This beginning volume provides an introduction to building structures and materials that can be used by either architecture or construction professionals. The book treats the essential topics in statics and mechanics of materials and provides an introduction to structural analysis that emphasizes a qualitative approach to structural behavior. Topics of discussion include structural properties of areas, stress and strain, properties of structural materials, shear and moment, flexural and shearing stresses, deflection and indeterminate beams, beam design and framing, elastic buckling of columns and trusses. For architectural and construction professionals and enthusiasts.

Overview

1

(20)

Definition of Structure

1

(1)

Building Structure

1

(2)

Structural Planning and Design

3

(3)

Types of Loads

6

(1)

Types of Stress

7

(1)

Structural Forms in Nature

7

(3)

Structural Elements in Buildings

10

(7)

Structure and Architectural Character

17

(1)

Cost

18

(1)

Building Codes

19

(1)

Accuracy of Computations

19

(2)

Statics

21

(126)

Introduction

21

(1)

Forces

21

(1)

Components and Resultants

22

(10)

Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces

32

(10)

Moments and Couples

42

(7)

Ideal Support Conditions

49

(4)

Rigid-Body Concept and Free-Body Diagrams

53

(1)

Equilibrium of Cantilevered Members

54

(6)

Equilibrium of Simple Beams and Frames

60

(8)

Two-Force Members

68

(11)

Graphical Techniques

79

(3)

Shed and Gable Members

82

(5)

Stability and Determinacy

87

(3)

Pinned Frames

90

(6)

Simple Cable Statics

96

(16)

Maxwell Diagram Analysis of Suspension Structures

112

(17)

Maxwell Diagram Analysis of Other Structures

129

(15)

Conclusion and Procedure

144

(3)

Structural Properties of Areas

147

(32)

Introduction

147

(1)

Centroids

147

(11)

Moment of Inertia

158

(9)

Parallel Axis Theorem

167

(7)

Radius of Gyration

174

(5)

Stress and Strain

179

(22)

Types of Stress

179

(2)

Basic Connection Stresses

181

(1)

Strain

181

(6)

Stress Versus Strain

187

(1)

Stiffness

188

(3)

Total Axial Deformation

191

(2)

Thermal Stresses and Strains

193

(5)

Allowable Stress Design and Limit States Design

198

(3)

Properties of Structural Materials

201

(8)

Introduction

201

(1)

Nature of Wood

201

(4)

Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

205

(1)

Structural Steel

206

(1)

Masonry and Reinforced Masonry

207

(1)

Creep

208

(1)

Shear and Moment

209

(30)

Definitions and Sign Conventions

209

(2)

Shear and Moment Equations

211

(11)

Significance of Zero Shear

222

(3)

Load, Shear, and Moment Relationships

225

(8)

Uniformly Varying Loads

233

(6)

Flexural Stresses

239

(30)

Introduction

239

(1)

Flexural Strain

240

(1)

Flexural Stress

241

(17)

Section Modulus

258

(8)

Lateral Buckling and Stability

266

(3)

Shearing Stresses

269

(20)

Nature of Shearing Stresses

269

(1)

Diagonal Tension and Compression

270

(1)

Basic Horizontal Shearing Stress Equation

271

(9)

Horizontal Shearing Stresses in Timber Beams

280

(3)

Horizontal Shearing Stresses in Steel Beams

283

(6)

Deflection and Indeterminate Beams

289

(34)

Introduction

289

(1)

Moment-Area Method

290

(10)

Principle of Superposition

300

(2)

Use of Deflection Formulas

302

(3)

Superposition and Indeterminate Structures

305

(6)

Theorem of Three Moments

311

(9)

Loading Patterns

320

(3)

Beam Design and Framing

323

(48)

Introduction

323

(1)

Shape of Beam Cross Sections

324

(1)

``Ideal'' Beams

324

(2)

Properties of Materials

326

(1)

Tributary Area

327

(2)

Framing Direction

329

(3)

Selecting Wood Beams

332

(19)

Selecting Steel Beams

351

(18)

Design Aids for Wood and Steel

369

(2)

Elastic Buckling of Columns

371

(30)

Columns as Building Structural Elements

371

(1)

Column Failure Modes

372

(1)

The Euler Theory

373

(6)

Influence of Different End Conditions

379

(11)

Intermediate Lateral Bracing

390

(9)

Limits to the Applicability of the Euler Equation

399

(1)

Eccentric Loading and Beam-Columns

400

(1)

Trusses

401

(32)

Introduction

401

(3)

Analysis by Joint Equilibrium

404

(11)

Analysis by Maxwell Diagram

415

(7)

Method of Sections

422

(8)

Special Types of Trusses

430

(3)

Appendices

433

(34)

Appendix A Derivation of Basic Flexural Stress Equation

433

(4)

Appendix B Derivation of Basic Horizontal Shearing Stress Equation

437

(3)

Appendix C Derivation of Euler Column Buckling Equation

440

(2)

Appendix D Weights of Selected Building Materials

442

(1)

Appendix E Properties of Selected Materials

443

(2)

Appendix F Properties of Areas

445

(2)

Appendix G Proof of Moment-Area Theorems

447

(4)

Appendix H Allowable Stresses and Modulus of Elasticity Values for Selected Structural Sawn Lumber

451

(2)

Appendix I Wood Section Properties

453

(2)

Appendix J Properties of Selected Steel Sections

455

(4)

Appendix K Shear, Moment, and Deflection Equations

459

(3)

Appendix L Introduction to the SI Metric System

462

(5)

Answers to Problems

467

(28)

Index

495

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This beginning text has been written for students of architecture, building construction, and related technologies. It is intended to provide the material for a first course in structures, treating the essential topics in statics and mechanics of materials and providing an introduction to structural analysis. The presentation is basically quantitative, and it will be most effective when used in conjunction with a book emphasizing a qualitative approach to structural behavior. It is assumed that the student has a background in materials and methods of construction from prior coursework or individual experience. Chapter 5 provides a very brief review of the essential characteristics of a few structural materials but is not sufficient in either depth or scope. A minimal background in calculus and physics has also been assumed for students of this material. Most derivations of the equations have been placed in the appendices, because they usually are not absolutely essential to the use of the equations themselves. Better students, however, will gain additional understanding and insight by consulting these derivations as they are referenced. As with previous editions, all sections contain examples and problems using both SI and customary units. It is hoped that instructors will be able to use either system with minimal confusion. I do not recommend using a mix of units during the first course in structures, because it might hinder the proper understanding of "first principles" that is so essential to the student's future study and practice. My school, for example, teaches the first course exclusively in SI units and the remaining ones in customary units. Chapter 1 has been revised and expanded to include additional material regarding why architects must be well versed in the science and art of structural behavior as well as to include some guidelines concerning structural system selection. I think teachers sometimes forget how complex this subject appears to the beginner, and how easy it is to get overwhelmed by the introduction of so many new (and, at first, seemingly unrelated) concepts. Chapter 1 should be read at the outset and then more thoroughly discussed after the study of equilibrium, bending, buckling, and other topics. By expressed demand, Chapters 2 and 12 hake been expanded to include additional material on graphical statics. Section 2.17 treats the graphical analysis of some relatively complicated structures and was placed in this chapter because itisstatics, but I recommend treating this materialaftercovering the graphical solution of trusses in the new Section 12.3. I usually treat trusses near the end of the first semester, because I believe that trusses are not "simple structures" and that their behavior can be understood best after bending and buckling have been discussed. This approach also has the positive feature of bringing the student back to a consideration of basic equilibrium principles after a possible period of reduced emphasis. I am grateful to Professors Madan Mehta, Jane Murphy, Pat Tripeny, and Falix T. Uhlik for reviewing material and providing helpful suggestions. I am especially appreciative of the continued illustrative contributions and advice of Patrick Pinnell. I also wish to thank the production editor, Christine Buckendahl; the production coordinators, C rolyn Greene and Susan Free; the graphic artist, David Tebera; and the copy editor, Wesley Morrison, for their patience and tireless efforts on my behalf. As stated in prior editions, please inform me of any errors you find; don't assume that I've already been notified. Thank you in advance for your suggestions and assistance. - R. E. Shaeffer