Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease

by Aird; William C.

• ISBN13: 9780824754242
• ISBN10: 0824754247
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-28
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This reference serves as the first source to gather current data from endothelial cell biologists in various disciplines to summarize recent progress in the field-providing a complete understanding of the endothelium in health and disease and demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic target.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xi
Preface	xiii
Contributors	xv
The Endothelium as an Organ	1	(32)
William C. Aird
Introduction	1	(1)
The Bench-to-Bedside Disconnect	1	(5)
Falling Through the Cracks---A Real-World Example	6	(1)
Historical Perspectives	7	(3)
Weaving an Evolutionary Tale	10	(1)
Metaphorical Lexicon	11	(5)
Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity	16	(2)
Endothelial Cell Activation and Dysfunction	18	(3)
Therapeutic Implications	21	(1)
Reductionism vs. Holism	22	(1)
Future Directions	22	(11)
Blood--Brain Barrier	33	(32)
Eric V. Shusta
Introduction and Background	33	(1)
BBB Structure and Function	34	(10)
BBB Involvement in Disease	44	(3)
Genomics and Proteomics of the BBB	47	(4)
Conclusion	51	(14)
Lymphatic Endothelium	65	(12)
Satoshi Hirakawa
Michael Detmar
Introduction	65	(1)
Lymphatic Growth Factors	66	(1)
Lymphatic-Specific Marker Genes and Their Potential Function	66	(2)
Lineage-Specific Differentiation of Lymphatic Endothelium is Maintained In Vitro	68	(1)
New Insights into the Genetic Basis of Lymphedema	69	(2)
Tumor Lymphangiogenesis	71	(1)
Conclusion	72	(5)
High Endothelial Venules	77	(28)
Jean-Marc Gauguet
Roberto Bonasio
Ulrich H. von Andrian
Introduction	77	(1)
Historical Perspective	77	(1)
How to Study HEVs	78	(1)
Morphology and Anatomy of HEVs	79	(3)
Leukocyte Recruitment via HEVs	82	(5)
HEV-Specific Lymphocyte Traffic Molecules	87	(5)
Plasticity of Endothelium and HEV	92	(1)
Conclusion and Future Directions	93	(12)
The Use of Proteomics to Map Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium	105	(14)
Johanna Lahdenranta
Wadih Arap
Renata Pasqualini
Introduction	105	(1)
Large-Scale Functional Vascular Proteomics	106	(1)
Phage Display Targeting Strategies	107	(7)
Targeted Therapies	114	(1)
Conclusion	115	(4)
The Use of Genomics to Map Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium	119	(14)
Mary E. Gerritsen
Stuart Hwang
Constance Zlot
James Tomlinson
Michael Ziman
Introduction	119	(1)
Genomics and Endothelial Diversity	120	(3)
A Genome-Wide Approach to Evaluate Heterogeneity of Cultured Human Endothelial Cells	123	(5)
Summary and Future Directions	128	(5)
The Role of Genetic Predeterminants in Regulating the Phenotypic Heterogeneity of the Endothelium	133	(16)
Brant M. Weinstein
Introduction	133	(1)
The Diversity of the Vasculature	133	(1)
Embryonic Origins of the Vasculature	134	(1)
The Hemangioblast	135	(3)
Arterial--Venous Fate Determination	138	(4)
Lymphatic Fate Determination	142	(1)
Conclusion	143	(6)
The Use of Fate Mapping Studies to Follow Lineage Determination of the Endothelium	149	(16)
David E. Reese
Takashi Mikawa
Introduction	149	(1)
Tagging Methods	150	(3)
Retroviral Cell Lineage Analysis	153	(5)
Other Lineage Analysis on Endothelial Cells	158	(2)
Summary and Remaining Questions	160	(5)
Oxygen Regulation of Endothelial Cell Phenotypes	165	(24)
Yasushi Yoshikawa
Maksim Fedarau
Koichiro Iwanaga
Hiroaki Harada
David J. Pinsky
Introduction	165	(1)
Clinical Relevance	166	(4)
Modulation of Endothelial Barrier Function by Hypoxia	170	(2)
Inflammation	172	(2)
Hypoxia-Driven Regulation of Gene Transcription	174	(2)
Complement	176	(1)
Vasodilatation and Vasoconstriction	176	(2)
Coagulation/Fibrinolysis	178	(4)
Conclusion	182	(7)
Fluid Mechanical Forces as Extrinsic Modifiers of Endothelial Function	189	(14)
Johannes R. Kratz
Kush Parmar
Sripriya Natarajan
Guillermo Garcia-Cardena
Introduction	189	(1)
Characterizing the Fluid Mechanical Stimuli and the Endothelial Mechanosensing System	190	(4)
Fluid Mechanical Forces and Vascular Development	194	(3)
Fluid Mechanical Forces and Disease	197	(2)
Conclusions	199	(4)
Vascular Bed-Specific Signaling and Angiogenesis	203	(14)
Napoleone Ferrara
Rui Lin
Jennifer LeCouter
Introduction	203	(1)
EG-VEGF	204	(1)
Effects of EG-VEGF on the Vascular Endothelium	204	(1)
EG-VEGF G-Protein Coupled Receptors	205	(1)
Expression of Human EG-VEGF is Predominantly in Steroidogenic Glands	205	(1)
Differential Expression of EG-VEGF and VEGF in the Normal Human Ovary Suggests Complementary Functions in Follicular and Luteal Angiogenesis	206	(1)
Expression of EG-VEGF in PCOS and Potential Role in Angiogenesis Associated with Chronic Anovulation	207	(1)
Regulation of Human EG-VEGF Gene Expression	208	(1)
The EG-VEGF Mouse Orthologue: A Different Expression Pattern but Related Functions	209	(1)
Bv8 is a Closely Related EG-VEGF Homologue with a Distinct Expression Pattern	210	(1)
Conclusion	211	(6)
Differential Regulation of Endothelial Cell Barrier Function	217	(12)
Jeffrey R. Jacobson
Steven M. Dudek
Joe G.N. Garcia
Introduction	217	(1)
Overview of Endothelial Cell Barrier Regulation	217	(2)
Agonist-Mediated Endothelial Barrier Regulation	219	(3)
Effects of Mechanical Forces on Endothelial Barrier Function	222	(1)
Differential Endothelial Cell Phenotypes and Barrier Regulation	223	(1)
Role of Differential Endothelial Barrier Function in Disease	224	(1)
Conclusion	225	(4)
Differential Regulation of Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Interactions	229	(16)
D. NeilGranger
Karen Y. Stokes
Introduction	229	(1)
Overview of Leukocyte--Endothelial Interactions	230	(1)
Intra-organ Differences in Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Adhesion	230	(3)
Inter-organ Differences in Leukocyte--Endothelial Cell Adhesion	233	(7)
Conclusions and Implications	240	(5)
Vascular Biology of the Placenta	245	(20)
Hartmut Weiler
Introduction	245	(1)
Development and Functional Anatomy of the Placenta	246	(2)
Functional Specialization of the Placental Endothelium	248	(1)
Remodeling of Maternal Spiral Arteries: A Unique Process of Vascular Modification in the Placenta	249	(2)
Adoption of a Vascular Phenotype by Trophoblast Cells: The Concept of ``Endothelial Mimicry''	251	(1)
Dysfunction of the Vascular Bed in Placental Disease: Pre-Eclampsia	252	(1)
Role of Coagulation Pathways in the Placenta---Evidence from the Study of Mouse Models	253	(6)
Conclusion	259	(6)
Blood Endothelial Cells	265	(16)
Robert P. Hebbel
Anna Solovey
Introduction	265	(1)
Circulating Endothelial Cells	265	(7)
Endothelial-like Cells Grown from Blood: BOEC and SPC	272	(2)
Endothelial Progenitor Cells	274	(1)
Biological Role of Blood Endothelial Cells	275	(1)
Conclusion	276	(5)
Determination of Endothelial Heterogeneity by the Recruitment of Bone Marrow Derived Endothelial Progenitors	281	(12)
Shahin Rafii
Jay Edelberg
Introduction	281	(2)
Contribution of EPCs to Postnatal Angiogenesis	283	(1)
Potential Pathways Whereby Tissue-Specific Incorporation of Subsets of Mobilized EPCs Contribute to Vascular Heterogeneity	283	(2)
Selective Recruitment of EPCs from BM Niches may Contribute to Endothelial Heterogeneity	285	(1)
Stem Cell Mobilization is Mediated Through Activation of Specific Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP-9)	286	(1)
Corecruitment of Proangiogenic Hematopoietic Cells May Direct Organ-Specific Incorporation of Mobilized EPCs	287	(1)
Conclusions	288	(5)
Transcriptional Networks and Endothelial Lineage	293	(20)
Peter Oettgen
Introduction	293	(1)
Origins of Endothelial Differentiation and Diversity in the Developing Mouse Embryo	293	(3)
Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial-Specific Gene Expression	296	(6)
Overview of Transcription Factors at Different Stages of Vascular Development	302	(4)
Conclusion	306	(7)
The Diversity of Vascular Disease: A Clinician's Perspective	313	(24)
John P. Cooke
Introduction	313	(1)
The Diverse Etiologies of Peripheral Arterial Disease	313	(4)
Pathobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Response to Endothelial Injury	317	(4)
Role of Endothelial Heterogeneity in the Distribution of Atherosclerotic Plaque	321	(6)
Genes as Risk Factors	327	(2)
Conclusion	329	(8)
Molecular Targets of Tumor Vasculature	337	(18)
Eleanor B. Carson-Walter
Brad St. Croix
Introduction	337	(2)
Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Angiogenesis	339	(1)
Tumor Targeting Approaches	340	(2)
Novel Markers of Tumor Endothelial Cells	342	(5)
Conclusions	347	(8)
The Role of the Endothelium in Severe Sepsis and Multiple Organ Dysfunction	355	(14)
William C. Aird
Introduction	355	(1)
Definitions, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations	355	(1)
Evolutionary Perspectives	356	(1)
Sepsis Pathophsyiology	357	(1)
Role of the Endothelium in Orchestrating the Host Response in Sepsis	357	(5)
The Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target	362	(3)
Conclusions	365	(4)
The Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell as a Primary Target of Disease	369	(16)
Rimma Shaposhnikov
Laurie D. DeLeve
Introduction	369	(2)
Capillarization	371	(1)
Drug-Induced Toxicity in Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells	371	(1)
Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome	372	(5)
Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia	377	(1)
Peliosis Hepatis	378	(1)
Acetaminophen Toxicity	378	(1)
Cold Preservation Injury	379	(1)
Conclusion	379	(6)
Endothelium and Hemostasis	385	(10)
William C. Aird
Introduction	385	(2)
Classifications in Hemostasis	387	(4)
The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of the Endothelium	391	(1)
An Updated Model of Hemostasis	391	(2)
Conclusions	393	(2)
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Role of Microvascular Endothelium in Pathogenesis	395	(22)
Thomas O. Daniel
Introduction	395	(1)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura	396	(4)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	400	(6)
Operative Mechanisms in Other Clinical Settings	406	(2)
Therapy	408	(1)
Assessing Endothelial Activation	409	(1)
Conclusions	410	(7)
Pulmonary Circulation and Pulmonary Hypertension	417	(22)
Troy Stevens
Michael Kasper
Carlyne Cool
Norbert Voelkel
Introduction	417	(1)
Basic Characteristics of Normal Pulmonary Endothelial Cells	418	(2)
Macro-and Microvascular Endothelial Cells	420	(10)
Pathobiology of the Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium	430	(9)
Endothelial Cell Phenotypes Associated with Organ Transplantation	439	(38)
Simon C. Robson
Introduction	439	(3)
Cellular Heterogeneity of Vascular Endothelium and Anatomic Considerations	442	(1)
Graft Preservation and Organ Dysfunction	442	(2)
Allotransplantation	444	(7)
Xenotransplantation	451	(13)
Viruses and Organotropism	464	(1)
Conclusion	465	(12)
Index	477