Elements Of Human Cancer

by Cooper, Geoffrey M.

• ISBN13: 9780867201918
• ISBN10: 0867201916
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1992-01-27
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Learning

Summary

This best-selling volume provides a broad overview of cancer from the basic biology and causes of human cancer through detailed discussion of the major types of cancer. A concluding chapter summarizes progress and discusses current and future directions in cancer research and treatment.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Acknowledgments	xiv
PART I. THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF CANCER	1	(88)
Basic Facts About Cancer	3	(12)
What Is Cancer?	4	(1)
How Frequent Is Cancer?	5	(2)
The Common Kinds of Cancer	7	(3)
Cancer and Age	10	(1)
Treatment of Cancer	11	(2)
Summary	13	(1)
Key Terms	14	(1)
References and Further Reading	14	(1)
Classification and Development of Neoplasms	15	(16)
Benign and Malignant Neoplasms	16	(1)
Classification of Neoplasms According to Origin	17	(3)
Tumor Initiation and Progression	20	(2)
Invasion and Metastasis	22	(4)
Clinical Staging of Cancer	26	(1)
Summary	27	(1)
Key Terms	28	(1)
References and Further Reading	29	(2)
Cancer and the Environment	31	(32)
The Identification and Action of Carcinogens	33	(3)
Variation in Cancer Incidence Among Different Countries	36	(2)
Smoking and Cancer	38	(4)
Alcohol	42	(2)
Radiation	44	(2)
Diet	46	(6)
Medicines That Cause Cancer	52	(1)
Occupational Carcinogens	53	(2)
Environmental Pollution	55	(2)
Summary	57	(1)
Key Terms	57	(1)
References and Further Reading	58	(5)
Viruses, Cancer, and AIDS	63	(13)
Hepatitis B Virus	64	(2)
Papillomaviruses	66	(2)
Epstein-Barr Virus	68	(2)
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses	70	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	71	(1)
Summary	72	(1)
Key Terms	72	(1)
References and Further Reading	73	(3)
Heredity and Cancer	76	(13)
Inherited Cancers	77	(4)
Genetic Diseases That Predispose to Cancer	81	(3)
Racial and Familial Risk Factors	84	(1)
Summary	85	(1)
Key Terms	85	(1)
References and Further Reading	86	(3)
PART II. CANCER AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVELS	89	(110)
Cell Growth and Differentiation	91	(18)
The Organization of Cells	92	(2)
Normal Development: From Egg to Organism	94	(5)
Cell Division in Adults	99	(2)
The Cell Cycle	101	(2)
Regulation of Cell Division by Extracellular Factors	103	(1)
Transmission of External Signals to the Nucleus	103	(2)
Summary	105	(1)
Key Terms	105	(1)
References and Further Reading	106	(3)
Differences Between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells	109	(14)
Growth of Cells in Culture	110	(2)
Reduced Growth Factor Requirements of Cancer Cells	112	(1)
Altered Associations with Neighboring Cells and the Extracellular Matrix	113	(3)
Protease Secretion and Angiogenesis	116	(1)
Defective Differentiation and Immortality	117	(2)
Genetic Instability of Cancer Cells	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Key Terms	121	(1)
References and Further Reading	121	(2)
Oncogenes	123	(22)
Tumor Viruses and Viral Oncogenes	124	(4)
Proto-Oncogenes in Normal Cells	128	(3)
Differences Between Oncogenes and Proto-Oncogenes	131	(2)
Oncogenes in Human Cancer	133	(7)
Summary	140	(1)
Key Terms	141	(1)
References and Further Reading	141	(4)
Tumor Suppressor Genes	145	(12)
Hybrids Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells	146	(1)
Tumor Suppressor Genes and Inherited Cancers: The Retinoblastoma Prototype	147	(3)
Involvement of the RB Gene in Other Tumors	150	(1)
Other Tumor Suppressor Genes	151	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
Key Terms	153	(1)
References and Further Reading	153	(4)
Genetic Alterations in Tumor Development	157	(16)
Mutation of ras and p53 Genes by Radition and Chemical Carcinogens	158	(3)
Burkitt's Lymphoma: The Combined Roles of Epstein-Barr Virus and the c-myc Oncogene	161	(2)
Oncogene Amplification and Tumor Progression	163	(1)
Colon/Rectum Carcinoma: A Model for Accumulated Genetic Damage in Tumor Development	164	(2)
Involvement of Multiple Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Other Human Neoplasms	166	(3)
Summary	169	(1)
Key Terms	169	(1)
References and Further Reading	170	(3)
Functions of Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Products	173	(26)
Oncogenes and Growth Factors	175	(2)
Growth Factor Receptors	177	(1)
Oncogenes and Intracellular Signal Transduction	178	(5)
Regulation of Gene Expression in Response to Growth Factors	183	(2)
Regulation of Gene Expression by Steroids and Related Hormones	185	(2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes Also Encode Transcriptional Regulators	187	(1)
ras, GAP, and the NF1 Tumor Suppressor Gene	188	(2)
The DCC Tumor Suppressor Gene and Cell Adhesion	190	(1)
The bcl-2 Oncogene and Programmed Cell Death	190	(1)
Summary	191	(1)
Key Terms	192	(1)
References and Further Reading	193	(6)
PART III. CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT	199	(66)
Prospects for Cancer Prevention	201	(19)
Smoking	202	(1)
Alcohol	203	(1)
Radiation	204	(2)
Dietary Factors	206	(2)
Avoidance of Occupational and Medicinal Carcinogens	208	(1)
Oncogenic Viruses	209	(2)
The Possibility of Chemoprevention	211	(2)
The Questionable Importance of Synthetic Chemicals in the Environment	213	(3)
Summary	216	(1)
Key Terms	216	(1)
References and Further Reading	217	(3)
Early Detection and Diagnosis	220	(19)
The Pap Smear and Cervical Carcinoma	221	(1)
Early Detection of Breast Cancer	222	(4)
Screening for Colorectal Cancer	226	(2)
Early Detection of Other Cancers	228	(1)
Symptoms of Cancer	229	(1)
Diagnosis and Staging	230	(5)
Summary	235	(1)
Key Terms	235	(1)
References and Further Reading	236	(3)
Treatment of Cancer	239	(26)
Surgery	240	(2)
Radiation Therapy	242	(1)
Chemotherapy	243	(6)
Drug Resistance and Combination Chemotherapy	249	(2)
Bone Marrow Transplantation	251	(1)
Hormone Therapy	251	(4)
Immunotherapy	255	(2)
Clinical Trials Versus Unproven Treatments	257	(2)
Summary	259	(1)
Key Terms	260	(1)
References and Further Reading	261	(4)
PART IV. OVERVIEW OF MAJOR TYPES OF CANCER	265	(54)
Leukemias and Lymphomas	267	(15)
Origin and Classification	268	(2)
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia	270	(1)
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemias	271	(1)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia	272	(1)
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia	272	(1)
Hodgkin's Disease	273	(2)
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas	275	(2)
Multiple Myeloma	277	(1)
Summary	278	(1)
Key Terms	278	(1)
References and Further Reading	279	(3)
Childhood Solid Tumors	282	(10)
Brain Tumors	283	(1)
Neuroblastoma	284	(1)
Retinoblastoma	285	(1)
Wilms' Tumor	286	(1)
Bone Tumors	287	(1)
Soft Tissue Sarcomas	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
Key Terms	288	(1)
References and Further Reading	289	(3)
Common Solid Tumors of Adults	292	(27)
Lung Cancer	294	(1)
Colon and Rectum Cancer	295	(3)
Breast Cancer	298	(2)
Prostate Cancer	300	(2)
Urinary Cancers	302	(1)
Uterine Cancers	303	(2)
Oral Cancers	305	(1)
Pancreatic Cancer	306	(1)
Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers	306	(2)
Stomach Cancer	308	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	308	(1)
Brain Tumors	309	(1)
Liver Cancer	310	(1)
Laryngeal Cancer	310	(1)
Thyroid Cancer	311	(1)
Esophageal Cancer	311	(1)
Testicular Cancer	312	(1)
Summary	313	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
References and Further Reading	314	(5)
PART V. PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE	319	(11)
The War on Cancer---Progress and Promises	321	(9)
Progress in Cancer Prevention and Treatment	322	(3)
Progress in Understanding Cancer	325	(1)
The Future's Promise: Will Our Understanding of Cancer Yield Practical Benefits?	325	(3)
Summary	328	(1)
References and Further Reading	329	(1)
Appendix: Information and Resources for Cancer Patients	330	(7)
Glossary	337	(11)
Index	348