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Preface | p. ix |
Introduction | p. 01 |
The first human fossils | p. 05 |
Summary | p. 10 |
The geological context | p. 13 |
The geological time scale | p. 13 |
Movement of the continents | p. 14 |
Fossilization | p. 19 |
Dating | p. 19 |
Dating techniques | p. 21 |
Habitats and environment | p. 23 |
Climate changes and long-term cycles | p. 25 |
Summary | p. 26 |
Evolution and natural selection | p. 27 |
Darwin and the origin of species by natural selection | p. 27 |
The modern synthesis of evolution | p. 30 |
Inheritance of characters | p. 35 |
Population genetics | p. 30 |
Geographic isolation and speciation | p. 43 |
65 - 40mya: Primate and anthropoid origins | p. 47 |
The Scandentia and the Plesiadapiformes | p. 50 |
The emergence of primates | p. 54 |
Ancient primates | p. 58 |
Dentition of ancient primates | p. 64 |
The most ancient anthropoid? | p. 67 |
Evolutionary relationships of adapiformes, omomyiformes and anthropoids | p. 68 |
Classification of primates | p. 71 |
Summary | p. 71 |
40 - 8 mya: Anthropoids and hominoids | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Radiation of the anthropoids and other primates | p. 76 |
Use of cladistics for identifying evolutionary relationships in primate groups | p. 81 |
Social structures in primate groups | p. 85 |
The hominoidea | p. 87 |
Conclusion | p. 102 |
8 - 4.4 mya: Who were the ancestors of the hominins? | p. 107 |
The first hominin: Toumai? | p. 108 |
The first hominin: Orrorin? | p. 112 |
Another first hominin: Ardipithecus kadabba | p. 114 |
Ardipithecus ramidus | p. 115 |
An un-named hominin from Lothagam | p. 116 |
Evolutionary relationships of the early hominins | p. 116 |
Conclusion | p. 117 |
4.2 - 3.0 mya: Adaptive radiation of hominins | p. 119 |
The australopiths | p. 120 |
The First australopith-Australopithecus anamensis | p. 122 |
Australopithecus afarensis; a possible ancestor of Homo | p. 122 |
The Flat-faced skull from Kenya | p. 126 |
Australopithecus africanus | p. 127 |
Sterkfontein and the 'Little Foot' Discovery | p. 131 |
Which species belong in the genus Australopithecus? | p. 132 |
Conclusion | p. 134 |
3.0 - 1.0 mya: Emergence and diversification of the genus Homo | p. 137 |
The Robust australopiths | p. 138 |
Paranthropus boisei | p. 138 |
Paranthropus aethiopicus | p. 141 |
Australopithecus garhi | p. 142 |
Tools and tool technologies | p. 142 |
Australopiths in the human lineage | p. 143 |
Early Homo | p. 145 |
Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis | p. 150 |
Homo rudolfensis and Kenyanthropus platyops | p. 150 |
Radiation of Homo species | p. 153 |
Homo ergaster and Homo erectus | p. 153 |
Did Homo erectus Return to Africa? | p. 160 |
Conclusion | p. 161 |
1.0 mya - 700 000 years ago | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 165 |
Persistence of Homo erectus in Africa and East Asia | p. 168 |
Homo antecessor in Spain | p. 181 |
The Ceprano hominin calvaria | p. 187 |
Conclusion | p. 188 |
700 000ya - 130 000ya: Emergence of new species of Homo | p. 191 |
Introduction | p. 191 |
The emergence and migration of Homo heidelbergensis | p. 192 |
The discovery of Neandertals | p. 205 |
The emergence of modern Homo sapiens | p. 219 |
Conclusion | p. 225 |
130 000 - 10 000 Years Ago Homo sapiens Out of Africa | p. 229 |
Introduction | p. 229 |
The role of genetic studies | p. 231 |
Studying Artefacts | p. 239 |
Modern Homo sapiens in Africa | p. 239 |
Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens in Western Asia and Middle East | p. 246 |
Neandertals and modern Homo sapiens in Europe | p. 254 |
Modern Humans and Neandertals in Central Asia | p. 263 |
South East Asia and Australasia | p. 264 |
A New Species of Homo? | p. 268 |
East Asia | p. 272 |
Modern Humans Arrive in the Americas | p. 275 |
Conclusion | p. 279 |
Coda | p. 285 |
Answers to End of Chapter Questions | p. 293 |
Glossary | p. 307 |
Index | p. 317 |
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