Enabling Environments

by Steinfeld, Edward; Danford, G. Scott

• ISBN13: 9780306458910
• ISBN10: 0306458918
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-03-01
• Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp

Summary

This collection focuses on methods for measuring the role of the physical environment in the disablement process and the limitations of current theory, knowledge, and research in the field. Linking the chapters is a new paradigm of research on accessibility, which emphasizes that disability is both a social and an individual process and is consistent with recent developments in a disability rights, rehabilitation practice, and environmental design.

Author Biography

Julio Bermudez, Graduate School of Architecture, University of Utah, Salt Lake City Bruce B. Blasch, Rehabilitation Research and Demonstration Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia Bettye Rose Connell, Formerly with the Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Franklyn K. Coombs, BEAR Consultants, Lilburn, Georgia Barbara Acheson Cooper, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada G. Scott Danford, Department of Architecture, State University of New York at Buffalo William R. De l'Aune, Rehabilitation Research and Demonstration Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia Patricia L. Falta, School of Architecture, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada Gail Finkel, Design Consulting and Research, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Margaret Haley, Department of Computing and Communications, University of Washington Educational Outreach, Seattle Ake Isacsson, Community Health Sciences Center, Lund University, Sweden Susanne Iwarsson, Community Health Sciences Center, Lund University, Sweden Louise Jones, Department of Interior Design, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti Migette Kaup, The Ken Ebert Design Group, Manhattan, Kansas David B. Lantrip, Cartia, Inc., 2040 Langley Street, Oxnard, California Mary Law, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada M. Powell Lawton, Philadelphia Geriatric Center, Pennsylvania Lori Letts, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Mary Beth Megrew, Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Georgia Carolyn Norris-Baker, Center for Aging, Kansas State University, Manhattan Leon A. Pastalan, College of Architecture, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Gary P. Richmond, Cannon Design, Grand Island, New York Patricia Rigby, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Julia W. Robinson, Department of Architecture, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Jon A. Sanford, Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh Ron Sekulski, Industrial Design, Suomi College, Hancock, Michigan Philip Sloane, Department of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Edward Steinfeld, Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access, State University of New York at Buffalo Debra Stewart, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Susan Strong, School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Travis Thompson, John F. Kennedy Center for Research in Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee Theo J. M. van der Voordt, Department of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands Gerald D. Weisman, Department of Architecture, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(6)
Edward steinfeld
G. Scott Danford
I. THEORY	7	(82)
Theory as a Basis for Research on Enabling Environments	11	(24)
Edward Steinfeld
G. Scott Danford
Introduction	11	(2)
Rehabilitation and Disability Studies	13	(5)
Environment-Behavior Perspectives	18	(7)
Operationalizing the Measurement of Fit	25	(5)
Conclusion	30	(2)
References	32	(3)
Research Implications of Universal Design	35	(24)
Bettye Rose Connell
Jon A. Sanford
Introduction	35	(2)
What Is Universal Design?	37	(7)
Anthropometrics and Biomechanical Research	44	(5)
Outcomes Research	49	(4)
Conclusions	53	(2)
References	55	(4)
Space Requirements for Accessibility: Cross-Cultural Comparisons	59	(30)
Theo J. M. van der Voordt
Aim of the Research	59	(1)
Methods	60	(1)
Results	61	(10)
Concluding Observation	71	(16)
References and Bibliography	87	(2)
II. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY	89	(118)
``The Enabler'' Applied to Occupational Therapy: Reliability of a Usability Rating Scale	93	(18)
Susanne Iwarsson
Ake Isacsson
Introduction	93	(2)
Methods	95	(5)
Results	100	(8)
References	108	(3)
Measuring the Influences of Physical Environments on the Behaviors of People with Impairments	111	(28)
G. Scott Danford
Edward Steinfeld
Introduction	111	(4)
Research Design	115	(16)
Utility of Outcome Measures	131	(2)
Demonstration of Outcome Measures in Use	133	(2)
Conclusion	135	(1)
References	136	(3)
Measuring Constraints to Inhabitant Activities	139	(26)
David B. Lantrip
Introduction	139	(1)
Environmental Assessment	140	(3)
Measuring Environmental Constraint	143	(3)
Human Variability versus Environmental Constraint	146	(4)
Proposed Quanitative Measures	150	(2)
Computer Analysis of Environmental Constraint	152	(10)
Conclusion	162	(1)
References	163	(2)
Assessing Special Care Units for Dementia: The Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol	165	(18)
Carolyn Norris-Baker
Gerald D. Weisman
M. Powell Lawton
Philip Sloane
Migette Kaup
Introduction	165	(2)
Conceptual and Methodological Foundations	167	(2)
Professional Environmental Assessment Protocol	169	(3)
Method	172	(1)
Reliability	172	(1)
Illustrative Profiles PEAP Data	173	(2)
Stimulating and Documenting Change in an SCU: A Case Study	175	(4)
Summary	179	(1)
References	180	(3)
Using Environmental Simulation to Test the Validity of Code Requirements	183	(24)
Jon A. Sanford
Mary Beth Megrew
Introduction	183	(3)
Methods	186	(6)
Results	192	(6)
Conclustions	198	(7)
References	205	(2)
III. NEW DIRECTIONS IN RESEARCH METHODS	207	(88)
A Day's Journey Through Life+: An Assessment Game	211	(22)
Ron Sekulski
Louise Jones
Leon A. Pastalan
Introduction	211	(1)
Why a Game?	212	(1)
History of Gaming	213	(2)
A Day's Journey Through Life+	215	(4)
Qualitative versus Quantitative Methods	219	(10)
Conclusion	229	(1)
References	230	(3)
Detection and Discrimination of Tactile Warning Signals in Field Conditions	233	(18)
Edward Steinfeld
Gary Richmond
Introduction	233	(3)
Objectives	236	(1)
Research Design	236	(7)
Findings	243	(6)
Conclusions	249	(1)
References	250	(1)
Stigma and Architecture	251	(20)
Julia W. Robinson
Travis Thompson
Introduction	251	(2)
Stigma and the Normalization Movement	253	(2)
The Relationship between Architecture and Stigma	255	(1)
The Role of Measurement in Creating Valued Envrionments	256	(2)
The Architectural Inventory Measure	258	(8)
Empirical Study	266	(3)
Conclusions	269	(1)
References	270	(1)
Evaluating Models and Measures of Environmental Performance	271	(24)
David B. Lantrip
Introduction	271	(1)
Covariance Structural Modeling	272	(3)
An Illustrative Case	275	(8)
Data	283	(2)
Procedures	285	(2)
Interpreting Results	287	(2)
Discussion of Case Study	289	(3)
Conclusion	292	(1)
References	293	(2)
IV. MEASURMENT IN PRACTICE	295	(106)
Computer Simulation of Cane Techniques Used by People with Visual Impairments for Accessibility Anaylsis	297	(22)
Bruce B. Blasch
William R. De L'Aune
Franklyn K. Coombs
Introduction	297	(7)
Computer Simulation	304	(1)
RoboCane Development	305	(7)
Implications for Environmental Design	312	(1)
Summary	313	(3)
References	316	(3)
Evaluating Accessibility Through Computer-Aided Design: A Software Model	319	(12)
Margaret Haley
Julio Bermudez
Introduction	319	(2)
Rationale	321	(1)
Precedents for Rule-Based Systems in CAD	322	(1)
Simulation of a Building Visitor within a Digital Building	323	(1)
Need for a New Generation of CAD Systems	324	(1)
A Theoretical Software Prototype to Test Accessible Design	324	(5)
Parting Words	329	(1)
References and Bibliography	330	(1)
Wayfinding Performance by People with Visual Impairments	331	(20)
Gail Finkel
Introduction	331	(1)
Purpose	332	(2)
Methodology	334	(4)
Results	338	(6)
Discussion	344	(4)
References	348	(3)
Postoccupancy Evaluation of Universally Accessible Multi-Family Housing Units	351	(22)
Patricia L. Falta
Introduction	351	(3)
Research Regarding Functional Performance	354	(5)
Research Methodology	359	(4)
Evaluation of Features	363	(2)
Limitations of Objectives and Methodology	365	(1)
Conclusions	366	(4)
References	370	(3)
Selecting Person-Environment Assessment	373	(28)
Barbara Acheson Cooper
Lori Letts
Patricia Rigby
Mary Law
Debra Stewart
Susan Strong
Introduction	373	(1)
Methods	374	(17)
Conclusion	391	(7)
References	398	(3)
Index	401