E-Librarian Service

by Meinel, Christoph; Linckels, Serge

• ISBN13: 9783642177422
• ISBN10: 3642177425
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-03-29
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

This book introduces a new approach in designing E-Librarian Services. Such a system is able to retrieve multimedia resources from a digital library in a more efficient way than by browsing through an index, or by using a simple keyword search. It combines recent advances in multimedia information retrieval with aspects of human-machine interfaces. The user can enter his question in natural language. The premise is that more pertinent results would be retrieved if the search engine understood the sense of the user's query. The returned results are then logical consequences of an inference rather than of keyword matchings. An E-Librarian Service simulates a human librarian. Hence, it does not return the answer to the user's question, but it retrieves the most pertinent document(s), in which the user finds the answer to his question. Also, an E-Librarian Service always proposes a solution to the user, even if the system concludes that there is no exhaustive answer.

Author Biography

Serge Linckels (1971) has studied computer science in Luxembourg," France, and Germany. His research interests are Semantic Web, Multimedia Information Management and Retrieval, and the study and improvement of the way students learn, especially in a computer- based learning environment. He is a computer science teacher at a technical high school in Luxembourg. Christoph Meinej (1954) is President arid CEO of the Hasso Plattner-lnstitut for IT Systems Engineering (HPI) and full professor for Computer Science at the University of Potsdam. His research focus is on Internet and Web Technologies and Systems, since 2008 he has served as program director of the HPI-Stanford Design Thinking Research Program.

Table of Contents

Introduction to E-Librarian Services	p. 1
From Ancient to Digital Libraries	p. 1
From Searching to Finding	p. 4
Searching the Web	p. 4
Searching Multimedia Knowledge Bases	p. 6
Exploratory Search	p. 6
E-Librarian Services	p. 7
Overview	p. 7
Early Question-Answering Systems	p. 8
Natural Language Interface	p. 8
No Library without a Librarian	p. 9
Characteristics of an E-Librarian Service	p. 10
Overview and Organization of the Book	p. 11
Key Technologies of E-Librarian Services
Semantic Web and Ontologies	p. 15
What is the Semantic Web?	p. 15
The Vision of the Semantic Web	p. 15
Semantic Web vs. Web N.O	p. 16
Three Principles Ruling the Semantic Web	p. 17
Architecture	p. 17
Ontologies	p. 18
Ontology Structure	p. 18
Upper and Domain Ontologies	p. 20
Linked Data	p. 21
Expressivity of Ontologies	p. 23
XML Extensible Markup Language	p. 24
XML: Elements, Attributes and Values	p. 25
Namespaces and Qualified Names	p. 26
XML Schema	p. 26
Complete Example	p. 27
Limitations of XML	p. 30
RDF-Resource Description Framework	p. 30
RDF Triples and Serialization	p. 30
RDF Schema	p. 32
Complete Example	p. 33
Limitations of RDF	p. 35
Owl 1 and Owl 2 - Web Ontology Language	p. 36
Instances, Classes and Restrictions in Owl	p. 37
Complete Example	p. 38
From Owl 1 to Owl 2	p. 40
Sparql, the Query Language	p. 41
Description Logics and Reasoning	p. 43
DL- Description Logics	p. 43
Concept Descriptions	p. 43
DL Languages	p. 44
Equivalences between OWL and DL	p. 45
DL Knowledge Base	p. 46
Terminologies (TBox)	p. 46
World Descriptions (ABox)	p. 48
Interpretations	p. 48
Interpreting Individuals, Concepts, and Roles	p. 48
Modeling the Real World	p. 49
Inferences	p. 51
Standard Inferences	p. 52
Non-Standard Inferences	p. 55
Natural Language Processing	p. 61
Overview and Challenges	p. 61
Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics	p. 61
Difficulties of NLP	p. 62
Zipf's law	p. 63
Dealing with Single Words	p. 63
Tokenization and Tagging	p. 63
Morphology	p. 65
Building Words over an Alphabet	p. 66
Operations over Words	p. 66
Semantic Knowledge Sources	p. 67
Semantic relations	p. 67
Semantic resources	p. 68
Dealing with Sentences	p. 69
Phrase Types	p. 69
Phrase Structure	p. 70
Grammar	p. 71
Formal languages	p. 72
Phrase structure ambiguities	p. 72
Alternative parsing techniques	p. 74
Multi-Language	p. 75
Semantic Interpretation	p. 77
Information Retrieval	p. 81
Retrieval Process	p. 81
Document Indexation and Weighting	p. 82
Index of terms	p. 82
Weighting	p. 84
Retrieval Models	p. 86
Boolean Model	p. 87
Vector Model	p. 88
Probabilistic Model	p. 90
Page Rank	p. 92
Semantic Distance	p. 94
Other Models	p. 96
Retrieval Evaluation	p. 97
Precision, Recall, and Accuracy	p. 97
Design and Utilization of E-Librarian Services
Ontological Approach	p. 103
Expert Systems	p. 103
Classical Expert Systems	p. 103
Ontology-Driven Expert Systems	p. 105
Towards an E-Librarian Service	p. 106
Reasoning Capabilities of an E-Librarian Service	p. 106
Deploying an Ontology	p. 107
Designing the Ontological Background	p. 109
Semantic Annotation of the Knowledge Base	p. 110
Computer-Assisted Creation of metadata	p. 111
Automatic Generation of metadata	p. 112
Design of the Natural Language Processing Module	p. 117
Overview of the Semantic Interpretation	p. 117
Logical Form	p. 117
Processing of a User Question	p. 118
NLP Pre-Processing	p. 119
Domain Language	p. 119
Lemmatization	p. 119
Handling Spelling Errors	p. 120
Ontology Mapping	p. 120
Domain Dictionary	p. 121
Mapping of Words	p. 121
Resolving Ambiguities	p. 123
Generation of a DL-Concept Description	p. 126
Without Syntactic Analysis	p. 126
With Syntactic Analysis	p. 127
How much NLP is Sufficient?	p. 130
Optimization and Normal Form	p. 130
General Limitations and Constraints	p. 131
Role Quantifiers	p. 131
Conjunction and Disjunction	p. 132
Negation	p. 134
Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions	p. 135
Formulations	p. 137
Others	p. 138
Multiple-Language Feature	p. 139
Designing the Multimedia Information Retrieval Module	p. 141
Overview of the MIR Module	p. 141
Knowledge Base and metadata	p. 141
Retrieval Principle	p. 143
The Concept Covering Problem	p. 143
Identifying Covers	p. 145
Computing the Best Covers	p. 146
Miss and Rest	p. 146
Size of a Concept Description	p. 148
Best Covers	p. 149
Ranking	p. 150
Algorithm for the Retrieval Problem	p. 151
User Feedback	p. 152
Direct User Feedback	p. 153
Collaborative Tagging and Social Networks	p. 153
Diversification of User Feedback	p. 154
Implementation	p. 155
Architecture	p. 155
Knowledge Layer	p. 155
Inference Layer	p. 156
Communication Layer	p. 157
Presentation Layer	p. 157
Development Details	p. 158
Processing Owl and DL in Java	p. 158
Client Front-End with Ajax Autocompleter	p. 162
The Soap Web Service Interface	p. 163
Applications
Best practices	p. 167
Computer History Expert System (CHESt)	p. 167
Description	p. 167
Experiment	p. 169
Mathematics Expert System (MatES)	p. 170
Description	p. 170
Benchmark Test	p. 171
Experiment	p. 174
The Lecture Butler's E-Librarian Service	p. 175
Description	p. 175
Benchmark Tests	p. 176
Appendix
XML Schema Primitive Datatypes	p. 183
Reasoning Algorithms	p. 185
Overview	p. 185
Structural Subsumption	p. 185
Example 1	p. 186
Example 2	p. 186
Brown Tag Set	p. 187
Part-of-Speech Taggers and Parsers	p. 191
POS Taggers	p. 191
Parsers	p. 192
Probabilistic IR Model	p. 193
Probability Theory	p. 193
Probabilistic Model	p. 194
References	p. 197
Index	p. s205
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