of Samples	5	(3)
Parameters and Statistics	8	(1)
Types of Data	9	(3)
Calculators, Computers, and Statistical Analyses	12	(1)
Definitions of Terms	13	(1)
Problems	14	(2)
Frequency Distributions	16	(14)
Simple Frequency Distributions	17	(1)
Grouped Frequency Distributions	18	(4)
Stem and Leaf Display	22	(3)
Step-by-Step Procedures	25	(2)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	27	(1)
Problems	27	(3)
Graphic Representations	30	(19)
Graphic Representations of Frequency Distributions	31	(4)
General Procedures in Constructing Histograms and Frequency Polygons	35	(1)
Form of a Frequency Distribution	36	(5)
Graphic Representations of Other Types of Data	41	(4)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	45	(1)
Problems	46	(3)
Measures of Central Tendency	49	(18)
Arithmetic Mean	50	(8)
Mode	58	(1)
Median	58	(2)
Comparison of Mean, Median, and Mode	60	(3)
Step-by-Step Procedures	63	(2)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	65	(1)
Problems	66	(1)
Variability	67	(30)
The Need for an Index of Variability	68	(1)
Range (R)	69	(1)
Semi-Interquartile Range	69	(1)
Average Deviation	70	(2)
Standard Deviation and Variance	72	(4)
Computational Techniques	76	(11)
A Check on Calculational Errors: Standard Deviation and the Range	87	(1)
Step-by-Step Procedures	88	(6)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	94	(1)
Problems	95	(2)
Probability	97	(19)
Sets on Probabilities	99	(2)
Some Principles of Probability	101	(6)
Permutations and Combinations	107	(2)
Step-by-Step Procedures	109	(3)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	112	(1)
Problems	113	(3)
The Binomial and the Normal Distributions	116	(21)
The Binomial Distribution	117	(5)
The Normal Probability Distribution	122	(9)
Step-by-Step Procedures	131	(4)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	135	(1)
Problems	135	(2)
Sampling Distributions: Single Samples	137	(28)
Sampling Distribution of Means	138	(1)
Means of Successive Random Samples	138	(5)
Testing Hypotheses About μ: Large Samples	143	(6)
Testing Hypotheses About μ: Small Samples	149	(3)
Confidence Intervals	152	(3)
Testing Hypotheses About Population Proportions	155	(2)
Review of Hypothesis Testing	157	(1)
Step-by-Step Procedures	158	(3)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	161	(1)
Problems	162	(3)
Sampling Distributions: Independent Samples from Two Populations	165	(29)
Anatomy of an Experiment	166	(2)
Sampling Distribution of the Difference Between Means	168	(3)
Testing a Hypothesis About μ1 - μ2:t Ratio	171	(3)
Another Look at the t0Ratio	174	(2)
The t Ratio and Small Samples	176	(3)
Choice of Significance Level	179	(2)
Power of a Statistical Test	181	(4)
Power and Estimated Effect Size	185	(1)
Step-by-Step Procedures	186	(4)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	190	(1)
Problems	191	(3)
Correlation	194	(34)
Correlational Method Versus Experimental Method	195	(4)
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)	199	(7)
Use of r in Prediction	206	(11)
The Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient (rs)	217	(3)
Step-by-Step Procedures	220	(4)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	224	(1)
Problems	225	(3)
Sampling Distributions: Matched Pairs	228	(13)
Types of Matched Pairs	229	(1)
Advantage of Matched Pairs	230	(1)
The t Test with Matched Samples	231	(5)
Step-by-Step Procedures	236	(3)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	239	(1)
Problems	239	(2)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	241	(30)
The Purpose of Analysis of Variance	242	(2)
The Principles of One-Way Analysis of Variance	244	(3)
The Concept of Sums of Squares	247	(8)
The Concept of Variance or Mean Square	255	(2)
The F Ratio	257	(3)
Effect Size	260	(1)
A Multiple-Comparison Test Following Analysis of Variance	261	(2)
Step-by-Step Procedures	263	(5)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	268	(1)
Problem	269	(2)
Two-Way Analysis of Variance	271	(24)
Main Effects and Interaction in Analysis of Variance	273	(5)
Computational Steps in Two-Way Analysis of Variance for Equal N's	278	(8)
Step-by-Step Procedures	286	(7)
Problems	293	(2)
Chi Square	295	(17)
Chi Square Applied to a Single Sample	296	(3)
Restrictions on the Use of X2	299	(1)
Testing Significance of Difference in Proportions by X2	300	(6)
Step-by-Step Procedures	306	(3)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	309	(1)
Problems	310	(2)
Nonparametric Tests	312	(15)
Nonparametric Versus Parametric Tests	313	(1)
Some Nonparametric Tests	314	(9)
Relative Efficiency of Parametric and Nonparametric Tests	323	(1)
Definitions of Terms and Symbols	324	(1)
Problems	325	(2)
Determination of the Appropriate Statistical Test	327	(12)
Summary of Statistics of Inference	328	(4)
Decision Tree	332	(1)
Step-by-Step Procedures	332	(6)
Problems	338	(1)
Appendix I: The Use of Computers in Statistical Analysis	339	(6)
Appendix II: List of Formulas	345	(8)
Appendix III: Tables	353	(13)
Appendix IV: Answers to Chapter Problems	366	(24)
Index	390