The Encyclopedia of World History

by Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard

• ISBN13: 9780395652374
• ISBN10: 0395652375
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-01
• Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Summary

For decades William L. Langer's best-selling ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY was the indispensable, authoritative guide to all of human history. Now, under the direction of a distinguished new editor, comes an updated and dramatically improved version for a new generation, the only encyclopedia of its kind with a bound-in, searchable compact disc of the complete text. The result is a wholly accessible, absorbing canvas of world history that no student, scholar, or amateur historian should be without. Renowned historian Peter N. Stearns and thirty prominent historians have combined their expertise over the past ten years to perfect this comprehensive chronology of more than 20,000 entries that span the millennia from prehistoric times to the year 2000. With a unique format that has won it generations of fans, the ENCYCLOPEDIA continues to feature chronological entries grouped by geographic region, allowing readers to get an in-depth view of distinct events along with a virtual time line of human history. But this new edition is much more than an expansion of a classic; it reflects important recent changes in historical trends and historical thinking. In addition to showcasing traditional facts of national leadership and state power, the Encyclopedia embraces social and cultural developments, non-European history, women's history, religion, health, economics, technology, and other vital but less often reported aspects of the human drama. Here is a chronicle not only of major political events but of ordinary people, covering shifts in the relationships between men and women, developments in leisure, and demographic currents. And for all periods there are summaries of global developments that cannot be captured in national or regional frameworks. As editor Stearns notes in his preface, "The world we know historically has greatly changed. The revisions that animate this edition celebrate this change, benefiting from the labors of countless venturesome scholars over the past several decades." A masterwork whose roots date back to the nineteenth century, this exciting volume belongs at the elbow of every history lover and of anyone who has ever been curious about our constantly changing, remarkably diverse human story.

Table of Contents

I. PREHISTORIC TIMES
Introduction	1	(4)
History and Prehistory	1	(1)
The Study of Prehistory	1	(4)
Archaeology as Anthropology and History	1	(1)
Culture and Context	1	(1)
Time and Space	2	(1)
Time	2	(1)
Space	2	(1)
Finding and Digging Up the Past	3	(1)
Finding Archaeological Sites	3	(1)
Excavation	3	(1)
Analysis and Interpretation	3	(1)
Analysis of Artifacts	3	(1)
Food Remains	4	(1)
Interpretation	4	(1)
Subdividing Prehistoric Times	4	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Prehistory	4	(1)
Culture History	4	(1)
Culture as Adaptation	4	(1)
New Theoretical Directions	5	(1)
Prehistory and the Great Ice Age	5	(1)
Human Origins (4 Million to 8 Million Years Ago)	5	(2)
Homo Erectus and the First Peopling of the World (8 Million to 250,000 Years Ago)	7	(1)
Homo erectus	7	(1)
Fire	7	(1)
Out of Africa	7	(1)
Early Homo sapiens (c. 250,000 to 35,000 Years Ago)	8	(1)
The Neanderthals	8	(1)
The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 150,000 to 100,000 Years Ago)	8	(1)
The Spread of Modern Humans in the Old World (100,000 to 12,000 Years Ago)	9	(1)
Europe	9	(1)
Eurasia and Siberia	9	(1)
South and Southeast Asia	10	(1)
The First Settlement of the Americas (c. 15,000 Years Ago)	10	(1)
After the Ice Age: Holocene Hunter-Gatherers (12,000 Years Ago to Modern Times)	11	(1)
African Hunter-Gatherers	11	(1)
Asian Hunter-Gatherers	11	(1)
Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in Europe	11	(1)
Near Eastern Hunters and Foragers	12	(1)
Paleo-Indian and Archaic North Americans	12	(1)
Central and South Americans	12	(1)
The Origins of Food Production	12	(1)
Early Food Production in the Old World (c. 8,000 B.C.E. and Later)	13	(1)
First Farmers in the Near East	13	(1)
Early European Farmers	13	(1)
Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa	14	(1)
Asian Farmers	14	(1)
The Origins of Food Production in the Americas (c. 5000 B.C.E. and Later)	14	(1)
Later Old World Prehistory (3000 B.C.E. and Afterward)	15	(3)
State-Organized Societies	15	(1)
Webs of Relations	15	(1)
Later African Prehistory	16	(1)
Egypt and Nubia	16	(1)
West African States	16	(1)
East and Southern Africa	16	(1)
Europe after 3500 B.C.E.	16	(1)
Eurasian Nomads	17	(1)
Asia	17	(1)
South Asia	17	(1)
China	17	(1)
Japan	17	(1)
Southeast Asia	18	(1)
Offshore Settlement in the Pacific	18	(1)
Chiefdoms and States in the Americas (c. 1500 B.C.E.-1532 C.E.)	18	(2)
North American Chiefdoms	18	(1)
Mesoamerican Civilizations	19	(1)
Olmec	19	(1)
Teotihuacan	19	(1)
Andean Civilizations	19	(1)
Beginnings	19	(1)
Chavin	19	(1)
Moche	19	(1)
Tiwanaku	19	(1)
Chimu	20	(1)
The End of Prehistory (1500 C.E. to Modern Times)	20	(1)
II. ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIODS, 3500 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.
Global and Comparative Dimensions	21	(4)
Origins of Civilizations, 4000-2000 B.C.E.	21	(1)
Emergence of First Civilizations	21	(1)
Later Primary Civilizations	21	(1)
Early, Complex Nonurban Societies	21	(1)
Comparisons	21	(1)
The Growth of Civilizations, 2000-300 B.C.E.	22	(1)
The Creation of Regionally Unified Societies	22	(1)
Civilizations and Nonurban Societies	22	(1)
The Axial Period	22	(1)
Classical Civilizations, 300 B.C.E.-500 C.E.	23	(1)
The Middle East	23	(1)
The Mediterranean Basin	23	(1)
Chinese Imperial Unity	23	(1)
Indian Empires	23	(1)
Expansion of the Ecumene	23	(1)
Africa	23	(1)
Central Eurasia	23	(1)
The Silk Roads	24	(1)
The Spread of Religions, 300 B.C.E.-500 C.E.	24	(1)
The Spread of Hellenism	24	(1)
Buddhism	24	(1)
Hinduism	24	(1)
The Expansion of Christianity	24	(1)
Kingdoms of Western Asia and Africa, to 323 B.C.E.	25	(16)
Periodization	25	(1)
Mesopotamia, c. 3500-539 B.C.E.	25	(3)
Geography	25	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	25	(1)
The Sumerians and the Akkadians	25	(1)
The Amorite Kingdoms	26	(1)
The Kassites, the Hurrians, and the Arameans	27	(1)
The Neo-Assyrians and the Neo-Babylonians	27	(1)
Egypt, c. 3500-332 B.C.E	28	(4)
Geography	28	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	29	(1)
The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (1st-11th Dynasties)	29	(1)
The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (11th-17th Dynasties)	30	(1)
The New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period (18th-24th Dynasties)	30	(1)
The Late Dynastic Period (25th-31st Dynasties)	31	(1)
East Africa, c. 2000-332 B.C.E.	32	(1)
Geography	32	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	32	(1)
Kush and Punt	32	(1)
The Kingdoms of Napata and Meroe	32	(1)
Syria-Palestine, c, 3500-323 B.C.E.	32	(4)
Geography	32	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	33	(1)
Ebla and Mari	33	(1)
The Land of Canaan	33	(1)
Israel and Judah	34	(1)
The Land of Aram (Syria)	35	(1)
Phoenicia, Carthage, and the Phoenician Colonies, 1200-322 B.C.E.	36	(1)
Geography	36	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	36	(1)
Phoenicia	36	(1)
Carthage and the Western Phoenician Colonies	36	(1)
Asia Minor, 3000-333 B.C.E.	37	(1)
Geography	37	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	37	(1)
The Hattians and the Hittites	37	(1)
The Phrygians and the Lydians	38	(1)
Persian Asia Minor	38	(1)
Armenia, c. 1300-331 B.C.E.	38	(1)
Geography	38	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	38	(1)
Urartu (Van)	39	(1)
Armenia	39	(1)
Iran, 2700-330 B.C.E.	39	(2)
Geography	39	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	39	(1)
The Elamites	39	(1)
The Medes and the Persians	40	(1)
The Persian Empire	40	(1)
Arabia, c. 850-332 B.C.E.	41	(1)
Geography	41	(1)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	41	(1)
Northern Arabia	41	(1)
Southern Arabia	41	(1)
Early Civilizations and Classical Empires of South and East Asia	41	(15)
South Asia, to 72 B.C.E.	41	(2)
South Asia, 72 B.C.E.-500 C.E.	43	(2)
North India: Punjab and the Gangetic Plain	43	(2)
The Deccan	45	(1)
South India	45	(1)
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)	45	(1)
Southeast Asia, c. 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.	45	(1)
Funan	46	(1)
Champa	46	(1)
Burma (Pagan)	46	(1)
China, to 221 B.C.E	46	(3)
Schools of Classical Chinese Thought	48	(1)
Confucianism	48	(1)
Mozi (Mo Di)	48	(1)
Daoism	48	(1)
Legalism	49	(1)
Sun Wu (Sunzi, ``Master Sun'')	49	(1)
Gongson Long	49	(1)
China, 221 B.C.E.-589 C.E.	49	(5)
Korea, to 540 C.E.	54	(1)
Japan, to 527 C.E.	55	(1)
Geography	55	(1)
Ethnology	55	(1)
Religion	55	(1)
Early Civilization	55	(1)
Japanese Historical Mythology	55	(1)
Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World	56	(19)
The Bronze Age, c. 3000-1200 B.C.E.	56	(2)
Geography	56	(1)
The Minoan Civilization	57	(1)
Mainland Greece: The Early and Middle Helladic Periods	57	(1)
The Late Helladic Period: The Mycenaean Age	57	(1)
The Greeks in Asia Minor	58	(1)
The Dark Ages, 1200-800 B.C.E.	58	(2)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	58	(1)
The Dorian Invasion	58	(1)
The Aeolian and Ionian Migrations and the Greek Renaissance	58	(2)
The Archaic Period, 800-510 B.C.E.	60	(3)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	60	(1)
Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands	60	(1)
Sparta and the Peloponnese	60	(1)
Athens	61	(1)
Central and Northern Greece	62	(1)
Sicily and Magna Graecia	62	(1)
The Classical Age, 510-323 B.C.E.	63	(7)
Economy, Technology, Society, and Culture	63	(1)
The Rise of Athenian Democracy and the Persian Wars	64	(1)
The Rise of the Athenian Empire	64	(1)
The First Peloponnesian War	65	(1)
The Second (Great) Peloponnesian War	66	(1)
The Archidamian War	66	(1)
The Argive War	67	(1)
The Decelean (or Ionian) War	67	(1)
The Spartan Hegemony	67	(1)
The Theban Hegemony	68	(1)
The Macedonian Empire	69	(1)
The Hellenistic World, to 30 B.C.E.	70	(5)
Economy, Society, and Culture	70	(1)
The Wars of the Diadochi	71	(1)
Macedon and Greece, to 146 B.C.E.	72	(1)
The Seleucids and Pergamum	73	(1)
Parthia	74	(1)
Bactria	74	(1)
Ptolemaic Egypt to the Roman Conquest	74	(1)
Sicily	75	(1)
Rome	75	(25)
The Monarchy and the Early Republic, 334(338)-264 B.C.E.	75	(4)
Geography and Climate	75	(1)
The Peoples of Italy	75	(1)
Economy, Society, and Culture	76	(1)
The Regal Period	77	(1)
The Early Republic	77	(1)
The Conquest of Italy	78	(1)
The Republic, 264-70 B.C.E.	79	(4)
Geography and Climate	79	(1)
Economy, Society, and Culture	79	(1)
The Punic Wars	80	(1)
Conquest of the Mediterranean	81	(1)
Domestic Strife	82	(1)
War and Politics, to 70 B.C.E.	82	(1)
Civil War and Renewal, 70 B.C.E.-14 C.E.	83	(4)
Economy, Society, and Culture	83	(1)
Military Dynasts and Civil Wars	84	(1)
Augustus and the Principate	85	(2)
The Roman Empire, 14-284 C.E.	87	(8)
Geography and Climate	87	(1)
Economy, Society, and Culture	88	(1)
The Julio-Claudians	89	(2)
Early Christianity	91	(1)
The High Empire	91	(1)
Civil War and a New Settlement	92	(1)
Conquest and Consolidation	93	(1)
The Third Century	93	(1)
Civil War and the Severans	93
Foreign Invasion and Internal Disarray	9	(86)
The Rise of Christianity	95	(1)
The Later Empire, 284-527 C.E.	95	(5)
Economy, Society, and Culture	95	(1)
Diocletian and the House of Constantine	96	(1)
From the Death of Julian to the Death of Valentinian III	97	(2)
Christians and Pagans	99	(1)
The Later Fifth Century	99	(1)
The Neo-Persian Empire of the Sassanians, 223-651 C.E.	100	(3)
Economy, Society, and Culture	100	(1)
Ardashir I to Shapur II	100	(1)
Shapur II to the Reforms of Khusrau I	101	(1)
Hormizd IV to the Muslim Conquest	102	(1)
III. THE POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD, 500-1500
Global and Comparative Dimensions	103	(4)
Periodization, 500-1000	103	(1)
Transformation of Regional Civilizations	103	(1)
Comparisons	103	(1)
Interregional Relationships	103	(1)
Continued Spread of Religions	104	(1)
The Global Picture	104	(1)
The High Post-Classical Period, 1000-1500	104	(3)
Major Interregional Expansions	105	(1)
Interregional Exchanges	106	(1)
The Religious Context	106	(1)
The Global Picture	106	(1)
The Middle East and North Africa, 500-1500	107	(24)
The Rise and Expansion of Islam, 610-945	107	(9)
Overview	107	(1)
Muhammad and the Rise of Islam	107	(4)
The Umayyad Caliphate	111	(1)
The Abbasid Caliphate and Its Breakup	112	(4)
The Muslim Middle East and North Africa, 945-c. 1500	116	(15)
Overview	116	(1)
Iran, Iraq, and Anatolia	116	(4)
The Mongol Empire and Its Successors	120	(3)
The Ottoman Empire	123	(1)
From Frontier Principality to Regional Power	123	(2)
Defeat, Recovery, and Imperial Expansion	125	(2)
Egypt and Syria	127	(2)
North Africa	129	(2)
South and Southeast Asia, 500-1500	131	(9)
South Asia, 500-1199	131	(3)
North India	131	(1)
Deccan and Western India	132	(1)
South India	132	(2)
Southeast Asia, 500-900	134	(1)
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsula	134	(1)
Mainland Southeast Asia	134	(1)
South Asia, 1000-1500	134	(4)
North India and Deccan	134	(3)
Bengal	137	(1)
South India	137	(1)
Ceylon	138	(1)
Southeast Asia, c. 900-1557	138	(2)
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsula	138	(1)
Mainland Southeast Asia	138	(1)
Angkor	139	(1)
Burma (Pagan)	139	(1)
Siam	139	(1)
Africa, 500-1500	140	(8)
Historical Trends, 500-1000	140	(1)
Regions, 500-1000	141	(2)
Sudanic West and Central Africa	141	(1)
Forest West Area	141	(1)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	142	(1)
East Africa	142	(1)
West Central Africa	142	(1)
Southern Africa	143	(1)
Madagascar	143	(1)
Historical Trends, 1000-1500	143	(1)
Regions, 1000-1500	144	(4)
Sudanic West and Central Africa	144	(1)
Mali	144	(1)
Kanem-Borno	144	(1)
Hausaland	145	(1)
Songhay	145	(1)
Timbuktu	145	(1)
Other Regions in West Africa	145	(1)
Forest West Africa	145	(1)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	146	(1)
East Africa	146	(1)
West Central Africa	146	(1)
Southern Africa	147	(1)
North of the Limpopo	147	(1)
South of the Limpopo	147	(1)
Madagascar	148	(1)
East Asia, to 1527	148	(17)
China, 589-960	148	(3)
Periodization and Events	148	(1)
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns	149	(2)
China, 960-1521	151	(4)
Periodization and Events	151	(1)
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns	151	(2)
The Mongol Period	153	(1)
The Early Ming	154	(1)
Korea, 540-918	155	(1)
Korea, 918-1392	156	(1)
Major Events	156	(1)
Political, Social, and Cultural Patterns	157	(1)
Japan, 552-1185	157	(3)
Japan, 1185-1493	160	(3)
General Characteristics	160	(1)
Feudalism	161	(1)
Foreign Relations	161	(1)
Art	161	(1)
Literature	161	(1)
Religion	161	(1)
Major Events	161	(2)
Vietnam	163	(2)
Origins to 1009	163	(1)
1009-1527, Independence and Its Defense	164	(1)
Europe, 461-1500	165	(111)
Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages, 461-1000	165	(18)
Conditions of Life	165	(1)
The Early Church	166	(1)
Invaders of the West	167	(1)
The Huns	167	(1)
The Visigoths	167	(1)
The Vandals	168	(1)
The Burgundians	168	(1)
The Ostrogoths in Italy	168	(1)
The Frankish Kingdom	169	(2)
The Lombards and the Popes	171	(2)
The Empire of Charlemagne and Its Disintegration	173	(3)
The West Franks under the Carolingian Kings	176	(1)
Germany under the Carolingian and Saxon Emperors	177	(2)
Spain	179	(1)
The Visigothic Kingdom	179	(1)
Muslim Spain	179	(1)
Christian Spain, Castile and Leon	180	(1)
The British Isles	180	(1)
England	180	(2)
Scotland	182	(1)
Ireland	182	(1)
Scandinavia	183	(1)
Eastern Europe, 500-1025	183	(8)
The Byzantine Empire	183	(7)
The First Bulgarian Empire	190	(1)
Western Europe and the Age of the Cathedrals, 1000-1300	191	(31)
Overview	191	(1)
The British Isles	192	(1)
England	192	(5)
Scotland	197	(1)
Ireland	197	(1)
France	197	(8)
Germany	205	(5)
The Teutonic Knights	210	(1)
Scandinavia	210	(1)
Denmark	210	(1)
Sweden	211	(1)
Norway	211	(1)
The Papacy and Italy	212	(4)
The Norman Kingdom in South Italy and Sicily	216	(1)
The Development of Italian Towns	216	(1)
The Rise of Venice	216	(2)
The Iberian Peninsula	218	(1)
Muslim Spain	218	(1)
Castile	219	(1)
Barcelona and Catalonia	219	(2)
Navarre	221	(1)
Aragon	221	(1)
Portugal	221	(1)
Eastern Europe, 1000-1300	222	(7)
The Slavs	222	(1)
Bohemia and Moravia	222	(1)
Poland	223	(1)
Kievan Russia	224	(2)
Hungary	226	(1)
Serbia	226	(2)
The Second Bulgarian Empire	228	(1)
Christian States in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000-1300	229	(9)
The Byzantine Empire	229	(4)
The Crusades	233	(4)
Latin and Greek States in the Middle East	237	(1)
Western Europe, 1300-1500	238	(30)
Overview	238	(1)
The British Isles	239	(1)
England	239	(4)
Scotland	243	(1)
Ireland	243	(1)
France	243
The Iberian Peninsula	24	(223)
Castile	247	(2)
Aragon	249	(1)
Portugal	250	(1)
The Papacy and Italy	251	(1)
The Papacy	251	(2)
Sicily and Naples	253	(2)
Florence	255	(3)
Milan	258	(1)
Venice	259	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire	259	(4)
Bohemia	263	(1)
The Swiss Confederation	264	(1)
The Hanseatic League	265	(1)
The Teutonic Knights	265	(1)
Scandinavia	266	(1)
Denmark	266	(1)
Sweden	266	(1)
Norway	266	(1)
The Union of Kalmar	266	(2)
Eastern Europe, 1300-1500	268	(8)
Poland	268	(1)
Lithuania	268	(2)
Russia	270	(2)
Hungary	272	(1)
The Serbian States	272	(1)
The Byzantine Empire	273	(3)
The Americas, 1000-1525	276	(3)
Pre-Columbian South and Central America and the Caribbean, 1200-1530	276	(1)
Pre-Columbian Explorations by Europeans, 1000-1189	277	(1)
The Voyages of Columbus, 1492-1504	277	(1)
Post-Columbian Discoveries, 1497-1522	278	(1)
IV. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1500-1800
Global and Comparative Dimensions	279	(4)
New-Style Empires and States, 1500-1700	279	(2)
Gunpowder Empires	279	(1)
Other Emerging States	279	(1)
European National Monarchies	280	(1)
The New Context of the 18th Century	280	(1)
Transformations of Major World Societies, 1500-1800	281	(2)
Commercialization	281	(1)
Worldview Reformations	282	(1)
Global Interaction Networks	283	(1)
The Emerging World Economy	283	(1)
The Exchange of New Products	283	(1)
The Spread of Diseases	283	(1)
Early Modern Europe, 1479-1815	283	(66)
Europe, 1479-1675	283	(27)
Overview	283	(1)
England, Scotland, and Ireland	284	(6)
The Netherlands	290	(1)
France	291	(3)
The Iberian Peninsula	294	(1)
Spain	294	(2)
Portugal	296	(1)
Italy	296	(1)
The Italian Wars	296	(2)
The Papacy	298	(1)
Venice	299	(1)
Other Italian States	299	(1)
The German Empire	300	(1)
Overview, to 1618	300	(3)
The Thirty Years' War	303	(2)
The Swiss Confederation	305	(1)
Scandinavia	305	(1)
Denmark and Norway	305	(1)
Sweden	305	(1)
Russia	305	(3)
Poland-Lithuania	308	(1)
Bohemia	309	(1)
Hungary	309	(1)
Science and Learning, 1450-1700	310	(2)
Science	310	(2)
Inventions and Technology	312	(1)
Europe, 1648-1814	312	(2)
Economic and Social Changes	312	(1)
Intellectual Developments	313	(1)
Culture and Popular Culture	314	(1)
Science and Technology	314	(1)
European Diplomacy and Wars, 1648-1795	314	(5)
National Patterns, 1648-1815	319	(30)
England, Scotland, and Ireland	319	(1)
England and Scotland	319	(5)
Ireland	324	(1)
The Dutch Republic	325	(1)
France	326	(3)
The Iberian Peninsula	329	(1)
Spain	329	(2)
Portugal	331	(1)
Italy and the Papacy	332	(1)
Overview	332	(1)
The Papacy	333	(1)
Savoy (Sardinia)	333	(1)
Naples	334	(1)
Lombardy	334	(1)
Tuscany	334	(1)
Other States	334	(1)
Italy during the French Revolution	335	(1)
The Swiss Confederation	335	(1)
The Holy Roman Empire	336	(1)
The Hohenzollern Dynasty	337	(1)
The Habsburg Monarchy	337	(2)
Scandinavia	339	(1)
Sweden and Finland	340	(2)
Denmark, Norway, and Iceland	342	(1)
Poland	343	(3)
Russia	346	(3)
The Middle East and North Africa, 1500-1800	349	(18)
Overview	349	(1)
The Middle East, 1501-1808	350	(14)
The Ottoman Empire	350	(1)
The Rise to World Empire	350	(3)
Decentralization and External Challenges	353	(6)
Iran	359	(4)
Afghanistan	363	(1)
Arabia	364	(1)
North Africa, 1504-1799	364	(3)
Morocco	364	(2)
Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya	366	(1)
South and Southeast Asia, 1500-1800	367	(9)
India, 1500-1800	367	(5)
Southeast Asia, 1500-1800	372	(2)
The Malay Peninsula and Archipelago	372	(1)
Kedah	373	(1)
Aceh	373	(1)
Malaysia, 1509-1790	373	(1)
Maluku (Eastern Indonesia), 1500-17th Century	374	(1)
Mainland Southeast Asia, 1500-1800	374	(2)
Burma	374	(1)
Siam (Ayutthaya)	375	(1)
Cambodia	376	(1)
East Asia, c. 1500-c. 1800	376	(10)
Overview	376	(1)
China, 1522-1796	376	(4)
The Remainder of the Ming Dynasty	376	(1)
The Qing Dynasty	377	(3)
Korea, 1392-1800	380	(1)
Japan, 1542-1793	381	(4)
Vietnam, 1527-1802	385	(1)
The Pacific Region, 1513-1798	386	(2)
The Pacific Islands in Pre-European Times	386	(1)
European Exploration, 1513-1800	387	(1)
The Philippines, 1500-1800	387	(1)
Africa, 1500-1800	388	(8)
Overview	388	(2)
Regions	390	(6)
Sudanic West and Central Africa	390	(1)
Forest West Africa	391	(1)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	392	(1)
East Africa	392	(1)
Swahili Coast	393	(1)
Interlacustrine East Africa	393	(1)
West Central Africa	393	(1)
Southern Africa	394	(1)
North of the Limpopo	394	(1)
South of the Limpopo	395	(1)
Madagascar	395	(1)
Latin America, 1500-1800	396	(11)
The Spanish Conquest	396	(1)
The Caribbean and the Isthmus, 1499-1531	396	(1)
Venezuela and Nueva Granada, 1521-1549	396	(2)
Peru and the West Coast, 1522-1581	398	(1)
The Rio de la Plata	398	(1)
New Spain, 1518-1574	399	(1)
The Conquest of Mexico	399	(1)
Expansion to the South	399	(1)
Expansion to the North and the Pacific Coast	399	(1)
The Gulf Coast, Florida, and the Carolinas	400	(1)
Foreign Encroachments and Territorial Changes, 1580-1800	400	(1)
The Spanish Colonial System, 1550-1800	401	(4)
Population Development	401	(1)
Administration	401	(1)
The Church and the Missions	402	(1)
Economic Conditions	403	(1)
Social and Cultural Evolution	403	(1)
Insurrections	404	(1)
Portuguese America, 1500-1814	405	(1)
The Portuguese Colonial System	406	(1)
North America, 1500-1789	407	(11)
Overview	407	(1)
Exploration and Settlement, 1500-1719	407	(4)
The French in North America	407	(2)
The English in North America	409	(1)
Exploration	409	(1)
Virginia	409	(1)
New England	410	(1)
Maryland	410	(1)
Island Settlements	410	(1)
Dutch and Swedish Settlements	410	(1)
Colonial History, 1641-1737	411	(1)
New England	411	(1)
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania	411	(1)
Virginia, Delaware, and Maryland	412	(1)
The Southern Colonies	412	(1)
Wars of England with France and Spain, 1651-1763	412	(1)
Reform, Resistance, and Revolution, 1763-1789	413	(5)
V. THE MODERN PERIOD, 1789-1914
Global and Comparative Dimensions	418	(13)
European Global Domination, 1800-1914	418	(3)
Developments in Major Empires	418	(1)
Intensified Imperial Competition	418	(1)
Major Land-Based Empires	419	(1)
Spread of Modern Industrialism	419	(1)
Development of Modern Political Systems	420	(1)
Cultural Patterns	421	(1)
Intensifications of Global International and Economic Relations, 1860-1914	421	(3)
International Agreements	421	(1)
The Redefinition of the World Economy	421	(1)
International Diplomacy	422	(2)
Technological Developments, 1800-1914	424	(4)
Energy and Power Sources	425	(1)
Materials and Construction	425	(1)
Machines and Industrial Techniques	425	(1)
Agricultural Production and Food Technology	426	(1)
Transportation and Communication	427	(1)
Polar Explorations	428	(3)
Early Explorations	428	(1)
Early Modern European Expeditions	428	(1)
19th-Century Explorations	428	(1)
20th-Century Explorations	428	(3)
The French Revolution and Europe, 1789-1914	431	(94)
Overview	431	(1)
The French Revolution, 1789-1799	431	(4)
Causes of the Revolution	431	(1)
The National Assembly	431	(1)
The Legislative Assembly	432	(1)
The National Convention: The Revolution's Most Radical Phase	433	(1)
The Directory	434	(1)
The Napoleonic Period, 1799-1815	435	(6)
The Consulate	435	(1)
Domestic Affairs: Consolidation of Selective Revolutionary Measures	435	(1)
Foreign Affairs	435	(2)
The First Empire	437	(1)
Domestic Affairs	437	(1)
Foreign Affairs	437	(3)
The Peace Settlements and the Hundred Days	440	(1)
Western and Central Europe, 1815-1848	441	(24)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Trends	441	(1)
Economic and Social Changes	441	(1)
Intellectual and Religious Trends	442	(1)
Culture and Popular Culture	443	(1)
Science and Learning	443	(2)
European Diplomacy	445	(1)
The British Isles	446	(1)
England, Scotland, and Wales	446	(4)
Ireland	450	(1)
The Low Countries	450	(1)
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814-1830	450	(1)
The Kingdom of Belgium	451	(1)
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1830-1848	451	(1)
France	451	(1)
The Restoration Monarchy	451	(3)
The July Monarchy	454	(2)
The Iberian Peninsula	456	(1)
Spain	456	(1)
Portugal	456	(2)
The Italian States	458	(1)
Switzerland	459	(1)
Central Europe	460	(1)
Germany	460	(2)
The Habsburg Monarchy	462	(1)
Scandinavia	463	(1)
Sweden and Norway	463	(1)
Denmark and Iceland	463	(2)
Finland	465	(1)
Revolutions in Europe, 1848-1852	465	(5)
France	465	(2)
Hungary	467	(1)
Austria and Bohemia	467	(1)
Italy	468	(1)
Switzerland	469	(1)
Germany	469	(1)
European Diplomacy, 1848-1914	470	(10)
Western and Central Europe, 1848-1914	480	(28)
Social, Cultural, and Economic Trends	480	(1)
Economic and Social Changes	480	(1)
Intellectual and Religious Trends	481	(2)
Culture and Popular Culture	483	(1)
Science and Learning	483	(2)
Britain	485	(1)
England, Scotland, and Wales	485	(4)
Ireland	489	(1)
The Low Countries	490	(1)
Belgium	490	(1)
The Netherlands	491	(1)
France	491	(1)
The Second Empire	491	(2)
The Third Republic	493	(2)
The Iberian Peninsula	495	(1)
Spain	495	(1)
Portugal	496	(1)
Italy and the Papacy	496	(1)
The Unification of Italy	496	(2)
The Kingdom of Italy	498	(1)
Switzerland	499	(1)
Central Europe	500	(1)
Germany	500	(4)
The Austrian Empire	504	(1)
Austria-Hungary	505	(1)
Scandinavia	506	(1)
Sweden and Norway	506	(1)
Denmark and Iceland	507	(1)
Finland	508	(1)
Eastern Europe and the Balkans, 1762-1914	508	(17)
Russia	508	(4)
Poland	512	(2)
The Balkans	514	(1)
The Balkan States	514	(1)
Greece	514	(4)
Serbia	518	(2)
Montenegro	520	(1)
Bulgaria	521	(1)
Romania	522	(1)
Regional Movements	523	(2)
The Middle East and North Africa, 1792-1914	525	(27)
Overview	525	(1)
The Middle East and Egypt, 1796-1914	525	(20)
The Ottoman Empire	525	(1)
Beginnings of Modernizing Reform	525	(6)
Autocracy, Revolution, and Dismemberment	531	(3)
Iran	534	(3)
Afghanistan	537	(2)
Arabia	539	(2)
Egypt	541	(4)
North Africa, 1792-1914	545	(7)
Morocco	545	(2)
Algeria	547	(1)
Tunisia	548	(2)
Libya	550	(2)
South and Southeast Asia, 1753 - 1914	552	(9)
India, 1800-1914	552	(4)
Southeast Asia, 1753-1914	556	(5)
Mainland Southeast Asia	556	(1)
Burma	556	(1)
Thailand (Siam)	557	(2)
Laos and Cambodia	559	(1)
Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia	559	(1)
British Malaya	559	(1)
The Malayan Archipelago, 1798-1908	560	(1)
East Asia, 1193-1914	561	(15)
China, 1196-1914	561	(5)
Korea, 1800-1910	566	(3)
Japan, 1793-1914	569	(5)
Vietnam, 1802-1902	574	(2)
The Pacific Region, c. 800-1914	576	(10)
The Pacific Islands, 1794-1914	576	(1)
The Philippines, 1800-1913	577	(1)
Australia, 1788-1914	578	(5)
New Zealand, c. 800-1913	583	(3)
Africa, 1795-1917	586	(13)
Overview	586	(1)
European Exploration, 1795-1895	587	(2)
Regions	589	(10)
Sudanic West and Central Africa	589	(1)
Forest West Africa	590	(2)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	592	(1)
Ethiopia	592	(1)
Sudan Region	592	(1)
East Africa	593	(1)
Swahili Coast and Hinterland	593	(1)
Uganda and the Interlacustrine Region	594	(1)
West Central Africa	594	(1)
Southern Africa	595	(1)
North of the Limpopo	595	(1)
South of the Limpopo	595	(3)
Madagascar	598	(1)
North America, 1789-1914	599	(23)
The United States, 1789-1877	599	(12)
Overview	599	(1)
The Early National Period	600	(7)
The Civil War	607	(3)
Reconstruction	610	(1)
The United States, 1878-1914	611	(6)
Overview	611	(1)
New Political, Social, and Diplomatic Issues	612	(5)
British North America, 1789-1914	617	(5)
Overview	617	(1)
The Dominion of Canada, 1789-1877	617	(4)
Newfoundland, 1855-1878	621	(1)
Canada, 1878-1914	621	(1)
Newfoundland, 1878-1914	621	(1)
Latin America, 1806-1914	622	(18)
Periodization	622	(1)
The Wars of Independence, 1806-1872	622	(4)
Causes	622	(1)
The Rio de la Plata	622	(1)
Paraguay	623	(1)
The Banda Oriental (Uruguay)	623	(1)
Chile	623	(1)
Peru and Upper Peru (Peru and Bolivia)	624	(1)
Venezuela, Nueva Granada, and Quito (Gran Colombia)	624	(1)
New Spain (Mexico)	625	(1)
Guatemala and Central America	625	(1)
Brazil	625	(1)
Latin America, 1820-1914	626	(14)
Overview	626	(1)
South America	626	(1)
Argentina	626	(3)
Chile	629	(1)
Paraguay	630	(1)
Uruguay	631	(1)
Bolivia	631	(1)
Peru	632	(1)
Ecuador	632	(1)
Colombia (Nueva Granada)	633	(1)
Venezuela	633	(1)
Brazil	634	(1)
Panama and the Panama Canal Zone	635	(1)
Central America	635	(1)
Overview	635	(1)
Guatemala	636	(1)
El Salvador	636	(1)
Nicaragua	636	(1)
Costa Rica	636	(1)
Honduras	637	(1)
Mexico	637	(1)
The Caribbean	638	(1)
Cuba	638	(1)
Puerto Rico	638	(1)
Dominican Republic	639	(1)
Haiti	639	(1)
VI. THE WORLD WARS AND THE INTERWAR PERIOD, 1914-1945
Global and Comparative Dimensions	640	(10)
Emerging Global Relationships	640	(4)
Developing Global Institutions and Structures	640	(1)
1914-1946, Interstate Institutions	640	(1)
Regional Interstate Institutions	641	(1)
Multinational Economic Institutions	641	(1)
Multinational Cultural Institutions	642	(1)
Globally Competing Ideologies	642	(1)
Western Ideological Competitions	642	(2)
Nationalist Options	644	(1)
Globalization of Culture	644	(1)
Sports	644	(1)
Cinema	645	(1)
International Relations	645	(3)
The Post-World War I Era	645	(1)
The Era of the Great Depression	646	(2)
Science	648	(1)
Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy	648	(1)
Chemistry, Biology, Geology	648	(1)
Technological Developments	649	(1)
Energy and Materials	649	(1)
Materials and Construction	649	(1)
Machines and Industrial Techniques	649	(1)
Agricultural Production and Food Technology	649	(1)
Transportation and Communication	649	(1)
World War I, 1914-1918	650	(22)
The Western Front, 1914-1915	650	(2)
The Eastern Front, 1914-1911	652	(2)
The War at Sea, 1914-1915	654	(1)
The Balkan Situation, 1914-1915	654	(1)
The Intervention of Italy, 1915	655	(1)
The Middle East, 1914-1918	656	(3)
The Western Front, 1916-1917	659	(1)
The Eastern Front, 1916-1911	660	(1)
The Italian Front, 1916	660	(1)
The Balkan Front, 1916-1917	660	(1)
Greece	660	(1)
Romania	661	(1)
The War at Sea, 1916-1917	661	(1)
The War in the Air, 1914-1918	661	(1)
The War in the Colonies, 1914-1918	662	(1)
Peace Negotiations, 1916-1917, and the Intervention of the United States, 1917	662	(1)
The Settlements in Eastern Europe, 1917-1918	663	(1)
The End of the Habsburg Monarchy	664	(1)
Operations in the West, 1918	664	(7)
The Peace Settlements	671	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	671	(1)
The Treaty of Saint-Germain	672	(1)
The Treaty of Neuilly	672	(1)
The Treaty of Trianoin	672	(1)
The Treaty of Sevres	672	(1)
Europe, 1919-1945	672	(54)
Economic and Social Change	672	(1)
Intellectual and Religious Trends	673	(1)
Culture and Popular Culture	674	(1)
European Diplomacy and the Depression, 1919-1939	674	(5)
The British Isles	679	(5)
Great Britain	679	(3)
Ireland	682	(2)
The Low Countries	684	(2)
Belgium	684	(1)
The Netherlands	685	(1)
France	686	(3)
The Iberian Peninsula	689	(4)
Spain	689	(4)
Portugal	693	(1)
Italy and the Papacy	693	(3)
Switzerland	696	(1)
Germany	697	(5)
Austria	702	(2)
Czechoslovakia	704	(2)
Hungary	706	(2)
The Scandinavian States	708	(2)
Overview	708	(1)
Denmark	708	(1)
Norway	708	(1)
Sweden	709	(1)
Finland	709	(1)
Iceland	710	(1)
Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)	710	(5)
The Baltic States	715	(4)
Overview	715	(2)
Lithuania	717	(1)
Latvia	717	(1)
Estonia	718	(1)
Poland	719	(2)
The Balkan States	721	(5)
Yugoslavia	721	(1)
Albania	722	(1)
Greece	723	(1)
Bulgaria	724	(1)
Romania	725	(1)
North America, 1915-1945	726	(10)
The United States	726	(7)
The Dominion of Canada	733	(2)
Newfoundland	735	(1)
Latin America and the Caribbean, 1914-1945	736	(15)
Overview	736	(1)
Regional Diplomacy	736	(1)
Cultural Developments	736	(1)
South America	737	(7)
Argentina	737	(1)
Chile	737	(1)
Paraguay	738	(1)
Uruguay	738	(1)
Bolivia	739	(1)
Peru	739	(2)
Ecuador	741	(1)
Colombia	742	(1)
Venezuela	742	(1)
Brazil	742	(2)
Central America	744	(2)
Overview	744	(1)
Panama	744	(1)
Guatemala	744	(1)
El Salvador	745	(1)
Nicaragua	745	(1)
Costa Rica	746	(1)
Honduras	746	(1)
Mexico	746	(3)
The West Indies	749	(2)
Cuba	749	(1)
Puerto Rico	749	(1)
The Virgin Islands	750	(1)
The Dominican Republic	750	(1)
Haiti	750	(1)
The Middle East and North Africa, 1914-1945	751	(18)
Overview	751	(1)
The Middle East	752	(15)
The Ottoman Empire and Turkey	752	(2)
Iran (Persia)	754	(3)
Afghanistan	757	(1)
Egypt	757	(3)
Syria	760	(1)
Lebanon	761	(1)
Palestine	762	(2)
Transjordan	764	(1)
Iraq	764	(2)
States of the Arabian Peninsula	766	(1)
North Africa	767	(2)
Morocco	767	(1)
Algeria	767	(1)
Tunisia	768	(1)
Libya	768	(1)
South and Southeast Asia, 1914-1945	769	(6)
India	769	(3)
Southeast Asia	772	(3)
Mainland Southeast Asia	772	(1)
Burma	772	(1)
Thailand (Siam)	773	(1)
Laos and Cambodia	773	(1)
Peninsular and Island Southeast Asia	774	(1)
The Malayan Archipelago	774	(1)
Indonesia (Netherlands East Indies)	774	(1)
East Asia, 1902-1945	775	(13)
Overview	775	(1)
China, 1914-1945	775	(7)
Mongolian People's Republic, 1911-1926	782	(1)
Korea, 1910-1945	782	(2)
Japan, 1914-1945	784	(3)
Vietnam, 1902-1945	787	(1)
The Pacific Region, 1914-1945	788	(5)
The Pacific Islands	788	(1)
The Philippines	789	(2)
Australia	791	(1)
New Zealand	792	(1)
Africa, 1914-1945	793	(7)
Overview	793	(1)
Regions	794	(6)
Sudanic West and Central Africa	794	(1)
Forest West Africa	795	(2)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	797	(1)
East Africa	798	(1)
West Central Africa	798	(1)
Southern Africa	798	(1)
North of the Limpopo	798	(1)
South of the Limpopo	799	(1)
Madagascar	800	(1)
World War II, 1939-1945	800	(12)
The Campaigns in Poland and Finland, 1939-1940	800	(1)
The Invasion of Denmark and Norway, 1940	800	(1)
The Conquest of the Low Countries and the Fall of France, 1940	800	(1)
The Battle of Britain, 1940	801	(1)
The Balkan Campaigns, 1940-1941	801	(1)
The Campaigns in the Soviet Union, 1941-1944	802	(1)
Defense of the Western Hemisphere, 1939-1945	803	(1)
Naval Warfare and Blockade, 1939-1944	804	(1)
The Campaigns in the Middle East and Africa, 1939-1943	805	(1)
The Invasion of Italy, 1943-1944	806	(1)
The Liberation of France and Belgium, 1944	807	(1)
The Battle of Germany, 1945	807	(1)
The War in Asia, 1939-1941	808	(1)
The War in the Pacific, 1941-1945	809	(1)
The Organization of Peace	810	(2)
VII. THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD, 1945-2000
General and Comparative Dimensions	812	(22)
Changing Global Patterns	812	(12)
Changing Structures of Global Power	812	(1)
Imperialisms and Nationalisms	812	(2)
The Rise and End of the Cold War	814	(1)
International Conflict Resolution	815	(1)
Terrorism	816	(1)
Globalization of Material Life	816	(1)
Evolution of International Economic Structures	816	(2)
Science and Technology	818	(3)
Environmental Issues	821	(1)
Population Trends and Migrations	821	(1)
Globalization and Special Identities	822	(2)
International Relations	824	(10)
Rise of the Cold War arid the End of Empires	824	(3)
New Global Relationships	827	(7)
Europe, 1945-2000	834	(82)
Economic and Social Changes	834	(1)
Religious and Philosophical Thought	835	(1)
Culture and Popular Culture	836	(1)
Science and Technology	836	(1)
Diplomatic Relations and European Pacts	837	(8)
Western Europe, 1945-2000	845	(37)
Britain	845	(6)
Ireland (Eire)	851	(2)
The Low Countries	853	(1)
Belgium	853	(1)
The Kingdom of the Netherlands	854	(1)
Luxembourg	855	(1)
France	855	(5)
The Iberian Peninsula	860	(1)
Spain	860	(3)
Portugal	863	(1)
Gibraltar	864	(1)
The Italian Region	864	(1)
Italy	864	(3)
The Vatican	867	(1)
Malta	868	(1)
Switzerland	868	(1)
Germany	869	(1)
The German Federal Republic (West Germany)	870	(4)
The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)	874	(1)
Germany, 1990-2000	875	(1)
Austria	876	(2)
The Scandinavian States	878	(1)
Denmark	878	(1)
Norway	879	(1)
Sweden	880	(1)
Finland	881	(1)
Iceland	882	(1)
Greenland	882	(1)
Eastern Europe, 1945-2000	882	(34)
Poland	882	(4)
Czech Republic and Slovakia (Czechoslovakia)	886	(3)
Hungary	889	(2)
Yugoslavia and Successor States	891	(3)
Bosnia-Herzegovina	894	(1)
Croatia	895	(1)
Slovenia	895	(1)
Macedonia	896	(1)
Albania	896	(1)
Greece	897	(2)
Bulgaria	899	(1)
Romania	900	(2)
Russia (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Successor States)	902	(1)
Soviet Union	902	(6)
Post-Soviet Successor Republics in Europe and Asia	908	(8)
North America, 1946-2000	916	(15)
The United States, 1946-2000	916	(12)
Canada, 1946-2000	928	(3)
Latin America, 1945-2000	931	(34)
Overview	931	(2)
Cultural Developments	931	(1)
Regional Diplomacy	932	(1)
South America, 1945-2000	933	(16)
Argentina	933	(3)
Chile	936	(2)
Paraguay	938	(1)
Uruguay	938	(1)
Bolivia	939	(2)
Peru	941	(1)
Ecuador	942	(1)
Colombia	943	(2)
Venezuela	945	(1)
Brazil	946	(2)
Surinam	948	(1)
Central America, 1945-2000	949	(7)
Panama	949	(1)
Guatemala	950	(2)
El Salvador	952	(1)
Nicaragua	953	(1)
Costa Rica	954	(1)
Honduras	955	(1)
Mexico, 1946-2000	956	(2)
The West Indies, 1946-2000	958	(7)
Cuba	958	(2)
Puerto Rico	960	(1)
The Dominican Republic	961	(1)
Haiti	962	(2)
British Caribbean Territories and Guyana (British Guiana)	964	(1)
The Middle East and North Africa, 1945-2000	965	(29)
Overview	965	(1)
Military, Diplomatic, and Social Developments	966	(4)
The Middle East and Egypt, 1943-2000	970	(20)
Turkey	970	(3)
Cyprus	973	(1)
Iran	973	(3)
Afghanistan	976	(1)
Syria	977	(1)
Lebanon	978	(1)
Palestine and Israel	979	(3)
Jordan	982	(1)
Iraq	983	(1)
Saudi Arabia	984	(1)
North and South Yemen	985	(1)
The Gulf States	986	(1)
Egypt	987	(3)
North Africa, 1945-2000	990	(4)
Morocco	990	(1)
Algeria	991	(1)
Tunisia	992	(1)
Libya	993	(1)
South and Southeast Asia, 1945-2000	994	(26)
South Asia, 1945-2000	994	(14)
Overview	994	(1)
British India, to Independence and Partition	994	(1)
The Republic of India	995	(6)
Pakistan	1001	(3)
Bangladesh	1004	(1)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon)	1005	(2)
Maldives	1007	(1)
Nepal	1007	(1)
Southeast Asia, 1941-2000	1008	(12)
Overview	1008	(1)
Mainland Southeast Asia	1008	(1)
Myanmar (Burma)	1008	(2)
Thailand	1010	(2)
Cambodia	1012	(2)
Laos	1014	(2)
The Malay Archipelago and Peninsular Malaysia	1016	(1)
Malaysia and Singapore	1016	(2)
Singapore	1018	(1)
Brunei	1018	(1)
Indonesia	1018	(2)
East Asia, 1944-2000	1020	(21)
China, 1945-2000	1020	(8)
The Civil War	1020	(1)
The People's Republic of China (PRC)	1021	(6)
The Republic of China (Taiwan, Nationalist China)	1027	(1)
The Republic of Mongolia (The Mongolian People's Republic), 1945-2000	1028	(1)
Korea (North and South), 1945-2000	1028	(5)
Japan, 1946-2000	1033	(3)
Vietnam, 1945-2000	1036	(5)
The Pacific Region, 1944-2000	1041	(5)
The Islands, 1946-2000	1041	(1)
The Philippines, 1945-2000	1042	(2)
Australia, 1944-2000	1044	(1)
New Zealand, 1945-2000	1045	(1)
Africa, 1941-2000	1046	(34)
Overview	1046	(3)
Regions	1049	(24)
West Africa	1049	(2)
Benin (Dahomey)	1051	(1)
Burkina Faso	1051	(1)
Cameroon	1051	(1)
Central African Republic	1052	(1)
Chad	1052	(1)
Equatorial Guinea	1052	(1)
Gabon	1052	(1)
Gambia	1052	(1)
Ghana	1053	(1)
Guinea	1053	(1)
Guinea-Bissau	1053	(1)
Ivory Coast	1054	(1)
Liberia	1054	(1)
Mali	1055	(1)
Mauritania	1055	(1)
Niger	1055	(1)
Nigeria	1055	(1)
Sao Tome and Principe	1056	(1)
Senegal	1057	(1)
Sierra Leone	1057	(1)
Togo	1058	(1)
Northeast Africa (Horn)	1058	(1)
Djibouti	1058	(1)
Eritrea	1058	(1)
Ethiopia	1059	(1)
Somalia	1059	(2)
Sudan	1061	(1)
East Africa	1061	(1)
Burundi	1062	(1)
Comoros	1062	(1)
Kenya	1063	(1)
Rwanda	1063	(1)
Tanzania	1064	(1)
Uganda	1064	(1)
West Central Africa	1064	(1)
Angola	1065	(1)
Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)	1066	(1)
Zaire (Congo)	1066	(1)
Southern Africa	1067	(1)
North of the Limpopo	1067	(3)
South of the Limpopo	1070	(2)
Madagascar	1072	(1)
APPENDIXES
I. Roman Emperors	1073	(1)
II. Byzantine Emperors	1074	(1)
III. Caliphs, to 1256	1074	(1)
IV. Roman Popes	1075	(2)
V. Presidents of the United States	1077	(1)
VI. Members of the United Nations in Order of Admission	1078	(2)
Index	1080