Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

by Middleton, Gerard V.; Church, Michaelj; Coniglio, Mario; Hardie, Lawrence A.; Longstaffe, Frederick J.

• ISBN13: 9781402008726
• ISBN10: 1402008724
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-09-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

This encyclopedia, which constitutes a wide ranging and authoritative collection of academic articles, covers the sedimentological aspects of sediments and sedimentary rocks. As such it provides a comprehensive, one-volume reference work for students and faculty in universities, and for professionals in geology and allied disciplines (geography, engineering, environmental studies), as well as informed lay readers. Please note that this publication is available as print only OR online only OR print + online set. Save 75% of the online list price when purchasing the bundle.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xiii
Preface	xxvii
Guide to the Reader	xxix
Algal and Bacterial Carbonate Sediments	1	(2)
Robert Riding
Allophane and Imogolite	3	(2)
Roger L. Parfitt
Alluvial Fans	5	(4)
Adrian M Harvey
Anabranching Rivers	9	(2)
Gerald C. Nanson and Martin R. Gibling
Ancient Karst	11	(4)
Brian Jones
Angle of Repose	15	(1)
Paul D. Komar
Anhydrite and Gypsum	16	(3)
Lawrence A. Hardie
Ankerite (in Sediments)	19	(2)
James P. Hendry
Armor	21	(1)
Rob Ferguson
Atterberg Limits	22	(2)
Michael J. Bovis
Attrition (Abrasion), Fluvial	24	(1)
Michael Church
Attrition (Abrasion), Marine	25	(2)
Hillert Ibbeken
Authigenesis	27	(3)
James R. Boles
Autosuspension	30	(1)
Henry M. Pantin
Avalanche and Rock Fall	31	(3)
Michael J. Bovis
Avulsion	34	(3)
Norman D. Smith
Bacteria in Sediments	37	(2)
Nora Noffke
Ball-and-Pillow (Pillow) Structure	39	(1)
Geraint Owen
Bar, Littoral	40	(3)
Brian Greenwood
Barrier Islands	43	(5)
Duncan M. FitzGerald and Ilya V. Buynevich
Bauxite	48	(3)
Ray L. Frost
Beachrock	51	(2)
Eberhard Gischler
Bedding and Internal Structures	53	(6)
Franco Ricci-Lucchi and Alessandro Amorosi
Bedset and Laminaset	59	(2)
John S. Bridge
Bentonites and Tonsteins	61	(3)
D. Alan Spears
Berthierine	64	(2)
Fred J. Longstaffe
Bioclasts	66	(4)
Paul Enos
Bioerosion	70	(1)
Markus Bertling
Biogenic Sedimentary Structures	71	(12)
S. George Pemberton
Black Shales	83	(2)
Juergen Schieber
Braided Channels	85	(3)
Peter Ashmore
Calcite Compensation Depth	88	(1)
Sherwood Wise
Caliche - Calcrete	89	(2)
V. Paul Wright
Carbonate Diagenesis and Microfabrics	91	(2)
Robin G. C. Bathurst
Carbonate Mineralogy and Geochemistry	93	(7)
Fred T. Mackenzie
Carbonate Mud-Mounds	100	(2)
Pierre-Andre Bourque
Cathodoluminescence (applied to the study of sedimentary rocks)	102	(4)
Stuart D. Burley
Cation Exchange	106	(3)
Balwant Singh
Cave Sediments	109	(1)
Brian Jones
Cements and Cementation	110	(9)
Peter A. Scholle and Dana Ulmer-Scholle
Chalk	119	(2)
Ida L. Fabricius
Charcoal in Sediments	121	(2)
Andrew C. Scott
Chlorite in Sediments	123	(4)
Stephen Hillier
Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks	127	(9)
Gerald M. Friedman
Clastic (Neptunian) Dykes and Sills	136	(1)
A. Demoulin
Clathrates	137	(2)
Miriam Kastner
Clay Mineralogy	139	(3)
Stephen Hillier
Climatic Control of Sedimentation	142	(4)
Greg H. Mack
Coal Balls	146	(3)
Andrew C. Scott
Coastal Sedimentary Facies	149	(8)
H. Edward Clifton
Colloidal Properties of Sediments	157	(2)
Sandip and Devamita Chattopadhyay
Colors of Sedimentary Rocks	159	(2)
Paul Myrow
Compaction (Consolidation) of Sediments	161	(7)
Knut Bjorlykke
Convolute Lamination	168	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Coring Methods, Cores	168	(2)
Arnold H. Bouma
Cross-Stratification	170	(3)
David M. Rubin
Cyclic Sedimentation	173	(13)
Robert K. Goldhammer
Debris Flow	186	(2)
Jon J. Major
Dedolomitization	188	(2)
Mario Coniglio
Deformation of Sediments	190	(3)
John D. Collinson
Deformation Structures and Growth Faults	193	(2)
John D. Collinson
Deltas and Estuaries	195	(8)
Janok Bhattacharya
Depositional Fabric of Mudstones	203	(4)
Juergen Schieber
Desert Sedimentary Environments	207	(5)
Joseph P. Smoot
Dessiccation Structures (Mud Cracks, etc.)	212	(2)
P. W. Geoff Tanner
Diagenesis	214	(5)
Kitty L. Milliken
Diagenetic Structures	219	(6)
Peter Mozley
Diffusion, Chemical	225	(1)
Bernard P. Boudreau
Diffusion, Turbulent	226	(4)
Andrew J. Hogg
Dish Structure	230	(1)
Zoltan Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe
Dolomite Textures	231	(3)
Duncan Sibley
Dolomites and Dolomitization	234	(9)
Hans G. Machal
Dunes, Eolian	243	(4)
Nicholas Lancaster
Earth Flows	247	(1)
Rex L. Baum
Encrinites	248	(1)
William I. Ausich
Eolian Transport and Deposition	249	(5)
Cheryl McKenna Neuman
Erosion and Sediment Yield	254	(3)
Robert F. Stallard
Evaporites	257	(6)
Lawrence A. Hardie and Tim K. Lowenstein
Extraterrestrial Material in Sediments	263	(2)
Christian Koeberl
Fabric, Porosity, and Permeability	265	(3)
Gerald V. Middleton
Facies Models	268	(4)
Harold G. Reading
Fan Delta	272	(3)
George Postma
Features Indicating Impact and Shock Metamorphism	275	(3)
Wolf Uwe Reimold
Feldspars in Sedimentary Rocks	278	(3)
Sadoon Morad
Flame Structure	281	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Flaser	282	(2)
Burghard W. Flemming
Flocculation	284	(1)
Morten Pejrup
Floodplain Sediments	285	(2)
Andres Aslan
Floods and Other Catastrophic Events	287	(6)
Victor R. Baker
Flow Resistance	293	(1)
Robert Millar
Fluid Escape Structures	294	(3)
Zoltán Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe
Fluid Inclusions	297	(3)
Robert H. Goldstein
Flume	300	(1)
Basil Gomez
Forensic Sedimentology	301	(3)
Raymond C. Murray
Gases in Sediments	304	(2)
Chris J. Clayton
Geodes	306	(2)
Kitty L. Milliken
Geophysical Properties of Sediments (Acoustical, Electrical, Radioactive)	308	(6)
Anthony L. Endres
Geothermic Characteristics of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks	314	(2)
Daniel F. Merriam
Glacial Sediments: Processes, Environments and Facies	316	(15)
Michael J. Hambrev and Neil F. Glasser
Glaucony and Verdine	331	(2)
Alessandro Amorosi
Grading, Graded Bedding	333	(2)
Richard N. Hiscott
Grain Flow	335	(1)
Charles S. Campbell
Grain Settling	336	(2)
Paul D. Komar
Grain Size and Shape	338	(7)
Michael J. Church
Grain Threshold	345	(2)
Paul D. Komar
Gravity-Driven Mass Flows	347	(6)
Richard M. Iverson
Gutters and Gutter Casts	353	(2)
Paul Myrow
Heavy Mineral Shadows	355	(1)
Rick Cheel
Heavy Minerals	356	(2)
Andrew C. Morton
Hindered Settling	358	(3)
Jon J. Major
Humic Substances in Sediments	361	(1)
Laura J. Crossey
Hummocky and Swaley Cross-Stratification	362	(2)
Rick Cheel
Hydrocarbons in Sediments	364	(2)
Martin Fowler
Hydroxides and Oxyhydroxide Minerals	366	(3)
Helge Stanjek
Illite Group Clay Minerals	369	(2)
Jan Srodon
Imbrication and Flow-Oriented Clasts	371	(3)
Cyril Galvin
Impregnation	374	(2)
Scott F. Lamoureux
Iron-Manganese Nodules	376	(3)
Stephen E. Calvert
Ironstones and Iron Formations	379	(6)
Bruce M. Simonson
Isotopic Methods in Sedimentology	385	(13)
Fred J. Longstaffe
Kaolin Group Minerals	398	(2)
Rossman F. Giese, Jr.
Kerogen	400	(4)
Raphael A. J. Wist and R. Marc Bustin
Lacustrine Sedimentation	404	(4)
Robert Gilbert
Latentes	408	(3)
Yves Tardy
Lepispheres	411	(1)
Sherwood W. Wise, Jr.
Liquefaction and Fluidization	412	(1)
Charles S. Campbell
Load Structures	413	(2)
John R. L. Allen
Lunar Sediments	415	(2)
Abhijit Basu
Magadiite	417	(1)
Robin W. Renaut
Magnetic Properties of Sediments	418	(6)
Mark J. Dekkers
Mass Movement	424	(1)
Michael J. Bovis
Maturation, Organic	425	(4)
R. Marc Bustin and Raphael A. J. Wist
Maturity: Textural and Compositional	429	(1)
Raymond V. Ingersoll
Meandering Channels	430	(4)
Edward J. Hickin
Mélange; Melange	434	(2)
John W. F. Waldron
Micritization	436	(3)
Ian G. MacIntyre and R. Pamela Reid
Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures	439	(2)
Nora Noffke
Milankovitch Cycles	441	(2)
Linda Hinnov
Mixed Siliciclastic and Carbonate Sedimentation	443	(4)
Robert K. Goldhammer
Mixed-Layer Clays	447	(3)
Jan Srodon
Mixing Models	450	(1)
Bernard P. Boudreau
Mudrocks	451	(9)
Paul E. Potter
Neomorphism and Recrystallization	460	(2)
J.A.D. Dickson
Nepheloid Layer, Sediment	462	(2)
I. Nicholas McCave
Neritic Carbonate Depositional Environments	464	(11)
Noel P. James
Numerical Models and Simulation of Sediment Transport and Deposition	475	(6)
Rudy L. Slingerland
Ocean Sediments	481	(11)
Robert G. Douglas
Offshore Sands	492	(7)
Serge Berne
Oil Sands	499	(3)
Daryl M. Wightmann
Oolite and Coated Grains	502	(4)
Fredrick D. Siewers
Ophicalcites	506	(3)
Denis Lavoie
Paleocurrent Analysis	509	(3)
Andrew D. Miall
Parting Lineations and Current Crescents	512	(2)
Rick Cheel
Peat	514	(2)
Barry G. Warner
Petrophysics of Sand and Sandstone	516	(3)
Robert Ehrlich
Phosphorites	519	(8)
Craig R. Glenn and Robert E. Garrison
Physics of Sediment Transport: The Contributions of R. A. Bagnold	527	(2)
Colin R. Thorne
Pillar Structure	529	(1)
Zoltan Sylvester and Donald R. Lowe
Placers, Fluvial	530	(2)
W.K. Fletcher
Placers, Marine	532	(2)
David S. Cronan
Planar and Parallel Lamination	534	(3)
John S. Bridge
Porewaters in Sediments	537	(5)
Jeffrey S. Hanor
Pressure Solution	542	(2)
François Renard and Dag Dysthe
Provenance	544	(5)
Abhijit Basu
Pseudonodules	549	(3)
Geraint Owen
Quartz, Detrital	552	(3)
Harvey Blatt
Red Beds	555	(2)
Peter Turner
Reefs	557	(3)
Wolfgang Kiessling
Relict and Palimpsest Sediments	560	(1)
Donald J. P. Swift
Relief Peels	561	(2)
Robert W. Dalrymple
Resin and Amber in Sediments	563	(2)
Ken B. Anderson
Ripple, Ripple Mark, Ripple Structure	565	(3)
Jaco H. Baas
Rivers and Alluvial Fans	568	(16)
Gerald C. Nanson and Martin R. Gibling
Sabkha, Salt Flat, Salina	584	(2)
Lawrence A. Hardie
Salt Marshes	586	(2)
Daniel F. Belknap
Sands, Gravels, and their Lithified Equivalents	588	(4)
Andrew D. Miall
Sapropel	592	(2)
Stephen E. Calvert
Scour, Scour Marks	594	(2)
John R. L. Allen
Seawater: Temporal Changes in the Major Solutes	596	(4)
H. Wayne Nesbitt
Sediment Fluxes and Rates of Sedimentation	600	(6)
James P. M Syvitski
Sediment Transport by Tides	606	(3)
Robert W. Dalrymple and Kyungsik Choi
Sediment Transport by Unidirectional Water Flows	609	(10)
John S. Bridge
Sediment Transport by Waves	619	(7)
Brian Greenwood
Sedimentary Geology	626	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Sedimentary Structures as Way-up Indicators	627	(1)
Robert H. Dott, Jr.
Sedimentology, History	628	(7)
Gerard V. Middleton
Sedimentology: History in Japan	635	(2)
Hakuyu Okaria
Sedimentology Organizations, Meetings, Publications	637	(1)
Gail M Ashley
Sedimentologists:
Ralph Alger Bagnold (1896-1990)	638	(1)
Colin R. Thorne
Joseph Barrell (1869-1919)	638	(1)
Robert H. Dott, Jr.
Robin G.C. Bathurst (1920-)	639	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Lucien Cayeux (1864-1944)	640	(1)
Albert V. Carozzi
Carl Wilhelm Correns (1893-1980)	641	(1)
Karl Hans Wedepohl
Robert Louis Folk (1925-)	642	(1)
Earle F. McBride
Grove Karl Gilbert (1843-1918)	642	(1)
Rudy Slingerland
Amadeus William Grabau (1870-1946)	643	(1)
Markes E. Johnson
Amant Gressly (1814-1865)	644	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
William Christian Krumbein (1902-1979)	644	(1)
Daniel F. Merriam
Paul Dimitri Krynine (1902-1964)	645	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Philip Henry Kuenen (1902-1976)	646	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
John Murray (1841-1914) and the Challenger Expedition	647	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Francis J. Pettijohn (1904-1999)	648	(1)
Paul E. Potter
Rudolf Richter (1881-1957) and the Senckenberg Laboratory	648	(1)
S. George Pemberton
Henry Clifton Sorby (1826-1908)	649	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
William H. Twenhofel (1875-1957)	650	(1)
Robert H. Dott, Jr.
Johan August Udden (1859-1932)	651	(1)
Earle E. McBride
T. Wayland Vaughan (1870-1952)	652	(1)
Ellis L. Yochelson
Johannes Walther (1860-1937)	653	(1)
Eugen and Ilse Seibold
Sediments Produced by Impact	653	(4)
Christian Koeberl
Septarian Concretions	657	(2)
Mark W. Hounslow
Silcrete	659	(1)
Ma Angeles Bustillo
Siliceous Sediments	660	(6)
L. Paul Knauth
Slide and Slump Structures	666	(2)
Ole J. Martinsen
Slope Sediments	668	(6)
Richard N Hiscott
Slurry	674	(1)
Jon J. Major
Smectite Group	675	(2)
Stephen P. Altaner
Solution Breccias	677	(1)
Derek Ford
Speleothems	678	(3)
Derek Ford
Spiculites and Spongolites	681	(2)
Paul R. Gammon
Stains for Carbonate Minerals	683	(1)
J. A. D. Dickson
Statistical Analysis of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks	684	(2)
Daniel F. Mewiam
Storm Deposits	686	(1)
Paul Myrow
Stromatactis	687	(1)
Pierre-André Bourque
Stromatolites	688	(2)
Brian R. Pratt
Stylolites	690	(2)
L. Bruce Railsback
Submarine Fans and Channels	692	(6)
Gerard V. Middleton
Substrate-Controlled Ichnofacies	698	(3)
S. George Pemberton
Sulfide Minerals in Sediments	701	(2)
Richard T. Wilkin
Surface Forms	703	(9)
John B. Southard
Surface Textures	712	(5)
W. Brian Whalley
Swash and Backwash, Swash Marks	717	(1)
Michael G. Hughes
Syneresis	718	(3)
P.W. Geoff Tanner
Talc	721	(2)
Richard H. April
Taphonomy: Sedimentological Implications of Fossil Preservation	723	(6)
Carleton E. Brett
Tectonic Control of Sedimentation	729	(5)
Greg H. Mack
Tidal Flats	734	(3)
Burghard W. Flemming
Tides and Tidal Rhythmites	737	(4)
Duncan M. Fitzgerald and Ilya V. Buynevich
Tills and Tidal Rhythmites	741	(3)
Erik P. Kvale
Tills and Tillites	744	(3)
John Menzies
Tool Marks	747	(1)
Gerard V. Middleton
Toxicity of Sediments	748	(4)
G. Allen Burton, Jr. and Peter F. Landrum
Tracers for Sediment Movement	752	(1)
Marwan A. Hassan
Tufas and Travertines	753	(2)
Martyn H. Pedley
Tsunami Deposits	755	(2)
Andrew Moore
Turbidites	757	(4)
Ben C. Kneller
Upwelling	761	(3)
Graham Shimmield
Varves	764	(2)
Robert Gilbert
Vermiculite	766	(4)
Prakash B. Malla
Weathering, Soils, and Paleosols	770	(7)
Gregory J. Retallack
X-ray Radiography	777	(2)
Arnold H. Bouma
Zeolites in Sedimentary Rocks	779	(2)
Richard L. Hay
Index of Authors Cited	781	(24)
Subject Index	805