Encyclopedia of Environmental Science

by Alexander, David E.; Fairbridge, Rhodes Whitmore

• ISBN13: 9780412740503
• ISBN10: 0412740508
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-05-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

A strongly interdisciplinary and wide-ranging survey of the environment of life on Earth: the most authoritative and comprehensive source on environmental science to be collected together in a single volume. Unique in presenting both a basic overview and detailed information on environmental topics. Entries are arranged in an encyclopedic A-Z format and contain extensive cross-references to related entries, as well as references to primary and secondary literature. Over 370 separate entries prepared by 228 leading experts from 25 countries. Incorporates 25 substantial in-depth treatments of key areas and also includes biographies of leading scientists and environmentalists. Contains a comprehensive subject index and a citation index of all referenced authors. The Encyclopedia of Environmental Science is a multidisciplinary reference work, which crosses many fields of interest and includes a wide variety of scholarly and authoritative articles on mankind's environment. It provides information on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere and is careful to focus on the connections between these realms and the Earth as a whole. Taken as a whole, the Encyclopedia surveys basic environmental science and applied areas of study, and is drawn from the physical sciences, life sciences and social sciences. The 228 authors from 25 different countries, many of whom are the leading authorities in their field, include biologists, ecologists, geographers, geologists, political scientists, soil scientists, hydrologists, climatologists, and representatives of many other disciplines and academic specialties. The work, which is amply referenced and cross-referenced, consists of substantial essays on major topics, medium-sized entries and short definitional entries. The shorter entries include useful biographies of leading scientists and environmentalists. The Encyclopedia will be invaluable to all readers interested in the environment of life on Earth, its past, present and future, and its physical and social dimensions. The text provides a source of well-classified basic information as well as covering the leading theories and important debates in the environmental sciences. In addition, the book also includes assessments of the future prospects for the Earth's environment in the face of pollution, population increases and the accelerating transformation of land, air, water and vegetational systems. The Encyclopedia is unique in presenting both a basic overview and detailed information on environmental topics and is suitable for the general scientific reader and the specialized environmental scientist in academic institutions, research laboratories or private practice.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xv
Preface	xxix
Acid Corrosion (of Stone and Metal)	1	(1)
Heather A. Viles
Acidic Precipitation: Sources to Effects	1	(5)
Stephen A. Norton
Acidity	6	(1)
Teresa Hernandez
Acid Lakes and Rivers	6	(3)
Mark D. Mattson
Aerosols	9	(1)
Herman Sievering
Agricultural Impact on Environment	10	(2)
H. Berend Tirion
Agroforestry	12	(1)
Marius Wessel
K. Freerk Wiersum
Air Pollution	13	(2)
Peter Brimblecombe
Albedo	15	(1)
Mark C. Serreze
Algal Pollution of Seas and Beaches	16	(1)
David E. Alexander
Alkalinity	17	(1)
Mark D. Mattson
Alluvium	18	(1)
Matthew Bampton
Ambient Air and Water Standards	19	(1)
Lettie M. McSpadden
Anaerobic Conditions	19	(1)
Roberto Antonietti
Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 BC)	20	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
David E. Alexander
Antarctic Environment, Preservation	21	(1)
Bernard Stonehouse
Anthropogenic Transformation	22	(5)
Matthew Bampton
Aquatic Ecosystem	27	(1)
Robert M. Hughes
Aquifer	28	(1)
Stuart Batterman
Arctic Environments	29	(4)
Hugh M. French
Arid Zone Management and Problems	33	(2)
Andrew Warren
Aristotle (Aristoteles, 382-322 BC)	35	(1)
H. Berend Tirion
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Arsenic Pollution and Toxicity	36	(1)
Joan O. Morrison
Ian T. Campbell
Uwe Brand
Atmosphere	37	(1)
Howard A. Bridgman
Audubon, John James (1785-1851)	38	(2)
Gerald L. Young
Bacteria	40	(1)
David D. Myrold
Barrier Beaches and Barrier Islands	40	(1)
Richard C. Daniels
Beaches	41	(1)
Richard C. Daniels
Bennett, Hugh Hammond (1881-1960)	42	(1)
Leon H. Liegel
Benthos	43	(1)
David L. Stites
Bioaccumulation, Bioconcentration, Biomagnification	43	(1)
David E. Alexander
Bioassay	44	(1)
Robert S. DeSanto
Biocentrism, Anthropocentrism, Technocentrism	44	(1)
David E. Alexander
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	45	(1)
Gary R. Brenniman
Biogeography	46	(1)
Jean L.F. Tricart
Biological Diversity (Biodiversity)	46	(5)
David E. Alexander
Biome	51	(1)
Eldon Franz
Bioregionalism	52	(1)
David E. Alexander
Bioremediation	53	(5)
Michael G. Chaparian
Biosphere	58	(1)
William B. Meyer
Biosphere Reserve Management Concept	58	(1)
Richard A. Meganck
Biotechnology, Environmental Impact	59	(5)
Antoinette M. Mannion
Boreal Forest (Taiga)	64	(3)
Bill Freedman
Budgets, Energy and Mass	67	(2)
David E. Alexander
Cadmium Pollution and Toxicity	69	(1)
Ian T. Campbell
Uwe Brand
Joan O. Morrison
Carbon Cycle	69	(1)
David D. Myrold
Carbon-14 Dating	70	(1)
Claudio Vita-Finzi
Carnivore	71	(1)
John L. Gittleman
Carrying Capacity	72	(1)
Geoffrey Wall
Carson, Rachel Louise (1907-1964)	73	(1)
J.E. De Steiguer
Catastrophism	74	(1)
Richard Huggett
Cave Environments	74	(1)
Derek C. Ford
Chaparral (Maquis)	75	(2)
David E. Alexander
Childe, Vere Gordon (1892-1957)	77	(1)
David E. Alexander
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	78	(3)
James W. Elkins
Climate Change	81	(2)
Deborah Herbert
Ian Burton
Climatic Modeling	83	(1)
Robert D. Brown
Terry J. Gillespie
Cloud Seeding	84	(2)
Robert R. Czys
Coastal Erosion and Protection	86	(2)
Gary B. Griggs
Combustion	88	(2)
David E. Alexander
Conservation of Natural Resources	90	(5)
Robert M. Hughes
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)	95	(2)
Joel T. Heinen
Conventions for Environmental Protection	97	(2)
Konrad Von Moltke
Coral Reef Ecosystem	99	(2)
Stephen V. Smith
Cost-Benefit Analysis	101	(1)
Ross T. Newkirk
Critical Load	102	(1)
Timothy O'Riordan
Cumulative Environmental Impacts	102	(3)
Marianne Lowgren
Cycles, Climatic	105	(2)
Brian G. Lees
Cycles, Geochemical	107	(3)
Hermann Gucinski
Dams and their Reservoirs	110	(1)
Matthew Bampton
Darwin, Charles Robert (1807-1882)	111	(1)
Fred J. Brenner
Debt-for-Nature Swap	112	(1)
Richard A. Meganck
Deforestation	113	(2)
Leon H. Liegel
Demography, Ecological	115	(1)
Ferdinando Villa
Demography, Demographic Growth (Human Systems)	116	(3)
David E. Alexander
Dendrochronology	119	(1)
Elaine K. Sutherland
Derelict Land	120	(4)
Christopher S. Davies
Desalination	124	(1)
Hosny K. Khordagni
Desertification	125	(4)
Monique M. Mainguet
Deserts	129	(6)
Andrew Warren
Dioxin	135	(1)
Jean A. Nichols
Disaster	136	(1)
Piers Blaikie
Drainage Basins	136	(1)
Kenneth J. Gregory
Drought, Impacts and Management	137	(3)
R. Leslie Heathcote
Earth, Planet (Global Perspective)	140	(1)
Gerald L. Young
Earthquake Prediction	141	(4)
Tsuneji Rikitake
Earthquakes, Damage and its Mitigation	145	(3)
Bruce A. Bolt
Earth Resources	148	(2)
Steven Dutch
Eco-labeling	150	(2)
Scott Vaughan
Ecological Engineering	152	(1)
William J. Mitsch
Ecological Modeling	153	(1)
George L. Ball
Ecological Modeling in Forestry	154	(1)
Guillermo A. Mendoza
Ecological Regions (Ecoregions)	155	(4)
Robert M. Hughes
James M. Omernik
Ecological Stress	159	(1)
David E. Alexander
Ecology, Ecosystems	160	(8)
Charles A.S. Hall
Economic Geology	168	(1)
Steven Dutch
Ecosystem-Based Land-Use Planning	169	(3)
Robert G. Bailey
Ecosystem Health	172	(1)
David J. Schaeffer
Ecosystem Metabolism	172	(3)
Richard A. Houghton
Ecotone	175	(1)
David E. Alexander
Ecotourism	176	(1)
Bernard Stonehouse
Edaphology	177	(1)
David E. Alexander
Effluent Standards	177	(1)
Lettie M. McSpadden
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)	177	(4)
Henry Diaz
Emission Standards	181	(2)
Neeloo Bhatti
Endangered Species	183	(3)
Gerardo Ceballos
Luiz Bojorquez Tapia
Silvia Manzanilla-Naim
Energetics, Ecological (Bioenergetics)	186	(1)
David E. Alexander
Energy	187	(5)
Mary M. Timney
Environment and Environmentalism	192	(2)
Timothy O'Riordan
Environmental Aesthetics	194	(1)
Nathan H. Perkins
Robert D. Brown
Environmental Audit	195	(1)
Robert S. DeSanto
Environmental Determinism	196	(1)
David E. Alexander
Environmental and Ecological Planning	197	(3)
Frederick W. Steiner
Environmental Economics	200	(3)
R. Kerry Turner
Environmental Education	203	(1)
Bernard Stonehouse
Environmental Ethics	204	(2)
John Lemons
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Statement (EIS)	206	(5)
Malcolm Hollick
Environmental Law	211	(2)
Lettie M. McSpadden
Environmental Litigation	213	(1)
Lettie M. McSpadden
Environmental Perception	214	(2)
Ervin H. Zube
Environmental Policy	216	(5)
Michael E. Kraft
Environmental Protection Agencies	221	(2)
Mary M. Timney
Environmental Psychology	223	(1)
Raymond K. De Young
Environmental Science	224	(1)
William W. Budd
Gerald L. Young
Environmental Security	224	(3)
David E. Alexander
Environmental Stability	227	(2)
Michael R. Moss
Environmental Statistics	229	(1)
David J. Schaeffer
Environmental Toxicology	230	(5)
Aristeo Renzoni
Eros Bacci
Estuaries	235	(5)
Clay L. Montague
Eutrophication	240	(1)
Pierluigi Viaroli
Evaporation, Evapotranspiration	240	(1)
Robert N. Coats
Evolution, Natural Selection	241	(2)
Dorion Sagan
Lynn Margulis
Expert Systems and the Environment	243	(3)
Daniel L. Schmoldt
Extinction	246	(3)
Silvia Manzanilla-Naim
Luis A. Bojorquez-Tapia
Fertilizer	249	(2)
A.K. Alva
Fisheries Management	251	(2)
Mikael Hilden
Floods, Flood Mitigation	253	(1)
Kenneth J. Gregory
Food Webs and Chains	254	(5)
Ursula Gaedke
Dietmar Straile
Forest Management	259	(2)
Benjamin B. Stout
Fossil Fuels	261	(1)
Steven Dutch
Francis of Assisi, Saint (1181-1226)	262	(1)
Eldon Franz
Fuelwood	263	(3)
Ram M. Shrestha
Fungi, Fungicides	266	(2)
Antoinette M. Mannion
Gaia Hypothesis	268	(1)
Dorion Sagan
Lynn Margulis
Gases, Industrial	269	(1)
Martin B. Hocking
Gases, Volcanic	270	(1)
Robert Symonds
Geddes, Patrick (1854-1932)	271	(1)
W. Iain Stevenson
Genetic Resources	272	(2)
Dan Sun
Geoarcheology and Ancient Environments	274	(1)
Claudio Vita-Finzi
Geochemistry, Low-Temperature	275	(3)
Richard F. Yuretich
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)	278	(1)
Brian G. Lees
Geologic Hazards	278	(2)
Lawrence Lundgren
Geologic Time Scale	280	(1)
Steven Dutch
Geomorphology	281	(1)
Jean L.F. Tricart
Geothermal Energy Resources	281	(2)
Enrico Barbier
Gilbert, Grove Karl (1843-1918)	283	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Glaciers, Glaciology	283	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Global Change	283	(8)
Antoinette M. Mannion
Global Climatic Change Modeling and Monitoring	291	(7)
Robert M. Cushman
Gradualism	298	(1)
Richard Huggett
Grass, Grassland, Savanna	299	(4)
Christopher Joyce
Max Wade
Greenhouse Effect	303	(3)
Richard A. Houghton
Groundwater	306	(1)
Richard F. Yuretich
Guilds	306	(2)
William M. Block
Habitat, Habitat Destruction	308	(1)
Michael L. Morrison
Hazardous Materials Transportation and Accidents	309	(2)
Theodore S. Glickman
K. David Pijawka
Hazardous Waste	311	(1)
William W. Budd
Health Hazards, Environmental	312	(2)
Jan A.J. Stolwijk
Heavy Metal Pollutants	314	(2)
Roberto Bargagli
Herbicides, Defoliants	316	(3)
Celine Boutin
Herbivores	319	(1)
George Robinson
Herpetology	320	(1)
Marat Khabibullov
Highways, Environmental Impact	320	(4)
David E. Alexander
Holocene Epoch	324	(1)
Neil Roberts
Homosphere	324	(2)
Josef Svoboda
Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922)	326	(1)
David E. Alexander
Human Ecology (Cultural Ecology)	326	(2)
David E. Alexander
Hunger and Food Supply	328	(3)
Ellen Messer
Peter Uvin
Huxley, Julian Sorell (1887-1975)	331	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895)	331	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Hydroelectric Developments, Environmental Impact	332	(4)
Jean-Luc Peiry
Jacky Girel
Guy Pauton
Hydrogeology	336	(1)
Richard F. Yuretich
Hydrological Cycle	337	(1)
Jean L.F. Tricart
Hydrophyte	338	(1)
Michael W. Lefor
Hydrosphere	338	(2)
Jeffrey Haltiner
Ice Ages	340	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Incineration of Waste Products	341	(1)
Martin B. Hocking
Information Technology and the Internet	342	(2)
David E. Alexander
Fausto Marincioni
International Organizations	344	(2)
Lettie M. McSpadden
Irrigation	346	(3)
Daniel Hillel
Island Biogeography	349	(3)
Ferdinando Villa
Karst Terrain and Hazards	352	(2)
Stephen Trudgill
Lakes, Lacustrine Processes, Limnology	354	(2)
Craig S. Feibel
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de (1744-1829)	356	(1)
Richard Huggett
Landfill; Leachates, Landfill Gases	356	(5)
Ming H. Wong
Land Drainage	361	(2)
Arnold J. Hebbink
Land Evaluation, Suitability Analysis	363	(4)
Frederick W. Steiner
Land Reclamation, Polders	367	(2)
Arnold J. Hebbink
Landscape Ecology	369	(2)
Claude Amoros
Landslides	371	(4)
Michael J. Crozier
Land Subsidence	375	(1)
Jean L.F. Tricart
Land Tenure	376	(3)
Ian K. Nuberg
Lead Poisoning	379	(2)
Joan Cook Luckhardt
Robert K. Tucker
Lentic and Lotic Ecosystems	381	(7)
Alex G. Marsh
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)	388	(1)
David E. Alexander
Leopold, Aldo (1887-1948)	389	(1)
Craig W. Allin
Lesley, Joseph Peter (1819-1903)	390	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Lichens, Lichenometry	390	(1)
David J. Thompson
Life Zone	391	(1)
Eldon Franz
Linnaeus, Carl (1707-78)	392	(1)
David E. Alexander
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich (1898-1976)	393	(2)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834)	395	(1)
David E. Alexander
Malthusian Doctrine	396	(1)
David Pepper
Mangroves	396	(1)
Jorge R. Rey
Marine Pollution	397	(2)
Gunay Kocasoy
Marsh, George Perkins (1801-82)	399	(1)
William B. Meyer
Marsh Gas (Methane)	400	(1)
Gunay Kocasoy
Medical Geography	401	(1)
Robert J. Earickson
Mercury in the Environment	402	(3)
Roberto Bargagli
Metal Toxicity	405	(1)
Uwe Brand
Joan O. Morrison
Ian T. Campbell
Meteorology	406	(2)
George R. Rumney
Microclimate	408	(1)
Roger G. Barry
Micro-organisms	409	(1)
David D. Myrold
Miller, Hugh (1802-56)	410	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Mines, Mining Hazards, Mine Drainage	410	(2)
C. Andrew Cole
Mine Wastes	412	(1)
Fred J. Brenner
Mountain Environments	413	(3)
Olav Slaymaker
Muir, John (1838-1914)	416	(2)
Craig W. Allin
National Parks and Preserves	418	(3)
Robert Stottlemyer
Natural Hazards	421	(4)
David E. Alexander
Natural Resources	425	(3)
D. Scott Slocombe
Nature Conservation	428	(6)
Timothy Beatley
Nitrates	434	(1)
David D. Myrold
Nitrogen Cycle	435
David D. Myrold
Nonrenewable Resources	434	(4)
El-Sayeda I. Moustafa
Noosphere	438	(2)
Josef Svoboda
Doris Nabert
Nuclear Energy	440	(8)
Pekka Silvennoinen
Nuclear Winter, Possible Environmental Effects	448	(2)
William A. Kerr
Oceanography	450	(1)
Richard F. Yuretich
Ocean Waste Disposal	451	(1)
Richard H. Burroughs
Off-the-Road Vehicles (ORVs), Environmental Impact	452	(2)
Howard G. Wilshire
Oil and Gas Deposits, Extraction and Uses	454	(2)
Richard H. Burroughs
Oil Spills, Containment and Clean-up	456	(2)
Robert W. Howarth
Roxanne Marino
Olmstead, Frederick Law (1822-1903)	458	(2)
Rossella Rossi-Alexander
Organic Chemicals	460	(1)
Jean A. Nichols
Organic Matter and Composting	460	(2)
Teresa Hernandez
Ornithology	462	(1)
Mary C. Severinghaus
Oxygen, Oxidation	462	(1)
David E. Alexander
Ozone	463	(2)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Paleoecology	465	(1)
Dorothy M. Peteet
Particulate Matter	466	(1)
Jean A. Nichols
Pathogen Indicators	467	(1)
Mary Downes Gastrich
Peatlands and Peat	468	(3)
Howard A. Crum
Pedology	471	(1)
Earl B. Alexander
Permafrost	472	(4)
Hugh M. French
Pesticides, Insecticides	476	(2)
Antoinette M. Mannion
Petroleum Production and its Environmental Impacts	478	(1)
Richard F. Yuretich
Phosphorus, Phosphates	479	(1)
Forrest E. Dierberg
Photosynthesis	480	(1)
Michael W. Lefor
Pinchot, Gifford (1865-1946)	481	(1)
David E. Alexander
Pollution, Nature of	482	(3)
John T. Tanacredi
Pollution, Scientific Aspects	485	(4)
David N. Lerner
Pollution Prevention	489	(1)
William W. Budd
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	490	(2)
Larry G. Hansen
Potable Water	492	(1)
Gary R. Brenniman
Precautionary Principle	492	(1)
Timothy O'Riordan
Precipitation	493	(1)
Roger G. Barry
Primary Production	494	(1)
David L. Stites
Quickclay, Quicksand	495	(2)
Lawrence Lundgren
Radiation Balance	497	(1)
David E. Alexander
Radioisotopes, Radionuclides	498	(1)
Claudio Vita-Finzi
Radon Hazards	499	(2)
William W. Nazaroff
Ramenski, Leonti Grogor'evich (1884-1953)	501	(1)
Marat Khabibullov
Ramsar Convention	502	(2)
Joel T. Heinen
Raw Materials	504	(2)
David E. Alexander
Recreation, Ecological Impacts	506	(2)
David N. Cole
Regolith	508	(1)
Gerald G. Garland
Remote Sensing (Environmental)	508	(4)
John R.G. Townshend
Renewable Resources	512	(5)
Aaron J. Douglas
Restoration of Ecosystems and their Sites	517	(1)
David Stites
Riparian Zone	517	(1)
Robert N. Coats
Risk Assessment	518	(3)
Giovanni Zappellini
River Regulation	521	(7)
Geffrey E. Petts
Rivers and Streams	528	(2)
Malcolm D. Newson
Runoff	530	(2)
Malcolm D. Newson
Sahel	532	(5)
Stephen D. Prince
Saline (Salt) Flats, Marshes, Waters	537	(2)
Clay L. Montague
Salinization, Salt Seepage	539	(2)
Rene Letolle
Sand and Gravel Resources	541	(3)
Douglas Baker
Sand Dunes	544	(2)
Andrew Warren
Satellites, Earth Resources, Meteorological	546	(1)
Steven Dutch
Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1889-1975)	546	(1)
Gerald L. Young
Scott, Sir Peter Markham (1909-89)	547	(1)
David E. Alexander
Sea-Level Change	548	(2)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Secondary Production	550	(1)
David L. Stites
Sediment, Sedimentation	551	(1)
Walter F. Megahan
Sediment Pollution	552	(1)
Walter F. Megahan
Seismology, Seismic Activity	553	(1)
Steven Dutch
Selenium Pollution	554	(2)
Theresa S. Presser
Semi-arid Climates and Terrain	556	(2)
Leonard J. Lane
Mary H. Nichols
Septic Tank	558	(1)
Karen Mancl
Sewage Sludge	558	(1)
David E. Alexander
Sewage Treatment	559	(2)
Karen Mancl
Slope	561	(1)
Michael J. Crozier
Smog	562	(1)
H.S. Sandhu
Soil	563	(1)
Stanley W. Buol
Soil Biology and Ecology	564	(4)
Paul T. Rygiewicz
Elaine R. Ingham
Soil Conservation	568	(2)
Gerald G. Garland
Soil Erosion	570	(3)
Gerald G. Garland
Soil Pollution	573	(2)
A.K. Alva
Solar Cycle	575	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Solar Energy	576	(1)
Elizabeth L. Etnier
Solid Waste	576	(2)
Martin B. Hocking
Somerville, Mary (1780-1872)	578	(1)
Andrew S. Goudie
Steppe	579	(1)
Marat Khabibullov
Sulfates	580	(5)
D. Kirk Nordstrom
Sunspots, Environmental Influence	585	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Surface Mining, Strip Mining, Quarries	586	(1)
C. Andrew Cole
Sustainable Development, Global Sustainability	587	(5)
Richard Saunier
Synthetic Fuels and Biofuels	592	(1)
David E. Alexander
Systems Analysis	593	(2)
D. Scott Slocombe
Tansley, Sir Arthur George (1871-1955)	595	(1)
Matthew Bampton
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881-1955)	596	(1)
David E. Alexander
Thermal Pollution	597	(1)
Gary R. Brenniman
Thermokarst	597	(1)
Hugh M. French
Tidal and Wave Power	598	(3)
Richard F. Yuretich
Tragedy of the Commons	601	(2)
Raymond K. De Young
Transfrontier Pollution and its Control	603	(2)
Marianne Lowgren
Tropical Environments	605	(5)
Stefan A. Schnitzer
Walter P. Carson
Tropical Forests	610	(2)
Douglas H. Boucher
Tropical Soils	612	(13)
Charles W. Finkl
Tundra, Alpine	625	(5)
Vera Komarkova
Tundra, Arctic and Antarctic	630	(5)
Josef Svoboda
Underground Storage and Disposal of Nuclear Waste	635	(2)
John Lemons
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)	637	(1)
David E. Alexander
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)	638	(2)
David Lazarus
United States, Federal Agencies and Control	640	(2)
Mary M. Timney
Urban Climate	642	(2)
Robert C. Balling, Jr
Urban Ecology	644	(3)
James K. Wetterer
Urban Geology	647	(1)
Matthew Bampton
Urbanization, Urban Problems	648	(3)
Rod Simpson
Vadose Waters	651	(1)
David E. Alexander
Vegetational Succession, Climax	652	(2)
James O. Luken
Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich (1863-1945)	654	(1)
William B. Meyer
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, 70-19 BC)	655	(1)
David E. Alexander
Volcanoes, Impacts on Ecosystems	656	(2)
Steven Dutch
Volcanoes, Volcanic Hazards and Impacts on Land	658	(3)
Donald W. Peterson
Robert I. Tilling
Von Humboldt, Alexander (1769-1859)	661	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Von Richthofen, Ferdinand, Baron (Freiherr) (1833-1905)	662	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Vulnerability	663	(2)
David E. Alexander
Wadis (Arroyos)	665	(1)
Matthew Bampton
Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913)	666	(1)
Richard Huggett
Walton, Izaac (1593-1683)	667	(1)
David E. Alexander
War: Environmental Efects	668	(1)
Farouk El-Baz
Ward, Barbara Mary (1914-81)	669	(1)
David E. Alexander
Wastes, Waste Disposal	670	(4)
Martin B. Hocking
Water, Water Quality, Water Supply	674	(8)
James A. Perry
Water-Borne Diseases	682	(3)
Gary R. Brenniman
Water Resources	685	(6)
David E. Alexander
Water Table	691	(1)
Stephen Trudgill
Weather Modification	691	(2)
Robert R. Czys
Weathering	693	(2)
Andrew S. Goudie
Wetlands	695	(2)
Paul Adamus
White, Gilbert (1720-93)	697	(1)
David E. Alexander
Wilderness	698	(2)
Craig W. Allin
Wildfire, Forest Fire, Grass Fire	700	(1)
David L. Peterson
Wildlife Conservation	701	(3)
Joel T. Heinen
Wind Energy	704	(2)
Jean P. Palutikof
World Heritage Convention	706	(2)
Joel T. Heinen
Xerophyte	708	(1)
Michael W. Lefor
Zeuner, Frederick Everard (1905-63)	709	(1)
Rhodes W. Fairbridge
Zones, Climatic	709	(2)
Howard J. Critchfield
Zoning Regulations	711	(4)
David Wilson
Index of authors cited	715	(16)
Subject index	731