Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry

by Lennarz; Lane; Modrich; Dixon; Carafoli; Exton; Cleveland

• ISBN13: 9780124437104
• ISBN10: 0124437109
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-20
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Written for a broad, cross-disciplinary audience, the Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry addresses the fundamental discipline of biological chemistry underlying virtually all of the life sciences. This compilation of more than 500 different entries encompasses all aspects of biochemistry, as well as the extensions of this subject into the related fields of molecular biology, cell biology, genetics and biophysics. This comprehensive encyclopedia covers all areas of biological chemistry written by more than 500 selected international experts. Articles are generously illustrated including more than 800 images in four-color. Each entry contains a clear, concise review of the topic along with illustrations, a glossary of technical terms and a section for additional reading. Each entry further contains general background and term definitions as well as a comprehensive review of the current research in the field. Students, science journalists and scientists seeking a concise introduction to specific topics will appreciate the clear, tabular format of each entry. Also available online via ScienceDirect featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. *Four-volume set with topics arranged from A to Z for easy reference *Seven subject areas covering all areas of biological chemistry *Over 500 full-color articles of 4-9 pages each *Over 1300 illustrations throughout with 800 in 4-color and over 200 tables *Glossary of specialized terms and 'Further Reading' section provided for every article *Includes entries on the latest research techniques *Appropriate for students, researchers, and professionals

Table of Contents

Editorial Board	v
Contributors	liii
Preface	lxxv
Guide to the Encyclopedia	lxxvii
ABC Transporters	1	(5)
Andre Goffeau
Benoit De Hertogh
Philippe V. Baret
Abscisic Acid (ABA)	6	(6)
Ramanjulu Sunkar
Jian-Kang Zhu
Actin Assembly/Disassembly	12	(7)
Henry N. Higgs
Actin-Capping and -Severing Proteins	19	(8)
Sankar Maiti
James R. Bamburg
Actin-Related Proteins	27	(7)
R. Dyche Mullins
Adenosine Receptors	34	(6)
Lauren J. Murphree
Joel Linden
Adenylyl Cyclases	40	(6)
Ronald Taussig
Adrenergic Receptors	46	(5)
David B. Bylund
Affinity Chromatography	51	(6)
Pedro Cuatrecasas
Meir Wilchek
Affinity Tags for Protein Purification	57	(7)
Joseph J. Falke
John A. Corbin
A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins	64	(4)
Lorene K. Langeberg
John D. Scott
Allosteric Regulation	68	(6)
Barry S. Cooperman
Alternative Splicing: Regulation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR)	74	(4)
Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
Alternative Splicing: Regulation of Sex Determination in Drosophila melanogaster	78	(7)
Jill K. M. Penn
Patricia Graham
Paul Schedl
Amine Oxidases	85	(5)
Giovanni Floris
Alessandro Finazzi Agro
Amino Acid Metabolism	90	(6)
Luc Cynober
Aminopeptidases	96	(3)
Ralph A. Bradshaw
Amyloid	99	(6)
Ronald Wetzel
Anaplerosis	105	(6)
Raymond R. Russell
Heinrich Taegtmeyer
Angiotensin Receptors	111	(5)
Tadashi Inagami
ara Operon	116	(4)
Robert F. Schleif
ARF Family	120	(3)
Gustavo Pacheco-Rodriguez
Joel Moss
Martha Vaughan
Aspartic Proteases	123	(5)
Ben M. Dunn
ATP Synthesis in Plant Mitochondria: Substrates, Inhibitors, Uncouplers	128	(5)
Kathleen L. Soole
R. Ian Menz
ATP Synthesis: Mitochondrial Cyanide-Resistant Terminal Oxidases	133	(5)
James N. Siedow
Autophagy in Fungi and Mammals	138	(7)
Daniel J. Klionsky
Ju Guan
B12-Containing Enzymes	145	(7)
Vahe Bandarian
Rowena G. Matthews
Bax and Bcl2 Cell Death Enhancers and Inhibitors	152	(3)
David L. Vaux
B-Cell Antigen Receptor	155	(4)
Thomas M. Yankee
Edward A. Clark
Bile Salts and their Metabolism	159	(5)
Ulrich Beuers
Thomas Pusl
Biliary Cirrhosis, Primary	164	(6)
Marshall M. Kaplan
Bioenergetics: General Definition of Principles	170	(4)
David G. Nicholls
Biotin	174	(5)
Steven W. Polyak
Anne Chapman- Smith
Biotinylation of Proteins	179	(3)
Ronald A. Kohanski
Bradykinin Receptors	182	(4)
Ronald M. Burch
Branched-Chain α-Ketoacids	186	(6)
David T. Chuang
Brassinosteroids	192	(7)
Steven D. Clouse
Cadherin Signaling	199	(6)
David B. Sacks
Jonathan M.G. Higgins
Cadherin-Mediated Cell--Cell Adhesion	205	(7)
Frauke Drees
W. James Nelson
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Receptors	212	(5)
Debbie L. Hay
Alex C. Conner
David R. Poyner
Calcitonin Receptor	217	(4)
Samia I. Girgis
Niloufar Moradi-Bidhendi
Lucia Mancini
Iain MacIntyre
Calcium Buffering Proteins: Calbindin	221	(5)
Willi Hunziker
Igor Bendik
Calcium Buffering Proteins: ER Luminal Proteins	226	(5)
Jody Groenendyk
Marek Michalak
Calcium Oscillations	231	(4)
Marisa Brini
Calcium Sensing Receptor	235	(6)
Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
Edward M. Brown
Calcium Signaling: Calmodulin-Dependent Phosphatase	241	(5)
Claude Klee
Hao Ren
Shipeng Li
Calcium Signaling: Cell Cycle	246	(4)
Luigia Santella
Calcium Signaling: Motility (Actomyosin--Troponin System)	250	(6)
Takeyuki Wakabayashi
Setsuro Ebashi
Calcium Signaling: NO Synthase	256	(5)
Zhi-Qiang Wang
Dennis J. Stuehr
Calcium Transport in Mitochondria	261	(6)
Rosario Rizzuto
Marisa Brini
Calcium Waves	267	(3)
Lionel F. Jaffe
Calcium, Biological Fitness of	270	(4)
Robert J. P. Williams
Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II	274	(7)
Andy Hudmon
Howard Schulman
Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases	281	(6)
J. Robison
Roger J. Colbran
Calcium-Binding Proteins: Cytosolic (Annexins, Gelsolins, C2-Domain Proteins)	287	(7)
Joachim Krebs
Calcium-Modulated Proteins (EF-Hand)	294	(6)
Robert H. Kretsinger
Calpain	300	(7)
Hiroyuki Sorimachi
Yasuko Ono
Carbohydrate Chains: Enzymatic and Chemical Synthesis	307	(7)
Thomas J. Tolbert
Chi-Huey Wong
Carnitine and β-Oxidation	314	(5)
Janos Kerner
Charles L. Hoppel
Caspases and Cell Death	319	(9)
Don W. Nicholson
Pierluigi Nicotera
Gerry Melino
Cell Cycle Controls in G1 and G0	328	(4)
Wenge Shi
Steven F. Dowdy
Cell Cycle: Control of Entry and Progression Through S Phase	332	(6)
Susan L. Forsburg
Cell Cycle: DNA Damage Checkpoints	338	(7)
Jean Y. J. Wang
Cell Cycle: Mitotic Checkpoint	345	(7)
Tim J. Yen
Cell Death by Apoptosis and Necrosis	352	(4)
Pierluigi Nicotera
Cell Migration	356	(6)
J. Victor Small
Emmanuel Vignal
Cell--Matrix Interactions	362	(5)
Janet A. Askari
Martin J. Humphries
Centromeres	367	(5)
Beth A. Sullivan
Centrosomes and Microtubule Nucleation	372	(5)
Reiko Nakajima
Ming-Ying Tsai
Yixian Zheng
c-fes Proto-Oncogene	377	(6)
Thomas E. Smithgall
Robert I. Glazer
Chaperones for Metalloproteins	383	(4)
Valeria C. Culotta
Edward Luk
Chaperones, Molecular	387	(6)
Sue Wickner
Joel R. Hoskins
Chaperonins	393	(6)
Arthur L. Horwich
Wayne A. Fenton
George W. Farr
Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence	399	(6)
Thomas O. Baldwin
Chemiosmotic Theory	405	(8)
Keith D. Garlid
Chemokine Receptors	413	(6)
Ann Richmond
Guo-Huang Fan
Chemolithotrophy	419	(6)
Alan B. Hooper
Chemotactic Peptide/Complement Receptors	425	(5)
Eric R. Prossnitz
Larry A. Sklar
Chlorophylls and Carotenoids	430	(8)
Hugo Scheer
Chloroplast Redox Poise and Signaling	438	(8)
John F. Allen
Chloroplasts	446	(5)
Nicoletta Rascio
Cholesterol Synthesis	451	(5)
Peter A. Edwards
Chromatin Remodeling	456	(8)
Eric Kallin
Yi Zhang
Chromatin: Physical Organization	464	(5)
Christopher L. Woodcock
Chromosome Organization and Structure, Overview	469	(6)
Elena Gracheva
Sarah C. R. Elgin
Coenzyme A	475	(3)
M. Daniel Lane
Collagenases	478	(4)
Kenn Holmbeck
Henning Birkedal-Hansen
Collagens	482	(6)
Darwin J. Prockop
Cyclic AMP Receptors of Dictyostelium	488	(6)
Dale Hereld
Peter N. Devreotes
Cyclic GMP Phosphodiesterases	494	(7)
Sharron H. Francis
Jackie D. Corbin
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases	501	(5)
Vincent C. Manganiello
Eva Degerman
Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases	506	(6)
Sharron H. Francis
Jackie D. Corbin
Cyclic Nucleotide-Regulated Cation Channels	512	(4)
Martin Biel
Franz Hofmann
Cysteine Proteases	516	(5)
David J. Buttle
John S. Mort
Cytochrome b6f Complex	521	(7)
Gunter A. Hauska
Thomas Schodl
Cytochrome bc1 Complex (Respiratory Chain Complex III)	528	(7)
Bernard L. Trumpower
Cytochrome c	535	(4)
Hans Tuppy
Gunther Kreil
Cytochrome Oxidases, Bacterial	539	(5)
Peter Brzezinski
Pia Adelroth
Cytochrome P-450	544	(6)
Rita Bernhardt
Cytokines	550	(6)
Andrea L. Wurster
Michael J. Grusby
Cytokinesis	556	(6)
Masanori Mishima
Michael Glotzer
Cytokinin	562	(7)
Thomas Schmulling
Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes	569	(8)
Rachel L. Dusek
Jonathan C. R. Jones
Kathleen J. Green
Detergent Properties	577	(5)
Darrell R. McCaslin
Diabetes	582	(11)
David W. Cooke
Diacylglycerol Kinases and Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatases	593	(5)
Stephen M. Prescott
Matthew K. Topham
Disulfide Bond Formation	598	(5)
Hiram F. Gilbert
DNA Base Excision Repair	603	(6)
Hilde Nilsen
Tomas Lindahl
DNA Damage: Alkylation	609	(5)
Anton B. Guliaev
B. Singer
DNA Glycosylases: Mechanisms	614	(4)
Daniel J. Krosky
James T. Stivers
DNA Helicases: Dimeric Enzyme Action	618	(6)
Timothy M. Lohman
DNA Helicases: Hexameric Enzyme Action	624	(8)
Smita S. Patel
DNA Ligases: Mechanism and Functions	632	(5)
Alan E. Tomkinson
John B. Leppard
DNA Ligases: Structures	637	(7)
C. Kiong Ho
Mark Odell
Dimitar B. Nikolov
DNA Methyltransferases, Bacterial	644	(8)
Albert Jeltsch
Richard I. Gumport
DNA Methyltransferases, Structural Themes	652	(8)
Sanjay Kumar
DNA Methyltransferases: Eubacterial GATC	660	(5)
Martin G. Marinus
DNA Mismatch Repair and Homologous Recombination	665	(6)
Ivan Matic
Miroslav Radman
DNA Mismatch Repair and the DNA Damage Response	671	(4)
Guo-Min Li
Steven R. Presnell
DNA Mismatch Repair Defects and Cancer	675	(7)
Richard D. Kolodner
DNA Mismatch Repair in Bacteria	682	(5)
A-Lien Lu
DNA Mismatch Repair in Mammals	687	(4)
James T. Drummond
DNA Mismatch Repair: E. coli Vsr and Eukaryotic G--T Systems	691	(3)
Margaret Lieb
DNA Oxidation	694	(4)
Arthur P. Grollman
Dmitry O. Zharkov
DNA Photolyase	698	(5)
Carrie L. Partch
Aziz Sancar
DNA Polymerase α, Eukaryotic	703	(5)
Teresa S.-F. Wang
DNA Polymerase β, Eukaryotic	708	(5)
William A. Beard
Samuel H. Wilson
DNA Polymerase δ, Eukaryotic	713	(3)
Antero G. So
Kathleen M. Downey
DNA Polymerase ε, Eukaryotic	716	(4)
Yasuo Kawasaki
Akio Sugino
DNA Polymerase I, Bacterial	720	(6)
Catherine M. Joyce
DNA Polymerase II, Bacterial	726	(3)
Judith L. Campbell
DNA Polymerase III, Bacterial	729	(5)
Hisaji Maki
DNA Polymerases: Kinetics and Mechanism	734	(6)
Kenneth A. Johnson
DNA Replication Fork, Bacterial	740	(5)
Nancy G. Nossal
DNA Replication Fork, Eukaryotic	745	(4)
Lori M. Kelman
Jerard Hurwitz
Zvi Kelman
DNA Replication, Mitochondrial	749	(4)
David A. Clayton
DNA Replication: Eukaryotic Origins and the Origin Recognition Complex	753	(8)
Melvin L. DePamphilis
Cong-jun Li
DNA Replication: Initiation in Bacteria	761	(6)
Jon M. Kaguni
DNA Restriction and Modification: Type I Enzymes	767	(5)
David T. F. Dryden
DNA Restriction and Modification: Type II Enzymes	772	(6)
Darren M. Gowers
Stephen E. Halford
DNA Restriction and Modification: Type III Enzymes	778	(4)
Desirazu N. Rao
S. Srivani
DNA Secondary Structure	782	(6)
Albino Bacolla
Robert D. Wells
DNA Sequence Recognition by Proteins	788	(6)
Arabela A. Grigorescu
John M. Rosenberg
DNA Supercoiling	794	(4)
Tao-shih Hsieh
DNA Topoisomerases: Type I	798	(8)
James J. Champoux
DNA Topoisomerases: Type II	806	(6)
Renier Velez-Cruz
Neil Osheroff
DNA Topoisomerases: Type III--RecQ Helicase Systems	812	(5)
Rodney Rothstein
Erika Shor
Dopamine Receptors	817	(6)
Kim A. Neve
Dynactin	823	(4)
Trina A. Schroer
Dynein	827
K. Kevin Pfister
EF-G and EF-Tu Structures and Translation Elongation in Bacteria	1	(5)
Poul Nissen
Jens Nyborg
Eicosanoid Receptors	6	(4)
Richard M. Breyer
Matthew D. Breyer
Elastin	10	(3)
Judith Ann Foster
Endocannabinoids	13	(3)
Daniele Piomelli
Endocytosis	16	(4)
Julie G. Donaldson
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation	20	(4)
Maurizio Molinari
Energy Transduction in Anaerobic Prokaryotes	24	(7)
Gottfried Unden
Enzyme Inhibitors	31	(7)
Vern L. Schramm
Enzyme Kinetics	38	(7)
Irwin H. Segel
Enzyme Reaction Mechanisms: Stereochemistry	45	(6)
Ming-Daw Tsai
Li Zhao
Brandon J. Lamarche
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Family	51	(5)
Denis Tvorogov
Graham Carpenter
ER/SR Calcium Pump: Function	56	(5)
Giuseppe Inesi
ER/SR Calcium Pump: Structure	61	(5)
Chikashi Toyoshima
Yuji Sugita
Exonucleases, Bacterial	66	(7)
Susan T. Lovett
F1 -- F0 ATP Synthase	73	(7)
Donata Branca
FAK Family	80	(5)
Steven K. Hanks
Fat Mobilization: Perilipin and Hormone-Sensitive Lipase	85	(5)
Constantine Londos
Alan R. Kimmel
Fatty Acid Oxidation	90	(5)
Horst Schulz
Fatty Acid Receptors	95	(4)
Christer Owman
Bjorn Olde
Fatty Acid Synthesis and its Regulation	99	(5)
Steven D. Clarke
Manabu T. Nakamura
Ferredoxin	104	(3)
Giuliana Zanetti
Vittorio Pandini
Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase	107	(5)
Giuliana Zanetti
Alessandro Aliverti
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Cancer-Associated Perturbations	112	(6)
Marko Kornmann
Murray Korc
Flavins	118	(5)
Barrie Entsch
David P. Ballou
Flippases	123	(5)
Charles J. Waechter
Focal Adhesions	128	(6)
Eli Zamir
Benjamin Geiger
Free Radicals, Sources and Targets of: Mitochondria	134	(9)
Alberto Boveris
Enrique Cadenas
Friedreich's Ataxia	143	(4)
Paul E. Hart
Anthony H. V. Schapira
G Protein Signaling Regulators	147	(5)
John H. Exton
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases and Arrestins	152	(6)
Jeffrey L. Benovic
G12/G13 Family	158	(4)
Stefan Offermanns
GABAA Receptor	162	(5)
Richard W. Olsen
Gregory W. Sawyer
GABAB Receptor	167	(4)
S. J. Enna
Galectins	171	(4)
R. Colin Hughes
Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression	175	(6)
Karine G. Le Roch
Elizabeth A. Winzeler
Gi Family of Heterotrimeric G Proteins	181	(5)
Maurine E. Linder
Giant Mitochondria (Megamitochondria)	186	(3)
Bernard Tandler
Charles L. Hoppel
GlcNAc Biosynthesis and Function, O-Linked	189	(4)
Kaoru Sakabe
Gerald W. Hart
Glucagon Family of Peptides and their Receptors	193	(4)
Laurie L. Baggio
Daniel J. Drucker
Gluconeogenesis	197	(7)
Richard W. Hanson
Oliver E. Owen
Glucose/Sugar Transport in Bacteria	204	(4)
Lan Guan
H. Ronald Kaback
Glucose/Sugar Transport in Mammals	208	(5)
Silvia Mora
Jeffrey Pessin
Glutamate Receptors, Ionotropic	213	(7)
Derek B. Scott
Michael D. Ehlers
Glutamate Receptors, Metabotropic	220	(4)
P. Jeffrey Conn
Glutathione Peroxidases	224	(5)
Fulvio Ursini
Matilde Maiorino
Glycation	229	(8)
Suzanne R. Thorpe
John W. Baynes
Glycine Receptors	237	(7)
Bodo Laube
Heinrich Betz
Glycogen Metabolism	244	(5)
Peter J. Roach
Glycogen Storage Diseases	249	(6)
George H. Sack
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3	255	(6)
James R. Woodgett
Glycolipid-Dependent Adhesion Processes	261	(5)
Senitiroh Hakomori
Glycolysis, Overview	266	(6)
Robert A. Harris
Glycoprotein Folding and Processing Reactions	272	(5)
Armando J. Parodi
Glycoprotein-Mediated Cell Interactions, O-Linked	277	(6)
Robert S. Haltiwanger
Glycoproteins, N-Linked	283	(10)
Mark A. Lehrman
Glycoproteins, Plant	293	(4)
Carolyn J. Schultz
Glycosylation in Cystic Fibrosis	297	(5)
Andrew D. Rhim
Thomas F. Scanlin
Mary Catherine Glick
Glycosylation, Congenital Disorders of	302	(6)
Hudson H. Freeze
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchors	308	(4)
Anant K. Menon
Golgi Complex	312	(4)
Mark Stamnes
Gq Family	316	(5)
Wanling Yang
John D. Hildebrandt
Green Bacteria: Secondary Electron Donor (Cytochromes)	321	(4)
Hirozo Oh-oka
Robert E. Blankenship
Green Bacteria: The Light-Harvesting Chlorosome	325	(6)
John M. Olson
Green Sulfur Bacteria: Reaction Center and Electron Transport	331	(6)
Gunter A. Hauska
Thomas Schodl
Gs Family of Heterotrimeric G Proteins	337	(6)
Susanne M. Mumby
Heat/Stress Responses	343	(5)
Davis T. W. Ng
Hematopoietin Receptors	348	(6)
Barbara A. Miller
Joseph Y. Cheung
Heme Proteins	354	(8)
Johannes Everse
Heme Synthesis	362	(5)
Gloria C. Ferreira
Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor Receptor	367	(5)
Selma Pennacchietti
Paolo M. Comoglio
Hexokinases/Glucokinases	372	(6)
Emile Van Schaftingen
Histamine Receptors	378	(6)
Stephen J. Hill
Jillian G. Baker
HIV Protease	384	(4)
Ben M. Dunn
HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Structure	388	(5)
Kalyan Das
Stefan G. Sarafianos
Eddy Arnold
Stephen H. Hughes
Homologous Recombination in Meiosis	393	(5)
Nancy M. Hollingsworth
HPLC Separation of Peptides	398	(7)
James D. Pearson
Imaging Methods	405	(6)
Gyorgy Szabadkai
Rosario Rizzuto
Immunoglobulin (Fc) Receptors	411	(6)
Mark Hogarth
Inorganic Biochemistry	417	(4)
Robert J. P. Williams
Inositol Lipid 3-Phosphatases	421	(6)
Gregory S. Taylor
Jack E. Dixon
Inositol Phosphate Kinases and Phosphatases	427	(3)
Stephen B. Shears
Insulin- and Glucagon-Secreting Cells of the Pancreas	430	(6)
Franz M. Matschinsky
Insulin Receptor Family	436	(5)
Paul F. Pilch
Jongsoon Lee
Integrin Signaling	441	(5)
Lawrence E. Goldfinger
Mark H. Ginsberg
Interferon Receptors	446	(6)
Christopher P. Elco
Ganes C. Sen
Intermediate Filament Linker Proteins: Plectin and BPAG1	452	(6)
Peter Fuchs
Gerhard Wiche
Intermediate Filaments	458	(7)
Kelsie M. Bernot
Pierre A. Coulombe
Intracellular Calcium Channels: c ADPR-Modulated (Ryanodine Receptors)	465	(4)
Antony Galione
Intracellular Calcium Channels: NAADP+-Modulated	469	(4)
Armando A. Genazzani
Marcella Debidda
Ion Channel Protein Superfamily	473	(5)
William A. Catterall
IP3 Receptors	478	(4)
Colin W. Taylor
Edward Morris
Paula da Fonseca
Iron -- Sulfur Proteins	482	(9)
Helmut Beinert
Jacques Meyer
Roland Lill
JAK-STAT Signaling Paradigm	491	(6)
Edward Cha
Christian Schindler
Keratins and the Skin	497	(8)
Pierre A. Coulombe
Kelsie M. Bernot
Ketogenesis	505	(3)
Janos Kerner
Charles L. Hoppel
Kinesin Superfamily Proteins	508	(9)
Nobutaka Hirokawa
Reiko Takemura
Kinesins as Microtubule Disassembly Enzymes	517	(5)
Susan L. Kline-Smith
Arshad Desai
Kinetic Isotope Effects	522	(7)
Justine P. Roth
Judith P. Klinman
lac Operon	529	(6)
Liskin Swint-Kruse
Kathleen S. Matthews
Lectins	535	(6)
Nathan Sharon
Halina Lis
Leptin	541	(5)
Thomas W. Gettys
LexA Regulatory System	546	(5)
Veronica G. Godoy
Penny J. Beuning
Graham C. Walker
Ligand-Operated Membrane Channels: Calcium (Glutamate)	551	(11)
Elias K. Michaelis
Ligand-Operated Membrane Channels: GABA	562	(5)
F. Minier
Erwin Sigel
Light-Harvesting Complex (LHC) I and II: Pigments and Proteins	567	(4)
Stefan Jansson
Lipases	571	(5)
Howard L. Brockman
Lipid Bilayer Structure	576	(4)
Erwin London
Lipid Modification of Proteins: Targeting to Membranes	580	(4)
Marilyn D. Resh
Lipid Rafts	584	(4)
Deborah A. Brown
Lipoproteins, HDL/LDL	588	(6)
Fayanne E. Thorngate
David L. Williams
Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds	594	(5)
Perry A. Frey
Luft's Disease	599	(3)
Salvatore DiMauro
Lysophospholipid Receptors	602	(3)
Gabor J. Tigyi
MDR Membrane Proteins	605	(5)
Nathan C. Rockwell
Meiosis	610	(7)
Neil Hunter
Melanocortin System	617	(4)
Roger D. Cone
Membrane Fusion	621	(6)
Joshua Zimmerberg
Leonid V. Chernomordik
Membrane Transport, General Concepts	627	(4)
Stanley G. Schultz
Membrane Transporters: Na+/Ca2+ Exchangers	631	(6)
Jonathan Lytton
Membrane-Associated Energy Transduction in Bacteria and Archaea	637	(9)
Gunter Schafer
Metabolite Channeling: Creatine Kinase Microcompartments	646	(6)
Uwe Schlattner
Theo Wallimann
Metalloproteases	652	(5)
David S. Auld
Metalloproteinases, Matrix	657	(9)
Hideaki Nagase
Gillian Murphy
Metaphase Chromosome	666	(6)
Sharron Vass
Margarete M. S. Heck
Methyl-CpG-Binding Proteins	672	(4)
David G. Skalnik
Microtubule-Associated Proteins	676	(7)
Nobutaka Hirokawa
Reiko Takemura
Mitochondrial Auto-Antibodies	683	(6)
Harold Baum
Mitochondrial Channels	689	(4)
M. Catia Sorgato
Alessandro Bertoli
Mitochondrial DNA	693	(4)
Gottfried Schatz
Mitochondrial Genes and their Expression: Yeast	697	(6)
Piotr P. Slonimski
Giovanna Carignani
Mitochondrial Genome, Evolution	703	(6)
B. Franz Lang
Dennis V. Lavrov
Gertraud Burger
Mitochondrial Genome, Overview	709	(7)
Douglas C. Wallace
Mitochondrial Inheritance	716	(4)
Eric A. Shoubridge
Mitochondrial Membranes, Structural Organization	720	(5)
Carmen A. Mannella
Mitochondrial Metabolite Transporter Family	725	(8)
Ferdinando Palmieri
Martin Klingenberg
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane and the VDAC Channel	733	(4)
Marco Colombini
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Family	737	(6)
Hidemi Teramoto
J. Silvio Gutkind
Mitosis	743	(5)
Patricia Wadsworth
Nasser M. Rusan
mRNA Polyadenylation in Eukaryotes	748	(5)
Mary Edmonds
mRNA Processing and Degradation in Bacteria	753	(5)
Deborah A. Steege
Mucin Family of Glycoproteins	758	(7)
Juan Perez-Vilar
Robert L. Hill
Mucins in Embryo Implantation	765	(5)
Daniel D. Carson
Multiple Sequence Alignment and Phylogenetic Trees	770	(5)
Russell F. Doolittle
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors	775	(3)
Neil M. Nathanson
Myosin Motors	778
Roy E. Larson
Natriuretic Peptides and their Receptors	1	(5)
Lincoln R. Potter
N-End Rule	6	(5)
Alexander Varshavsky
Neoglycoproteins	11	(5)
Y. C. Lee
Reiko T. Lee
Neuronal Calcium Signal	16	(5)
Hilmar Bading
Neuronal Intermediate Filaments	21	(5)
Ronald K. H. Liem
Neuropeptide Y Receptors	26	(6)
Eric M. Parker
Neurotensin Receptors	32	(5)
William Rostene
Patrick Kitabgi
Didier Pelaprat
Neurotransmitter Transporters	37	(4)
Aurelio Galli
Randy D. Blakely
Louis J. DeFelice
Neurotrophin Receptor Signaling	41	(5)
Jennifer J. Gentry
Bruce D. Carter
N-Linked Glycan Processing Glucosidases and Mannosidases	46	(4)
Linda O. Tremblay
Annette Herscovics
Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase	50	(7)
Jan Rydstrom
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors	57	(5)
Nivalda O. Rodrigues-Pinguet
Henry A. Lester
Nitric Oxide Signaling	62	(4)
Michael A. Marletta
Non-Homologous End Joining	66	(5)
Penny A. Jeggo
Nonhomologous Recombination: Bacterial Transposons	71	(9)
Bao Ton Hoang
Michael G. Chandler
Nonhomologous Recombination: Retrotransposons	80	(7)
Siew Loon Ooi
Jef D. Boeke
Nuclear Compartmentalization	87	(5)
Kelly P. Smith
Jeanne B. Lawrence
Nuclear Envelope and Lamins	92	(4)
Bryce M. Paschal
Nuclear Factor kappaB	96	(4)
Thomas D. Gilmore
Nuclear Genes in Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis	100	(5)
Alexander Tzagoloff
Carol L. Dieckmann
Nuclear Organization, Chromatin Structure, and Gene Silencing	105	(4)
Lori L. Wallrath
John R. Danzer
Oya Yazgan
Pamela K. Geyer
Nuclear Pores and Nuclear Import/Export	109	(6)
Anita H. Corbett
Nucleoid Organization of Bacterial Chromosomes	115	(4)
Charles J. Dorman
Nucleolus, Overview	119	(4)
Thoru Pederson
Nucleotide Excision Repair and Human Disease	123	(7)
James E. Cleaver
Nucleotide Excision Repair in Eukaryotes	130	(4)
Laura A. Lindsey-Boltz
Aziz Sancar
Nucleotide Excision Repair, Bacterial: The UvrABCD System	134	(9)
Bennett Van Houten
Lawrence Grossman
Nucleotide Excision Repair: Biology	143	(6)
Errol C. Friedberg
Olfactory Receptors	149	(6)
Sigrun I. Korsching
Oligosaccharide Analysis by Mass Spectrometry	155	(6)
Andrew J. Hanneman
Vernon N. Reinhold
Oligosaccharide Chains: Free, N-Linked, O-Linked	161	(4)
Tadashi Suzuki
Oncocytes	165	(2)
Bernard Tandler
Charles L. Hoppel
Opioid Receptors	167	(5)
P.Y. Law
Horace H. Loh
Ornithine Cycle	172	(6)
Malcolm Watford
Oxygenases	178	(5)
Osamu Hayaishi
P2X Purinergic Receptors	183	(5)
Annmarie Surprenant
P2Y Purinergic Receptors	188	(4)
George R. Dubyak
p53 Protein	192	(4)
Jamie Hearnes
Jennifer Pietenpol
p70 S6 Kinase/mTOR	196	(5)
Christopher G. Proud
Parathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Receptor	201	(7)
Thomas J. Gardella
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)	208	(3)
Michael J. Brownstein
Pentose Phosphate (Hexose Mono Phosphate) Pathway	211	(5)
Bernard R. Landau
Pentose Phosphate Pathway, History of	216	(10)
John F. Williams
Peptide Amidation	226	(5)
Mark J. Niciu
Richard E. Mains
Betty A. Eipper
Periplasmic Electron Transport Systems in Bacteria	231	(8)
David J. Richardson
Gary Sawers
Rob J.M. Van Spanning
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors	239	(7)
Mary C. Sugden
Edward A. Sugden
Mark J. Holness
Peroxisomes	246	(5)
Suresh Subramani
Phage Display for Protein Binding	251	(5)
Henry B. Lowman
Pheromone Receptors (Yeast)	256	(6)
James B. Konopka
Jeremy W. Thorner
PHO Regulon	262	(4)
Bengt L. Persson
Phosphatidylinositol Bisphosphate and Trisphosphate	266	(6)
Alex Toker
Phosphatidylinositol-3-Phosphate	272	(5)
Joseph V. Virbasius
Michael P. Czech
Phosphofructokinase-2/Fructose Bisphosphatase-2	277	(4)
Daniel M. Raben
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase	281	(6)
Khatereh Ahmadi
Michael Waterfield
Phosphoinositide 4- and 5-Kinases and Phosphatases	287	(5)
Shawn F. Bairstow
Matthew W. Bunce
Richard A. Anderson
Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases	292	(5)
Nick R. Leslie
C. Peter Downes
Phospholipase A2	297	(4)
Timothy R. Smith
Edward A. Dennis
Phospholipase C	301	(5)
Fujio Sekiya
Yeun Ju Kim
Sue Goo Rhee
Phospholipase D	306	(8)
Mary M. LaLonde
Michael A. Frohman
Phospholipid Metabolism in Mammals	314	(7)
Claudia Kent
Phospholipid Synthesis in Yeast	321	(5)
Gil-Soo Han
George M. Carman
Photoreceptors	326	(4)
King-Wai Yau
Photosynthesis	330	(6)
Richard C. Leegood
Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Fixation	336	(6)
Matthew J. Paul
Photosystem I, Structure and Function	342	(6)
Petra Fromme
Photosystem I: Fx, FA, and FB Iron--Sulfur Clusters	348	(9)
Mikhail L. Antonkine
John H. Golbeck
Photosystem II Light Harvesting System: Dynamic Behavior	357	(6)
Peter Horton
Alexander Ruban
Photosystem II: Assembly and Turnover of the D1 Protein	363	(4)
Eira Kanervo
Eva-Mari Aro
Photosystem II: Protein Components	367	(8)
James Barber
Photosystem II: Water Oxidation, Overview	375	(6)
Fabrice Rappaport
Pierre Joliot
Plant Signaling: Peptides	381	(4)
Clarence A. Ryan
Gregory Pearce
Plasma-Membrane Calcium Pump: Structure and Function	385	(5)
Emanuel E. Strehler
Plastocyanin	390	(4)
Elizabeth L. Gross
Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor	394	(5)
Katherine M. Howard
Merle S. Olson
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Family	399	(8)
Marina Kovalenko
Andrius Kazlauskas
Polysialic Acid in Molecular Medicine	407	(8)
Frederic A. Troy
Porphyrin Metabolism	415	(5)
Mark Shepherd
Harry A. Dailey
Pre-tRNA and Pre-rRNA Processing in Bacteria	420	(5)
Sidney R. Kushner
Pre-tRNA and Pre-rRNA Processing in Eukaryotes	425	(7)
Hendrik A. Raue
Prions and Epigenetic Inheritance	432	(5)
Reed B. Wickner
Prions, Overview	437	(4)
Cedric Govaerts
Fred E. Cohen
Processivity Clamps in DNA Replication: Clamp Loading	441	(6)
Megan J. Davey
Mike O'Donnell
Propionyl CoA--Succinyl CoA Pathway	447	(5)
Wayne A. Fenton
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes	452	(5)
William L. Smith
Robert C. Murphy
Proteases in Blood Clotting	457	(7)
John D. Kulman
Earl W. Davie
Proteasomes, Overview	464	(5)
Martin Rechsteiner
26S Proteasome, Structure and Function	469	(5)
Peter Zwickl
Wolfgang Baumeister
Protein Carboxyl Esterification	474	(4)
Shilpa G. Lalchandani
Jeffry B. Stock
Protein Data Resources	478	(6)
Philip E. Bourne
Protein Degradation	484	(9)
Tomo Sarie
Alfred L. Goldberg
Protein Folding and Assembly	493	(7)
David P. Goldenberg
Protein Glycosylation Inhibitors	500	(4)
Alan D. Elbein
Protein Glycosylation, Overview	504	(6)
Natasha E. Zachara
Gerald W. Hart
Protein Import into Mitochondria	510	(6)
Johannes M. Herrmann
Walter Neupert
Protein Kinase B	516	(7)
Bettina A. Dummler
Brian A. Hemmings
Protein Kinase C Family	523	(4)
Alexandra C. Newton
Protein N-Myristoylation	527	(5)
Erica Dutil Sonnenburg
Jeffrey I. Gordon
Protein Palmitoylation	532	(4)
Robert J. Deschenes
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases	536	(7)
David J. Pagliarini
Fred L. Robinson
Jack E. Dixon
Proteinase-Activated Receptors	543	(6)
Kristina K. Hansen
Morley D. Hollenberg
Proteoglycans	549	(7)
Sara K. Olson
Jeffrey D. Esko
Pteridines	556	(5)
S. Colette Daubner
Paul F. Fitzpatrick
P-Type Pumps: Copper Pump	561	(4)
Ilia Voskoboinik
James Camakaris
P-Type Pumps: H+/K+ Pump	565	(6)
Jai Moo Shin
George Sachs
P-Type Pumps: Na+/K+ Pump	571	(6)
Peter L. Jorgensen
P-Type Pumps: Plasma-Membrane H+ Pump	577	(5)
A. Brett Mason
Carolyn W. Slayman
Purple Bacteria: Electron Acceptors and Donors	582	(4)
Evaldas Katilius
Neal W. Woodbury
Purple Bacteria: Photosynthetic Reaction Centers	586	(9)
C. Roy D. Lancaster
Pyridoxal Phosphate	595	(5)
David E. Metzler
Pyrimidine Biosynthesis	600	(6)
Monika Loffler
Elke Zameitat
Pyruvate Carboxylation, Transamination, and Gluconeogenesis	606	(5)
Sarawut Jitrapakdee
John C. Wallace
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase	611	(5)
Sam A. Johnson
James G. McCormack
Pyruvate Kinase	616	(5)
Kosaku Uyeda
Quinones	621	(8)
Giorgio Lenaz
Maria Luisa Genova
Rab Family	629	(6)
Mary W. McCaffrey
Andrew J. Lindsay
Ran GTPase	635	(5)
Mary Shannon Moore
Ras Family	640	(5)
Lawrence A. Quilliam
Recombination: Heteroduplex and Mismatch Repair in vitro	645	(4)
Leroy Worth
Recombination: Strand Transferases	649	(5)
Floyd R. Bryant
Recombination-Dependent DNA Replication	654	(6)
Kenneth N. Kreuzer
recQ DNA Helicase Family in Genetic Stability	660	(5)
Mary A. Risinger
Joanna Groden
Regulated Intramembrane Proteolysis (Rip)	665	(6)
Jin Ye
Michael S. Brown
Joseph L. Goldstein
Respiratory Chain and ATP Synthase	671	(5)
David G. Whitehouse
Anthony L. Moore
Respiratory Chain Complex I	676	(5)
Ulrich Brandt
Respiratory Chain Complex II and Succinate: Quinone Oxidoreductases	681	(7)
C. Roy D. Lancaster
Respiratory Chain Complex IV	688	(7)
Hartmut Michel
Respiratory Processes in Anoxygenic and Oxygenic Phototrophs	695	(5)
Roberto Borghese
Davide Zannoni
Retinoblastoma Protein (pRB)	700	(4)
Nicholas Dyson
Maxim Frolov
Retinoic Acid Receptors	704	(4)
Martin Petkovich
Reverse Transcriptase and Retroviral Replication	708	(6)
Laura Tarrago-Litvak
Marie-Line Andreola
Simon Litvak
Rho GTPases and Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics	714	(5)
Priam Villalonga
Anne J. Ridley
Ribosome Assembly	719	(6)
John L. Woolford
Ribosome Structure	725	(8)
Brian T. Wimberly
Ribozyme Mechanisms	733	(5)
John Hsieh
Carol A. Fierke
Ribozyme Structural Elements: Group I Introns	738	(5)
Barbara L. Golden
Ribozyme Structural Elements: Hairpin Ribozyme	743	(4)
Adrian R. Ferre-D'Amare
Ribozymes and Evolution	747	(6)
Niles Lehman
RNA Editing	753	(6)
Charles E. Samuel
RNA Polymerase I and RNA Polymerase III in Eukaryotes	759	(4)
Robert J. White
RNA Polymerase II and Basal Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes	763	(3)
Joan Weliky Conaway
Ronald C. Conaway
RNA Polymerase II Elongation Control in Eukaryotes	766	(4)
David H. Price
RNA Polymerase II Structure in Eukaryotes	770	(5)
Patrick Cramer
RNA Polymerase Reaction in Bacteria	775	(6)
Arkady A. Mustaev
Alexander D. Goldfarb
RNA Polymerase Structure, Bacterial	781
Michael Anikin
Dmitri Temiakov
William T. McAllister
Secondary Structure in Protein Analysis	1	(6)
George D. Rose
Secretases	7	(4)
Robert L. Heinrikson
Secretory Pathway	11	(6)
Karen J. Colley
Selenoprotein Synthesis	17	(5)
August Bock
Septins and Cytokinesis	22	(5)
Makoto Kinoshita
Christine M. Field
Serine/Threonine Phosphatases	27	(6)
Thomas S. Ingebritsen
Serotonin Receptor Signaling	33	(5)
Paul J. Gresch
Elaine Sanders-Bush
Siglecs	38	(3)
Ajit Varki
Sigma Factors	41	(4)
John D. Helmann
Sliding Clamps in DNA Replication: E. coli β-Clamp and PCNA Structure	45	(3)
Eric R. Goedken
John Kuriyan
Small GTPases	48	(7)
Adam Shutes
Channing J. Der
Somatostatin Receptors	55	(6)
Agnes Schonbrunn
Spastic Paraplegia	61	(6)
Elena Irene Rugarli
Andrea Ballabio
Spectrophotometric Assays	67	(9)
Britton Chance
Sphingolipid Biosynthesis	76	(6)
Martina Leipelt
Alfred H. Merrill
Sphingolipid Catabolism	82	(6)
Akira Abe
James A. Shayman
Spliceosome	88	(5)
Timothy W. Nilsen
Src Family of Protein Tyrosine Kinases	93	(6)
Jonathan A. Cooper
Starvation	99	(12)
Oliver E. Owen
Richard W. Hanson
Steroid/Thyroid Hormone Receptors	111	(6)
Ramesh Narayanan
Nancy L. Weigel
Store-Operated Membrane Channels: Calcium	117	(6)
Indu S. Ambudkar
Substrate Binding, Catalysis, and Product Release	123	(4)
W. Wallace Cleland
Sugar Nucleotide Transporters	127	(3)
Carlos B. Hirschberg
SUMO Modification	130	(5)
Frauke Melchior
Andrea Pichler
Superoxide Dismutase	135	(4)
Irwin Fridovich
Syk Family of Protein Tyrosine Kinases	139	(8)
Andrew C. Chan
T7 RNA Polymerase	147	(5)
Rui Sousa
Tachykinin/Substance P Receptors	152	(6)
Mark D. Richardson
Madan M. Kwatra
Taste Receptors	158	(4)
John D. Boughter
Steven D. Munger
T-Cell Antigen Receptor	162	(7)
Andrea L. Szymczak
Dario A. A. Vignali
Tec/Btk Family Tyrosine Kinases	169	(5)
Shuling Guo
Owen N. Witte
Telomeres: Maintenance and Replication	174	(6)
Alessandro Bianchi
David Shore
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone/Luteinizing Hormone/Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptors	180	(7)
Deborah L. Segaloff
Dario Mizrachi
Mario Ascoli
Tight Junctions	187	(3)
Shoichiro Tsukita
Toll-Like Receptors	190	(5)
Himanshu Kumar
Kiyoshi Takeda
Shizuo Akira
Transcription Termination	195	(5)
Thomas J. Santangelo
Jeffrey W. Roberts
Transcriptional Silencing	200	(4)
Ann Sutton
Rolf Sternglanz
Transcription-Coupled DNA Repair, Overview	204	(5)
Isabel Mellon
Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Superfamily	209	(5)
Mark de Caestecker
Translation Elongation in Bacteria	214	(10)
Oliver Vesper
Knud H. Nierhaus
Translation Elongation in Eukaryotes	224	(6)
William C. Merrick
Anton A. Komar
Translation Initiation in Bacteria: Factors and Mechanisms	230	(7)
Cynthia L. Pon
Claudio O. Gualerzi
Translation Initiation in Eukaryotes: Factors and Mechanisms	237	(5)
Tatyana V. Pestova
Christopher U.T. Hellen
Translation Termination and Ribosome Recycling	242	(5)
Nadja Koloteva-Levin
Mick F. Tuite
Translesion DNA Polymerases, Eukaryotic	247	(4)
Alexandra Vaisman
Roger Woodgate
Trehalose Metabolism	251	(5)
Alan D. Elbein
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle	256	(7)
Richard L. Veech
tRNA Synthetases	263	(4)
Karla L. Ewalt
Paul Schimmel
trp Operon and Attenuation	267	(5)
Paul Gollnick
Tubulin and its Isoforms	272	(5)
Eva Nogales
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors	277	(7)
Karen G. Potter
Carl F. Ware
Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis	284	(6)
Gerhard Schmid
Denis Hochstrasser
Jean-Charles Sanchez
Two-Hybrid Protein--Protein Interactions	290	(4)
Ilya Serebriiskii
Erica A. Golemis
Tyrosine Sulfation	294	(5)
Denis Corbeil
Wieland B. Huttner
Ubiquitin System	299	(5)
Aaron Ciechanover
Michael H. Glickman
Ubiquitin-Like Proteins	304	(4)
Edward T. H. Yeh
UmuC, D Lesion Bypass DNA Polymerase V	308	(5)
Zvi Livneh
Uncoupling Proteins	313	(6)
Daniel Ricquier
Frederic Bouillaud
Unfolded Protein Responses	319	(7)
David Ron
Urea Cycle, Inborn Defects of	326	(5)
Marsha K. Fearing
Vivian E. Shih
Vacuoles	331	(6)
Christopher J. Stefan
Scott D. Emr
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors	337	(6)
Kenneth A. Thomas
Vasopressin/Oxytocin Receptor Family	343	(6)
Michael J. Brownstein
V-ATPases	349	(5)
Michael Forgac
Vitamin A (Retinoids)	354	(6)
Joseph L. Napoli
Vitamin B12 and B12-Proteins	360	(7)
Bernhard Krautler
Vitamin C	367	(5)
Robert B. Rucker
Francene Steinberg
Vitamin D	372	(6)
Hector F. DeLuca
Margaret Clagett-Dame
Vitamin D Receptor	378	(6)
Diane R. Dowd
Paul N. MacDonald
Vitamin E	384	(5)
Ute C. Obermuller-Jevic
Lester Packer
Vitamin K: Biochemistry, Metabolism, and Nutritional Aspects	389	(5)
J. W. Suttie
Vitamin K: Blood Coagulation and Use in Therapy	394	(5)
Matthew D. Stone
Gary L. Nelsestuen
Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels	399	(6)
Ramon Latorre
Francisco J. Morera
Voltage-Sensitive Ca2+ Channels	405	(4)
Harald Reuter
Voltage-Sensitive Na+ Channels	409	(7)
William J. Brammar
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Protein	416	(3)
Ronald C. Conaway
Joan Weliky Conaway
XPV DNA Polymerase and Ultraviolet Damage Bypass	419	(3)
Alan R. Lehmann
X-Ray Determination of 3-D Structure in Proteins	422	(7)
Martha L. Ludwig
Yeast GAL1--GAL10 System	429	(6)
Dennis Lohr
Ralph Bash
Zinc Fingers	435	(6)
Mark Isalan
Glossary	441	(58)
Index	499