Encyclopedia of Construction Methods & Materials

by Spence, William P.

• ISBN13: 9780806968513
• ISBN10: 0806968516
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-12-31
• Publisher: Sterling

Summary

It's the only book you'll ever need on home construction. Inside this gigantic manual, with more than 900 diagrams, illustrations and photos, and over 600 pages of information, are all the major methods of construction, following professional classifications. Hundreds of topics extend from general requirements so important for architects, engineers, and contractors; through analyses of building sites; to the mechanics of fire protection, plumbing, valves, insulation, and refrigeration. In-depth studies cover construction materials and special construction.Plus: conveying systems, mechanical systems--the list goes on!

Author Biography

The author lives in Pinehurst, NC.

Table of Contents

Preface	9	(2)
General Requirements	11	(10)
Summary	12	(1)
Price & Payment Procedures	12	(1)
Administrative Requirements	12	(1)
Quality Requirements	13	(1)
Temporary Facilities & Controls	13	(1)
Product Requirements	14	(1)
Execution Requirements	14	(1)
Facility Operation	14	(1)
Facility Decommissioning	14	(1)
Codes	15	(1)
Local & State Codes	15	(1)
National Codes	15	(1)
Other Codes	15	(1)
Trade Associations	16	(3)
Other Organizations	17	(2)
Manufacturers' Publications	19	(1)
U.S. Federal Occupational Safety & Health Act	19	(1)
Metric System (SI Metric)	19	(2)
SI Metric Base Units	19	(1)
Prefixes	20	(1)
Derived SI Units	20	(1)
Conversion Factors	20	(1)
U.S. Metric Policy	20	(1)
Site Construction	21	(28)
The Building Site	22	(4)
Site Plans	22	(1)
Environmental Considerations	22	(1)
Preparing the Site	22	(1)
Subsurface Investigation	22	(4)
Earthwork	26	(4)
Grading & Excavation	26	(1)
Sheeting	27	(1)
Cofferdams & Caissons	28	(1)
Dewatering Techniques	28	(1)
Underpinning Techniques	28	(2)
Types of Soil	30	(7)
Systems of Soil Classification	30	(3)
Soil Volume Characteristics	33	(1)
Soil Water	33	(1)
Soil-Bearing Capacities	34	(1)
Soil Modification	35	(1)
Soil Stabilization with Admixtures	36	(1)
Seismic Considerations	37	(1)
Surfacing Materials	38	(2)
Asphalt Materials	38	(1)
Concrete Paving	39	(1)
Foundations, Piles & Caissons	40	(8)
Foundation Design	40	(1)
Foundation Loads	41	(1)
Types of Foundation	41	(7)
Utility Services	48	(1)
Site Improvements	48	(1)
Concrete	49	(46)
History	50	(1)
Composition of Concrete	50	(1)
Portland Cement	50	(4)
Manufacture of Portland Cement	50	(1)
Types of Portland Cement	50	(3)
Properties of Portland Cement	53	(1)
Storing Portland Cement	54	(1)
Water	54	(1)
Aggregates	55	(1)
Characteristics of Aggregates	55	(1)
Handling & Storing Aggregates	56	(1)
Admixtures	56	(4)
Basics of Concrete	60	(3)
Normal Weight Concrete Design	62	(1)
Lightweight Insulating Concrete Design	62	(1)
Lightweight Structural Concrete Design	62	(1)
Concrete Tests	63	(4)
Tests with Fresh Concrete	63	(2)
Tests with Hardened Concrete	65	(2)
Accelerated-Curing Tests	67	(1)
Nondestructive Tests	67	(1)
Cast-in-Place Concrete Construction	67	(22)
Concrete Production	67	(1)
Transporting, Handling & Placing Concrete	68	(2)
Finishing Concrete	70	(2)
Curing	72	(1)
Formwork	72	(3)
Concrete-Reinforcing Materials	75	(4)
Cast-in-Place On-Grade Concrete Slabs	79	(1)
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Concrete Walls	80	(1)
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Concrete Beams	81	(1)
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Concrete Columns	81	(1)
Cast-in-Place Concrete Framing Systems	81	(1)
One-Way Flat Slab Floor & Roof Construction	81	(2)
Two-Way Flat Slab Floor & Roof Construction	83	(6)
Precast Concrete Construction	89	(6)
Building Codes	89	(1)
Nonprestressed Precast Units	89	(1)
Prestressed Precast Concrete	89	(1)
Precast Concrete Slabs	90	(2)
Precast Concrete Columns	92	(1)
Beams & Girders	92	(1)
Precast Concrete Wall Panels	93	(1)
Erection of Precast Concrete	93	(2)
Masonry	95	(44)
Mortars for Masonry Walls	96	(8)
Types of Mortar	96	(1)
Mortar Composition	96	(2)
Sources of Mortar	98	(2)
Properties of Plastic Mortar	100	(1)
Properties of Hardened Mortar	100	(3)
Colored Mortar	103	(1)
Mortar in Cold Weather	103	(1)
Surface-Bonding Mortars	103	(1)
Clay Brick	104	(11)
Clays	104	(1)
Manufacturing Clay Bricks	104	(2)
Structural Clay Masonry Units	106	(2)
Material Specifications for Clay Masonry	108	(3)
Properties of Clay Brick & Tile	111	(6)
Ceramic Tile	117
Other Clay Tile Products	114	(1)
Concrete Masonry	115	(11)
Manufacture of Concrete Masonry Units	115	(1)
Physical Properties of Concrete Masonry Units	116	(1)
Types of Concrete Masonry Unit	117	(4)
Material Specifications	121	(5)
Stone	126	(1)
Basic Classifications of Rock	122	(2)
Types & Uses of Stone	124	(1)
Quarrying & Producing Building Stone	125	(1)
Choosing Stone	125	(1)
Masonry Construction	126	(13)
Masonry Bearing Walls	126	(1)
Control & Expansion Joints	126	(2)
Brick Masonry Construction	128	(4)
Concrete Masonry Construction	132	(2)
Stone Masonry Construction	134	(3)
Clay Structural Tile Construction	137	(2)
Metals	139	(56)
Ferrous Metals	140	(18)
Iron	140	(1)
History	140	(3)
Cast Irons	143	(1)
Steelmaking	143	(4)
Manufacture of Steel Products	147	(1)
Steel Identification Systems	147	(2)
Steel & Steel Alloys	149	(3)
Types of Structural Steel	152	(3)
Steel Products	155	(3)
Nonferrous Metals	158	(11)
Galvanic Corrosion	158	(1)
Aluminum	159	(1)
History	159	(2)
Aluminum Alloys	161	(3)
Aluminum Castings	164	(1)
Aluminum Finishes	165	(3)
Protecting the Finished Aluminum Product	168	(1)
Joining Aluminum Members	168	(1)
Aluminum Products	168	(1)
Copper & Copper Alloys	169	(11)
Copper	169	(1)
History	169	(1)
Copper Alloys	170	(2)
Brasses	172	(1)
History	172	(2)
Bronze	174	(1)
History	174	(1)
Lead	174	(1)
History	175	(1)
Lead Alloys	175	(1)
Solders	175	(1)
Tin	176	(1)
History	176	(1)
Terneplate	177	(1)
History	177	(1)
Titanium	177	(1)
Titanium Alloys	177	(1)
Nickel	178	(1)
Nickel Alloys	178	(1)
Zinc	179	(1)
Zinc Alloys	179	(1)
Steel Frame Construction	180	(15)
Structural Steel Drawings	181	(1)
The Erection Process	182	(4)
Fastening Techniques	186	(2)
Fire Protection of the Steel Frame	188	(2)
Decking	190	(3)
Steel Trusses	193	(1)
Tensile Structures	193	(1)
Light-Gauge Steel Framing	194	(1)
Preegineered Metal Building Systems	194	(1)
Wood & Plastics	195	(74)
Wood	196	(19)
Tree Species	196	(1)
The Structure of Wood	196	(2)
Seasoning Lumber	198	(1)
Lumber Sizes	199	(3)
Buying Lumber	202	(1)
Lumber Manufacturing	202	(3)
Lumber Grades	205	(4)
In-Grade Testing Program	209	(1)
Physical Properties of Wood	210	(1)
Chemical Composition	210	(1)
Hygroscopic Properties	210	(2)
Structural Properties of Wood	212	(1)
Other Properties of Wood	213	(1)
Wood Preservatives	214	(1)
Fire-Retardant Treatments	215	(1)
Plywood	215	(8)
Plywood Panel Construction	215	(1)
Construction & Industrial Plywood	216	(2)
Performance-Rated Panels	218	(3)
Specialty Plywoods	221	(1)
Hardwood Plywood	221	(2)
Reconstituted Wood Products	223	(1)
Structural Building Components	224	(4)
American Wood Systems	226	(1)
Wood Shingles & Shakes	226	(1)
Doors & Windows	226	(1)
Wood Flooring	227	(1)
Light Frame Construction	228	(10)
Types of Foundation	228	(5)
Platform Framing	233	(1)
Wood Roof Trusses	234	(2)
Wood Floor Trusses	236	(1)
Using Wood I-Joists	236	(2)
Heavy-Timber Construction	238	(8)
Building Codes	239	(1)
Glue-Laminated Construction	239	(1)
Arches & Domes	240	(5)
Solid Heavy-Timber Construction	245	(1)
Finishing the Exterior & Interior	246	(16)
Exterior Finish Work	246	(8)
Interior Finish Work	254	(3)
Interior Finish Carpentry	257	(5)
Plastics	262	(3)
Molecular Structure of Plastics	262	(1)
Classifications	263	(1)
Additives	263	(1)
Properties of Plastics	264	(1)
Plastic Construction Materials	265	(4)
Thermoplastics	265	(2)
Thermosets	267	(1)
Manufacturing Processes	267	(2)
Thermal & Moisture Protection	269	(38)
Thermal Insulation	270	(6)
Methods of Heat Transfer	270	(1)
Designating Thermal Properties	271	(1)
Insulation Materials	271	(5)
Vapor Barriers	276	(1)
Bonding Agents	277	(1)
Types of Bonding Agent	278	(1)
Sealers for Exterior Materials	278	(2)
Sealants	280	(2)
Types of Sealant	280	(1)
Sealant Performance Considerations	281	(1)
Sealants & Joint Design	281	(1)
Caulking & Glazing	281	(1)
Waterproofing Membranes & Coatings	282	(3)
Bituminous Coatings	283	(1)
Synthetic Sheet Membranes	283	(1)
Asphalt Waterproofing Materials	284	(1)
Dampproofing & Waterproofing Coatings	284	(1)
Cement-Based Waterproofing	284	(1)
Lead Waterproofing	284	(1)
Bentonite-Clay Waterproofing	284	(1)
Bituminous Materials	285	(6)
Properties of Bitumens	285	(1)
Materials Made with Bituminous Products	285	(2)
Felts	287	(1)
Fiberglass Sheet Material	287	(1)
Fireproofing Paper	287	(1)
Roof Coverings	287	(3)
Asphalt Paving	290	(1)
Roofing Systems	291	(16)
Building Codes	292	(3)
Low-Slope Roof Assemblies	295	(5)
Steep-Slope Roof Assemblies	300	(7)
Doors & Windows	307	(46)
Glass	308	(8)
The Manufacture of Glass	308	(1)
Properties of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass	309	(1)
Heat-Treating Glass	310	(1)
Chemical Strengthening	311	(1)
Finishes	311	(1)
Flat-Glass Products	312	(4)
Plastic Glazing Materials	316	(1)
Doors	317	(9)
Hollow-Core Metal Doors	317	(3)
Hollow Metal Frames	320	(1)
Metal Fire Doors & Frames	321	(2)
Wood & Plastic Doors	323	(2)
Glass Doors	325	(1)
Special Doors	325	(1)
Windows	326	(7)
Wood Windows	327	(1)
Plastic Windows	328	(2)
Metal Windows	330	(1)
Steel Windows	330	(1)
Stainless Steel Windows	331	(1)
Aluminum Windows	331	(1)
Composite Materials	331	(1)
Special Windows	332	(1)
Entrances & Store Fronts	333	(4)
Building Codes	337	(1)
Cladding Systems	337	(8)
Cladding Design Considerations	337	(8)
Curtain-Wall Cladding	345	(8)
Masonry Curtain Walls	345	(1)
Stone Curtain Walls	346	(1)
Precast Concrete Curtain Walls	347	(1)
Modified Stucco Curtain Walls	347	(1)
Metal & Glass Curtain Wall Systems	348	(3)
Curtain Wall Joint Sealants	351	(1)
Building Code Requirements	352	(1)
Finishes	353	(68)
Interior Finishes	354	(2)
Cost	354	(1)
Appearance	354	(1)
Durability	355	(1)
Acoustical Considerations	355	(1)
Fire Considerations	355	(1)
Protective & Decorative Coatings	356	(12)
Lead in Coatings	357	(1)
Air Quality Regulations	357	(1)
Types of Coating	358	(1)
Composition of Coatings	358	(1)
Application Specifications	358	(1)
Factors Affecting Coatings	359	(1)
Clear Coatings	359	(4)
Primers for Opaque Coatings	363	(1)
Opaque Coatings	364	(1)
Acrylic Coatings	365	(1)
Special-Purpose Coatings	366	(1)
Stains	367	(1)
Flame-Spread-, Smoke- & Fuel-Contributed Ratings	368	(1)
Gypsum, Lime & Plaster	368	(6)
Gypsum Plaster Products	368	(2)
Gypsum Board Products	370	(2)
Applications	372	(1)
Lime	372	(2)
Cement Board	374	(1)
Acoustical Materials	374	(10)
Sound	376	(1)
Sound Control	376	(1)
Sound-Controlling Materials	377	(6)
Sound Barriers	383	(1)
Construction Techniques	383	(1)
Controlling Sound from Vibrations	384	(1)
Interior Walls, Partitions & Ceilings	384	(20)
Interior Walls & Partitions	384	(16)
Ceiling Construction	400	(4)
Flooring	404	(12)
Building Codes	405	(1)
Wood Flooring	405	(1)
Resilient Flooring	406	(1)
Clay Tile	407	(2)
Brick Flooring & Brick & Concrete Pavers	409	(1)
Concrete Floors	410	(1)
Terrazzo	411	(2)
Stone Floor Coverings	413	(2)
Other Flooring Applications	415	(1)
Carpeting	416	(5)
Pile Fibers	416	(1)
Carpet Construction	417	(2)
Quality Specifications	419	(1)
Carpet Cushions	420	(1)
Specialties	421	(18)
Visual Display Boards	422	(1)
Compartments & Cubicles	423	(1)
Louvers, Vents, Grilles & Screens	424	(2)
Service Wall Systems	426	(1)
Wall & Corner Guards	426	(1)
Access Flooring	426	(1)
Pest Control	427	(1)
Fireplaces & Stoves	427	(1)
Manufactured Exterior Specialties	428	(1)
Flagpoles	428	(2)
Identifying Devices	430	(2)
Pedestrian Control Devices	432
Lockers & Shelving	422	(1)
Fire-Protection Specialties	423	(11)
Protective Covers	434	(1)
Postal Specialties	434	(1)
Exterior Protection Devices for Openings	435	(1)
Demountable Partitions	435	(1)
Operable Partitions	435	(1)
Telephone Specialties	436	(1)
Toilet & Bath Accessories	437	(1)
Scales	437	(1)
Wardrobe & Closet Specialties	438	(1)
Equipment	439	(8)
Maintenance Equipment	440	(1)
Security & Ecclesiastical Equipment	440	(3)
Mercantile Equipment	443	(1)
Solid-Waste Handling Equipment	443	(1)
Office Equipment	444	(1)
Residential Equipment & Unit Kitchens	445	(1)
Fluid-Waste Treatment & Disposal Equipment	445	(1)
Medical Equipment	446	(1)
Furnishings	447	(10)
Artwork	448	(4)
Sculpture	448	(2)
Stained-Glass Work	450	(2)
Ecclesiastical Artwork	452	(1)
Fabrics	452	(1)
Manufactured Casework	453	(1)
Window Treatment	454	(1)
Furniture & Accessories	455	(1)
Rugs & Mats	455	(1)
Multiple Seating	456	(1)
Interior Plants & Planters	456	(1)
Special Construction	457	(8)
Air-Supported Structures	458	(1)
Integrated Assemblies	458	(1)
Special-Purpose Rooms	459	(1)
Nuclear Reactors	459	(1)
Pre-Engineered Structures	459	(1)
Waste & Utilities Sections	459	(1)
Control & Instrumentation	460	(1)
Solar Energy Systems	460	(2)
Wind Energy Conversion Systems	462	(1)
Cogeneration Systems	462	(1)
Building Automation Systems	463	(1)
Fire Suppression & Supervisory Systems	464	(1)
Special Security Construction	464	(1)
Conveying Systems	465	(20)
Conveying System Code Standards	466	(1)
Elevator Systems	466	(8)
Elevator Hoistways	467	(1)
Elevator Cars	468	(1)
Electric Passenger Elevators	469	(3)
Hydraulic Elevators	472	(1)
Freight Elevators	473	(1)
Observation Elevators	473	(1)
Residential Elevators	474	(1)
Automated Transfer Systems	474	(2)
Dumbwaiters	474	(1)
Cart & Tote Box Transfer Systems	475	(1)
Wheelchair Lifts & Stair Lifts	476	(1)
Escalators	476	(2)
Escalator Components	477	(1)
Standards & Safety	477	(1)
Installation Examples	478	(1)
Escalator Sizes	478	(1)
Moving Walks & Ramps	478	(2)
Shuttle Transit	480	(1)
Material Conveyors	481	(2)
Cranes & Hoists	483	(2)
Mechanical	485	(48)
Fire-Protection Systems	486	(5)
Fire-Protection Standards	486	(1)
Fire-Suppression Systems	487	(4)
Plumbing Systems	491	(23)
Plumbing Codes	491	(1)
Piping, Tubing & Fittings	491	(5)
Potable Water Supply	496	(4)
Sanitary Piping Systems	500	(8)
Nonpotable Water Systems	508	(1)
Roof Drainage	509	(2)
Plumbing Fixtures	511	(3)
Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning (HVAC) & Refrigeration	514	(19)
Fuel & Energy Used for HVAC	515	(1)
Warm Air Heating Equipment	515	(2)
Air-Conditioning with Duct Systems	517	(1)
All-Air Distribution Systems	518	(1)
Types of Duct System	519	(2)
Humidifiers & Dehumidifiers	521	(1)
Hydronic (Hot-Water) Heating Systems	521	(2)
Pipe Systems for Water Heating & Cooling	523	(1)
Steam Heating Systems	524	(1)
Boilers	525	(1)
Terminal Equipment for Hot-Water & Steam Heating Systems	526	(1)
Chilled-Water Cooling Systems for Large Buildings	527	(3)
Radiant Heating & Cooling	530	(1)
Electric Heating Systems	531	(2)
Electrical	533	(28)
Electrical Loads	534	(2)
Electricity	534	(1)
Conductors	535	(1)
AC & DC Current	535	(1)
Power & Energy	535	(1)
Electrical Codes	536	(1)
Electrical Power Sources	536	(4)
Hydroelectric Power Generation	536	(1)
Fossil Fuel-Powered Generation	536	(10)
Nuclear-Powered Generation	546
On-Site Power Generation	538	(2)
Electrical Equipment	540	(15)
Electrical Power Conductors	540	(3)
Raceways	543	(1)
Meters	544	(1)
Motor Control Centers	545	(1)
Transformers	546	(1)
Switches	547	(5)
Switchgear & Switchboards	552	(1)
Panelboards	553	(2)
Building Electrical Distributing Systems	555	(1)
Lighting	556	(5)
Illumination Design Considerations	556	(1)
Levels of Illumination	557	(1)
Room Cavity Ratio	557	(1)
Measuring Illuminance Levels	557	(1)
Lighting Systems	558	(1)
Types of Lamp	559	(2)
Appendices	561	(13)
Appendix A: Professional & Technical Organizations	561	(7)
Appendix B: Metric Information	568	(2)
Appendix C: Weights of Building Materials	570	(2)
Appendix D: Names & Atomic Symbols of Selected Chemical Elements	572	(1)
Appendix E: Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Selected Construction Materials	573	(1)
Glossary	574	(20)
Selected Bibliography	594	(3)
Index	597