The Emergence of Sociological Theory

by Turner, Jonathan H.; Beeghley, Leonard; Powers, Charles H.

• ISBN13: 9780534519674
• ISBN10: 0534519679
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-10-05
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Sociology should be interesting. After all, it's about people! THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY is just that: interesting. Inside, you'll discover the major theories of why groups of people act the way they do, and how you can use those theories in your daily life. It's easy to understand and packed with study tools, making THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY the best of its kind on the market and the one that will help you get the grade you need.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
About the Authors	xxi
The Enlightenment and New Ways of Thinking	1	(6)
The Enlightenment	2	(2)
The Political Economy of the Enlightenment	4	(2)
The Emergence of Sociology	6	(1)
Auguste Comte and the Emergence of Sociological Theory	7	(27)
The Strange Biography of August Comte	7	(3)
The Intellectual Origins of Comte's Thought	10	(8)
Montesquieu and Comte	10	(2)
Turgot and Comte	12	(2)
Condorcet and Comte	14	(1)
Saint-Simon and Comte	15	(3)
Liberal and Conservative Trends in Comte's Thought	18	(1)
Liberal Elements in Comte's Thought	18	(1)
Traditional Elements in Comte's Thought	18	(1)
The Sociology of Auguste Comte	19	(11)
Comte's Early Essays	20	(1)
Comte's Course of Positive Philosophy	21	(1)
Comte's View of Sociological Theory	21	(2)
Comte's Formulation of Sociological Methods	23	(2)
Comte's Organization of Sociology	25	(4)
Comte's Advocacy of Sociology	29	(1)
Critical Conclusions	30	(1)
Notes	31	(3)
The Early Masters and the Prospects for Scientific Theory	34	(9)
Science as a Belief System	34	(3)
What Is Theory?	37	(5)
Concepts	37	(1)
Statements	38	(1)
Theoretical Formats	39	(3)
The Emergence of Sociological Theory	42	(1)
The Origin and Context of Herbert Spencer's Thought	43	(11)
Biographical Influences on Spencerian Sociology	43	(4)
The Political Economy of Nineteenth-Century England	47	(1)
The Scientific Milieu of Spencer's England	48	(3)
Influences from Biology	48	(2)
Influences from the Physical Sciences	50	(1)
Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy and the Sociology of Comte	51	(1)
Why Read Spencer?	52	(1)
Notes	52	(2)
The Sociology of Herbert Spencer	54	(36)
Spencer's Moral Philosophy: Social Statics and Principles of Ethics	54	(2)
Spencer's First Principles	56	(2)
Spencer's The Study of Sociology	58	(3)
The Methodological Problems Confronting Sociology	58	(2)
The Theoretical Argument	60	(1)
A Note on Spencer's Descriptive Sociology	61	(3)
Spencer's Principles of Sociology	64	(17)
The Super-Organic and the Organismic Analogy	65	(1)
The Analysis of Super-Organic Dynamics	66	(15)
The Analysis of Societal Institutions	81	(4)
Domestic Institutions and Kinship	82	(1)
Ceremonial Institutions	82	(1)
Political Institutions	83	(1)
Religious Institutions	83	(1)
Economic Institutions	84	(1)
Critical Conclusions	85	(2)
Notes	87	(3)
Spencer's Theoretical Legacy	90	(12)
Spencer's Underlying Causal Model	90	(6)
Spencer's Theoretical Principles	96	(6)
The Origin and Context of Karl Marx's Thought	102	(23)
Biographical Influences on Marx's Thought	102	(5)
Hegel and the Young Hegelians	103	(1)
Paris and Brussels	104	(2)
The London Years	106	(1)
G. W. F. Hegel and Karl Marx	107	(4)
Hegel's Idealism	108	(1)
Marx's Rejection of Hegel's Idealism	109	(1)
Marx's Acceptance of Hegel's Dialectical Method	110	(1)
Ludwing Feuerbach and Karl Marx	111	(3)
The Young Hegelians and Marx's Thought	111	(2)
Feuerbach and Marx's Thought	113	(1)
Adam Smith and Karl Marx	114	(4)
Political Economy and Marx's Thought	114	(1)
Adam Smith's Influence	114	(4)
Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx	118	(5)
Engels's Critique of Political Economy	118	(1)
Engels's Analysis of the Working Class	119	(4)
Notes	123	(2)
The Sociology of Karl Marx	125	(34)
The German Ideology	126	(6)
The Nature of Social Theory	126	(1)
The Characteristics of All Societies	127	(3)
Marx's Theoretical Methodology	130	(2)
The Communist Manifesto	132	(12)
Bourgeoisie and Proletarians	133	(3)
Proletarians and Communists	136	(2)
Socialist and Communist Literature	138	(1)
Communist and Other Opposition Parties	139	(1)
Marx's View of Capitalism in Historical Context	139	(2)
Marx's Model of Stratification and Class Conflict	141	(3)
Capital	144	(7)
The Labor Theory of Value	144	(2)
Surplus Value	146	(2)
The Demise of Capitalism	148	(2)
Capitalism in Historical Context	150	(1)
Critical Conclusions	151	(5)
How Can Marx Be Refuted?	151	(1)
Substantive Contradictions	152	(1)
Where Prophecy Fails	153	(2)
Is Marx Still Relevant?	155	(1)
Notes	156	(3)
Marx's Theoretical Legacy	159	(14)
Marx's Underlying Causal Model	159	(7)
The General Model of History and Evolution	159	(4)
The Model of Conflict	163	(3)
Marx's Theoretical Principles	166	(5)
Principles of Social Organization	166	(1)
Principles of Inequality and Change in Social Systems	167	(4)
Correcting Marx's Theory	171	(2)
The Origin and Context of Max Weber's Thought	173	(19)
Biographical Influences on Weber's Thought	173	(5)
The Early Years	173	(2)
Before the Breakdown	175	(1)
The Transition to Sociology	176	(2)
Karl Marx and Max Weber	178	(3)
The Nature of Science	179	(1)
The Inevitability of History	180	(1)
Economic Determinism	180	(1)
The Methodenstreit and Max Weber	181	(4)
Methodological Issues Dividing Historical and Theoretical	182	(1)
Weber's Response to the Methodenstreit	183	(2)
Wilhelm Dilthey and Max Weber	185	(1)
Dilthey's Methodology of the Social Sciences	185	(1)
Weber's Response to Dilthey's Work	186	(1)
Heinrich Rickert and Max Weber	186	(3)
Rickert on the Objectivity of History	187	(1)
Weber's Response to Rickert	188	(1)
Weber's Theoretical Synthesis	189	(1)
Notes	190	(2)
The Sociology of Max Weber	192	(43)
Weber's Methodology of the Social Sciences	193	(6)
The Problem of Values	193	(2)
Ideal Types	195	(4)
Weber's Image of Social Organization	199	(4)
Weber's Analysis of Domination	203	(14)
Types of Domination	203	(4)
Social Strata: Class and Status	207	(5)
Weber's Model of the Class Structure	212	(1)
Weber's Model of Social Change	213	(2)
Weber's Model of Stratification and Geopolitics	215	(2)
Weber on Capitalism and Rationalization	217	(2)
Weber's Study of Religion	219	(11)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism	220	(6)
Weber's Comparative Studies of Religion and Capitalism	226	(2)
Weber's Outline of the Social System	228	(2)
Critical Conclusions	230	(1)
Notes	231	(4)
Max Weber's Theoretical Legacy	235	(16)
Weber's Causal Models of Social Organization	236	(10)
Weber's Model on Rationalization	236	(2)
Weber's Model of Culture and Rationalization	238	(2)
Weber's Model of Markets, Money, Power, and Law	240	(2)
Weber's Model on Stratification and Conflict	242	(2)
Weber's Model of Geopolitics	244	(2)
Weber's Theoretical Principles	246	(3)
Principles on the Process of Rationalization	246	(1)
Principles on De-Legitimation and Conflict	247	(1)
De-Legitimation and Geopolitics	248	(1)
Note	249	(2)
The Origin and Context of Georg Simmel's Thought	251	(12)
Biographical Influences on Simmel's Thought	251	(3)
Simmel's Marginality	251	(1)
Simmel's Intellectual Career	252	(2)
Intellectual Influences on Simmel's Thought	254	(7)
A Note on Simmel and Weber	254	(1)
Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism, and Simmel's Thought	255	(1)
Immanuel Kant and Simmel's Thought	256	(3)
Karl Marx and Simmel's Thought	259	(2)
The Enigmatic Simmel	261	(1)
Notes	261	(2)
The Sociology of Georg Simmel	263	(29)
Simmel's Methodological Approach to the Study of Society	264	(4)
What Is Society?	264	(1)
How Should Sociology Study Society?	265	(1)
What Are the Problem Areas of Sociology?	266	(2)
The Web of Group Affiliations	268	(4)
The Web of Group Affiliations as a Social Form	269	(1)
Structural Changes Accompanying Social Differentiation	269	(1)
The Consequences of Differentiation	270	(2)
Conflict	272	(6)
Conflict as a Social Form	273	(1)
Conflict within Groups	274	(2)
Conflict Between Groups	276	(2)
The Philosophy of Money	278	(9)
Exchange as a Social Form	278	(1)
Simmel's Assumptions about Human Nature	279	(2)
Money in Social Exchange	281	(1)
Money and Its Consequences for Social Relations	282	(5)
Critical Conclusions	287	(1)
Notes	288	(4)
Simmel's Theoretical Legacy	292	(15)
Simmel's Causal Models of Social Organization	293	(9)
Simmel's Model of Social Organization	293	(2)
Simmel's Model of Differentiation and Group Affiliations	295	(2)
Simmel's Model of Money, Markets, and Differentiation	297	(3)
Simmel's Model of Social Differentiation, Conflict, and Societal Integration	300	(2)
Simmel's Theoretical Principles	302	(5)
Simmel's Analysis of the Process of Differentiation	302	(2)
Simmel on Conflict	304	(3)
The Origin and Context of Emile Durkheim's Thought	307	(23)
Biographical Influences on Durkheim's Thought	307	(3)
Montesquieu and Durkheim	310	(5)
Montesquieu as the First Social Scientist	310	(1)
Montesquieu's View of ``Laws''	311	(1)
Montesquieu's Typology of Governments	312	(1)
The Causes and Functions of Governments	313	(2)
Rousseau and Durkheim	315	(3)
Rousseau's Doctrine	315	(1)
Specific Influences on Durkheim	316	(2)
Comte and Durkheim	318	(3)
The Science of Positivism	319	(1)
The Methodological Tenets of Positivism	319	(1)
Social Statics and Dynamics	320	(1)
Science and Social Progress	320	(1)
Tocqueville and Durkheim	321	(2)
Tocqueville's Democracy in America	321	(2)
Specific Influences on Durkheim	323	(1)
Spencer and Durkheim	323	(2)
Durkheim and Spencerian Utilitarianism	324	(1)
Durkheim and Spencerian Organicism	324	(1)
Durkheim and Spencerian Evolutionism	324	(1)
Marx and Durkheim	325	(1)
Anticipating Durkheimian Sociology	325	(2)
Methodological Tenets	326	(1)
Theoretical Strategy	326	(1)
Substantive Interests	326	(1)
Practical Concerns	326	(1)
Notes	327	(3)
The Sociology of Emile Durkheim	330	(35)
The Division of Labor in Society	330	(11)
Social Solidarity	331	(1)
The Collective Conscience	331	(1)
Social Morphology	332	(1)
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity	332	(2)
Social Change	334	(3)
Social Functions	337	(1)
Pathology and Abnormal Forms	338	(3)
The Rules of the Sociological Method	341	(4)
What Is a Social Fact?	342	(1)
Rules for the Observation of Social Facts	343	(1)
Rules for Distinguishing Between the Normal and the Pathological	343	(1)
Rules for the Classification of Social Types	344	(1)
Rules for the Explanation of Social Facts	344	(1)
Rules for Establishing Sociological Proofs	344	(1)
Suicide	345	(4)
Types of Suicide	345	(2)
Suicide and Social Integration	347	(1)
Suicide and Deviance	348	(1)
Suicide and the Social Organization of Organic Societies	348	(1)
The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life	349	(7)
An Overview of Durkheim's Argument	350	(2)
Some Further Implications of Elementary Forms	352	(4)
A Science of ``Morality''	356	(3)
What Is Morality?	357	(2)
Critical Conclusions	359	(2)
Notes	361	(4)
Durkheim's Theoretical Legacy	365	(14)
Durkheim's Underlying Causal Model	366	(5)
Durkheim's Theoretical Principles	371	(8)
Principles of Social Differentiation	371	(1)
Principles of System Integration	372	(3)
Principles of Deviance	375	(1)
Principles of System Mal-Integration	376	(3)
The Origin and Context of Vilfredo Pareto's Thought	379	(14)
Biographical Influences on Pareto's Thought	379	(4)
Family Background	379	(1)
Early Life Experiences	380	(1)
Experiences in the Corporate World	380	(1)
Experiences as a Social and Political Commentator	381	(1)
Experiences as an Academic	382	(1)
Psychological Profile	383	(1)
Nineteenth-Century Intellectual Currents and Pareto's Thought	383	(3)
Pareto and the Newtonian Revolution	384	(1)
Positivism and Pareto's Thought	384	(1)
Utilitarianism and Pareto's Thought	385	(1)
Historicism and Pareto's Thought	385	(1)
A Note on the Italian Tradition and Pareto's Thought	386	(1)
Specific Influences on Pareto's Thought	386	(3)
Comte and Pareto	386	(1)
Adam Smith and Pareto	386	(1)
Maffeo Pantaleoni, Leon Walras, and Pareto	387	(1)
Spencer and Pareto	387	(1)
Marx and Pareto	388	(1)
Georges Sorel and Pareto	388	(1)
Recurrent Themes in Pareto's Work	389	(1)
Notes	390	(3)
The Sociology of Vilfredo Pareto	393	(31)
Pareto as an Engineer	394	(1)
Pareto as a Manager	395	(1)
Pareto as a Political Commentator	395	(1)
Pareto's Academic Works	396	(5)
Course in Political Economy and Manual of Political Economy	397	(2)
The Rise and Fall of the Elites and Les systemes socialistes	399	(2)
Pareto's Sociological Stage	401	(6)
Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 1	401	(1)
Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 2	402	(2)
Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 3	404	(1)
The Transformation of Democracy and Treatise on General Sociology: Volume 4	405	(2)
Pareto's Elementary Theories	407	(8)
An Elementary Theory of Sentiment	408	(3)
An Elementary Theory of the Economy	411	(1)
An Elementary Theory of Politics	412	(3)
Pareto's General Sociology: Dynamic Interaction Among Cycles in Sentiment, Power, and the Economy	415	(4)
The Interaction of Social and Economic Phenomena	416	(1)
The Interdependence of Social and Political Phenomena	416	(2)
The Interdependence of Economic and Political Phenomena	418	(1)
Critical Conclusions	419	(2)
Notes	421	(3)
Pareto's Theoretical Legacy	424	(10)
Pareto's Causal Model of Societal Dynamics	424	(4)
Pareto's Theoretical Principles	428	(1)
Elementary Principles of Social Sentiment	428	(1)
Elementary Principles of Economy	429	(1)
Elementary Principles of Political Organization	429	(1)
Pareto's General Sociology: The Equilibrium of Sentiment, Economics, and Politics	430	(4)
The Origin and Context of George Herbert Mead's Thought	434	(20)
Biographical Influences on Mead	435	(1)
Mead's Synthesis of Schools of Thought	436	(5)
Utilitarianism	436	(1)
Darwinism	437	(1)
Pragmatism	438	(1)
Behaviorism	439	(2)
Wilhelm Wundt and Mead	441	(2)
Wundt's View of Gestures	442	(1)
Wundt's View of ``Mental Communities''	442	(1)
James and Mead	443	(3)
James's Pragmatism	443	(1)
James's View of Consciousness	443	(1)
James's View of Self-Consciousness	444	(2)
Cooley and Mead	446	(3)
Cooley's View of Social Organization	446	(1)
Cooley's View of Interaction	447	(1)
Cooley's View of Self	447	(1)
Cooley's View of Primary Groups	448	(1)
Dewey and Mead	449	(1)
Dewey's Pragmatism	449	(1)
Dewey's View of Thinking	450	(1)
Mead's Synthesis	450	(1)
Notes	451	(3)
The Sociology of George Herbert Mead	454	(31)
Mead's Broader Philosophy	454	(1)
Mind, Self, and Society	455	(21)
Mead's View of the ``Life Process''	455	(1)
Mead's Social Behaviorism	456	(1)
Mead's Behavioristic View of Mind	457	(5)
Mead's Behavioristic View of Self	462	(7)
Mead's Conception of Society	469	(7)
The Philosophy of the Act	476	(6)
Impulse	476	(1)
Perception	477	(1)
Manipulation	478	(1)
Consummation	479	(3)
Critical Conclusions	482	(1)
Notes	483	(2)
Mead's Theoretical Legacy	485	(12)
Mead's Causal Model of Social Processes	486	(2)
Mead's Theoretical Principles	488	(9)
Principles of Animal Action	488	(1)
Principles of Animal Interaction	489	(1)
Principles of Human Action, Interaction, and Organization	490	(7)
Name Index	497	(2)
Subject Index	499