Emergency Radiology

by Marincek, Borut; Dondelinger, Robert F.

• ISBN13: 9783540262275
• ISBN10: 354026227X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-03
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book offers a comprehensive review from head to toe on the last development in the management and the treatment of acute and life-threatening conditions. Well-defined diagnostic strategies are of primordial importance in order to ensure optimal and fast global care of the acutely ill or multitrauma patient who enters the emergency department of the hospital. Written by leading experts in the field, this book will help the clinician to understand the clinical problems and to select the methodological and technical options that will ensure prompt and effective response and correct interpretation of the clinical findings. This book is richly illustrated and will serve as unique source of information for radiologists and other specialists including neuroradiologists, surgeons, cardiologists, angiologists and gastroenteologists.

Table of Contents

Emergency Radiology: Role of Imaging
Role of Imaging in the Management of Trauma Victims
Introduction	p. 3
Imaging Algorithms for Trauma Patients	p. 3
Sonography	p. 7
CT Scan	p. 8
Follow-up Imaging during Conservative Treatment	p. 18
References	p. 20
Role of 3D Imaging in the Emergency Room
Introduction	p. 25
Imaging	p. 25
Conclusion	p. 35
References	p. 35
Traumatic Injuries: Imaging and Intervention
Hemostatic Arterial Embolization in Trauma Victims at Admission
Introduction	p. 41
Classification of Trauma Patients	p. 41
Trauma Patient Triage with Computed Tomography	p. 45
Indications of Therapeutic Arteriography	p. 47
Arteriographic Demonstration of Posttraumatic Hemorrhage	p. 48
Arteriographic Hemostatic Embolization Technique	p. 48
Organ-Specific Hemostatic Embolization	p. 51
Conclusion	p. 58
References	p. 58
Imaging and Intervention in Post-traumatic Complications (Delayed Intervention)
Introduction	p. 61
Liver and Bile Ducts	p. 62
Spleen	p. 75
Pancreas	p. 83
Kidneys, Adrenals, Urinary Bladder	p. 86
Gastrointestinal Tract	p. 88
Vascular Complications	p. 89
Diaphragm	p. 92
Conclusion	p. 92
References	p. 92
Imaging of Head Injuries
Introduction	p. 99
Clinical Findings	p. 99
Imaging	p. 100
Biomechanical Considerations of Brain Injury	p. 102
Classification of Brain Injury	p. 108
Closed-Head Injury	p. 109
Imaging of Diffuse Axonal Injury (Shearing Injury)	p. 114
Early Secondary Lesions in Brain Injury	p. 118
Late Sequelae of Trauma	p. 120
Conclusion	p. 122
References	p. 123
Imaging of Facial Injuries
Introduction	p. 125
Imaging	p. 125
Nasal Fractures	p. 127
Complex Midfacial Fractures	p. 128
Isolated Fractures	p. 131
Foreign Bodies and Penetrating Injuries	p. 133
Complex Facial Fractures	p. 133
Mandibular Fractures	p. 136
Conclusion	p. 138
References	p. 138
Imaging of Spinal Injuries
Introduction	p. 141
Injury Assessment and Imaging	p. 142
Imaging	p. 142
Classification	p. 144
References	p. 153
Imaging of Thoracic Injuries
Introduction	p. 155
Clinical and Imaging Findings	p. 156
Conclusion	p. 175
References	p. 176
Vascular Injuries of the Thorax: Multi-Detector-Row CT and 3D Imaging
Introduction	p. 179
Clinical Findings	p. 179
Imaging	p. 180
Conclusion	p. 187
References	p. 187
Imaging of Abdominal and Pelvic Injuries
Introduction	p. 189
Clinical Findings	p. 190
Imaging	p. 191
Conclusion	p. 201
References	p. 201
Imaging and Intervention of Large Arterial Trauma
Introduction	p. 205
Supraaortic Arch Vessels	p. 206
Pelvic Arteries and Lower Limbs	p. 208
Thoracic Aorta	p. 212
Abdominal Aorta	p. 218
Abdominal Aortic Branches	p. 220
Conclusion	p. 220
References	p. 220
Pelvic Fractures
Introduction	p. 225
Incidence	p. 225
Anatomy and Biomechanics	p. 225
Imaging	p. 228
Classifications	p. 231
Pelvic Trauma Management	p. 246
Complications	p. 247
Conclusion	p. 248
References	p. 248
Traumatic Injuries: Imaging of Peripheral Musculoskeletal Injuries
Introduction	p. 251
General Part: Imaging Modalities	p. 251
Soft Tissue Injuries in General	p. 253
Upper Extremity	p. 254
Lower Extremity	p. 273
References	p. 288
Non-Traumatic Neurologic Emergencies: Imaging and Intervention
Imaging of Cerebral Ischemia
Introduction	p. 293
Intracerebral Hemorrhage	p. 293
Acute Ischemic Stroke	p. 294
Clinical Terms of "Stroke"	p. 296
Lacunar Infarctions	p. 308
Stroke in Children	p. 308
Dissection	p. 308
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy	p. 309
Venous Infarction	p. 309
References	p. 310
Neuroradiological Emergency Interventions
Introduction	p. 313
Acute Haemorrhage in Neuroradiology	p. 313
Acute Ischaemic Stroke	p. 323
Discussion	p. 326
References	p. 327
Non-Traumatic Thoracic Emergencies: Imaging and Intervention
Acute Chest Pain: Diagnostic Strategies
Introduction	p. 331
Diagnostic Imaging in Non-cardiac Acute Chest Pain	p. 331
Aortic Diseases	p. 333
Multidector-Row CT and Acute Chest Pain	p. 342
References	p. 344
CT Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Introduction	p. 347
History	p. 348
The CTPA Technique	p. 348
Image Interpretation	p. 349
Estimation of the Age of the Embolus	p. 354
Results	p. 354
Interpretation Pitfalls	p. 358
Severity Assessment of Pulmonary Embolism	p. 361
Alternative Diagnoses	p. 362
Other Advantages	p. 363
Limitations of CTPA	p. 364
CT of PE in Emergency Conditions	p. 364
Conclusion	p. 365
References	p. 365
CT Venography in an Integrated Diagnostic Strategy of Acute Pulmonary Embolism and Venous Thrombosis
Introduction	p. 371
History	p. 372
Diagnostic Imaging of DVT	p. 372
Direct CT Venography	p. 372
Indirect CT Venography	p. 373
Venous Anatomy	p. 375
Image Interpretation	p. 378
Interpretive Pitfalls	p. 379
Potential Benefits of Combined CTPA and CTV	p. 383
Clinical Results	p. 388
Conclusion	p. 388
References	p. 388
Imaging and Treatment of Thoracic Fluid and Gas Collections
Introduction	p. 391
Diagnostic Imaging	p. 391
Imaging Guidance Modalities	p. 394
Percutaneous Drainage of Thoracic Fluid Collections	p. 395
Pulmonary Collections	p. 401
Mediastinal Collections	p. 403
Complications of Percutaneous Catheter Drainage	p. 406
Conclusion	p. 406
References	p. 406
Non-Traumatic Abdominal Emergencies: Imaging and Intervention
Acute Abdominal Pain: Diagnostic Strategies
Introduction	p. 411
Clinical Findings	p. 411
Imaging	p. 413
Conclusion	p. 429
References	p. 431
Imaging of Acute Intestinal Obstruction
Introduction	p. 435
Diagnosis of Mechanical Obstruction	p. 435
Diagnosis of Site	p. 437
Diagnosis of Cause	p. 437
Diagnosis of Complications	p. 446
Impact and Diagnostic Strategy	p. 449
References	p. 450
Imaging and Intervention in Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage and Ischemia
Introduction	p. 453
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage	p. 454
Intestinal Ischemia	p. 461
References	p. 467
Imaging and Intervention in Sepsis
Introduction	p. 471
Ultrasound	p. 471
Computed Tomography	p. 472
Radionuclide Scintigraphy	p. 472
Diagnostic Fluid Aspiration	p. 473
Percutaneous Abscess Drainage	p. 474
Results of Percutaneous Abscess Drainage	p. 476
Conclusion	p. 479
References	p. 479
Imaging and Intervention in Acute Biliary Conditions
Introduction	p. 481
Acute Cholecystitis	p. 481
Emphysematous Cholecystitis	p. 485
Gangrenous Cholecystitis	p. 485
Perforation of the Gallbladder	p. 485
Mirizzi Syndrome	p. 485
Cholecystostomy	p. 487
Acute Cholangitis	p. 487
Conclusion	p. 491
References	p. 491
Imaging and Intervention in Acute Pancreatic Conditions
Introduction	p. 493
Pancreatic Infections	p. 493
Involvement of Adjacent Organs, Structures and Spaces	p. 503
Vascular Involvement	p. 510
References	p. 519
Non-traumatic Uroradiological Emergencies
Introduction	p. 523
Obstruction of the Upper Urinary Tract	p. 523
Treatment of Acute Urinary Obstruction	p. 530
Spontaneous Haemorrhage from the Urinary Tract	p. 533
Spontaneous Bladder Rupture	p. 534
Testicular Torsion	p. 534
Priapism	p. 535
References	p. 535
Non-Traumatic Vascular Emergencies: Imaging and Intervention
Imaging and Intervention in Acute Non-Traumatic Arterial Conditions
Introduction	p. 539
Pulmonary and Bronchial Arteries	p. 539
Acute Arterial Gastrointestinal Bleeding	p. 544
Conclusion	p. 546
References	p. 546
Imaging and Intervention in Acute Venous Occlusion
Introduction	p. 549
Acute Venous Occlusion of the Lower Extremity	p. 549
Acute Pelvic Vein and Inferior Vena Cava Occlusion	p. 552
Acute Mesenteric Vein Occlusion	p. 554
Acute Venous Occlusion of the Upper Extremity	p. 556
Acute Venous Occlusion of Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access	p. 557
Acute Cerebral Vein Thrombosis	p. 560
References	p. 568
Management of Occluded Hemodialysis Shunts, Grafts, and Venous Access
Introduction	p. 571
Clinical Situation	p. 571
Complications	p. 577
Technique of Fibrinolysis	p. 578
Technique of Catheter Stripping	p. 578
References	p. 578
Imaging Pediatric Emergencies
Pediatric Neurological Emergencies
Introduction	p. 583
Clinical Findings	p. 584
Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy	p. 584
The Preterm Infant	p. 585
The Term Infant	p. 587
Congenital Infection	p. 588
Acquired Infection	p. 589
Non-accidental Injury	p. 590
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis	p. 592
Hypertensive Encephalopathy	p. 593
Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis and Venous Infarction	p. 594
Arterial Infarction	p. 595
Metabolic Disorders	p. 595
Drugs: Asparaginase, Methotrexate and Cyclosporin	p. 596
Epilepsy: Structural Abnormalities	p. 596
Endocrine-Related Encephalopathy	p. 597
Conclusion	p. 597
References	p. 597
Thoracic Emergencies
Introduction	p. 601
The Chest and Respiratory Tract in Children: Physiological Aspects and Differences with Adults	p. 601
Clinical Symptoms	p. 602
Imaging of Non-traumatic Pediatric Thoracic Emergencies	p. 603
Imaging of Traumatic Pediatric Thoracic Emergencies	p. 617
Conclusion	p. 618
References	p. 618
Non-traumatic Abdominal Emergencies
Introduction	p. 621
Imaging	p. 622
The Diseases	p. 623
Conclusion	p. 642
References	p. 642
Subject Index	p. 653
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