Preface | p. v |
Acknowledgements | p. vii |
Acronyms | p. xv |
Motivation and Basics | p. 1 |
Quality of Service and its Parameters | p. 1 |
Delay and Delay Variations in End-to-End Packet Delivery | p. 2 |
Bandwidth and Packet Loss Ratio | p. 3 |
Applications' QoS Requirements | p. 4 |
Types of Network Applications | p. 5 |
QoS Requirements of Applications | p. 6 |
Packet Scheduling in Network Elements | p. 8 |
(Non)Work-Conserving Scheduling Disciplines | p. 8 |
Fairness | p. 9 |
Scheduling Disciplines | p. 10 |
Packet Dropping | p. 11 |
Quality-of-Service Architectures | p. 12 |
Integrated Services | p. 12 |
Differentiated Services | p. 14 |
End-to-End QoS Mechanisms | p. 16 |
Implementation and Performance of QoS-aware Applications | p. 17 |
Prerequisites for Successful QoS Applications | p. 17 |
Media Scaling | p. 18 |
Applications' Performance Gain Due to QoS | p. 19 |
Summary | p. 20 |
Structure of the Book | p. 21 |
QoS Measurements in IP-based Networks | p. 23 |
Introduction | p. 23 |
Measurement Metrics | p. 24 |
Network Level | p. 24 |
Call level | p. 28 |
User Level | p. 29 |
Measurement Techniques | p. 33 |
Previous Considerations | p. 33 |
Base Techniques | p. 36 |
Active Measurements | p. 39 |
Passive Measurements | p. 44 |
Conclusions | p. 48 |
Traffic Engineering | p. 49 |
Introduction | p. 49 |
A Motivating Example | p. 50 |
Multi-Protocol Label Switching Architecture | p. 52 |
The Forwarding Component | p. 53 |
The Control Component | p. 54 |
MPLS Optimisation | p. 56 |
MPLS-Based Traffic Engineering | p. 58 |
Constraint-Based Routing | p. 58 |
Explicit Route Signalling | p. 61 |
Traffic Engineering Practices | p. 64 |
Traffic Engineering and Quality of Service | p. 66 |
QoS Support over MPLS | p. 67 |
Traffic Engineering Extensions for DiffServ | p. 70 |
Conclusions | p. 73 |
Signalling | p. 75 |
Introduction | p. 75 |
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) | p. 76 |
SIP and Its Value Propositions | p. 76 |
Protocol Components | p. 77 |
SIP Messages | p. 80 |
Session Description | p. 82 |
Establishment of an SIP Session | p. 83 |
SIP's Extension | p. 86 |
The Next Steps In Signalling (NSIS) | p. 86 |
Background and Main Characteristics | p. 86 |
Overview of Signalling Scenarios and Protocol Structure | p. 89 |
The NSIS Layer Transport Protocol | p. 91 |
Common Open Policy Service (COPS) | p. 98 |
COPS Overview | p. 98 |
Basic Model | p. 99 |
COPS Protocol | p. 100 |
COPS Messages | p. 102 |
Common Operation | p. 106 |
Using Examples: COPS for RSVP | p. 107 |
Conclusions | p. 109 |
Enhanced Transport Protocols | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
State of the Art of Transport Protocols | p. 112 |
TCP and UDP | p. 113 |
TCP Evolution | p. 113 |
SCTP | p. 116 |
DCCP | p. 117 |
Discussion | p. 117 |
Transport Mechanisms | p. 118 |
Overview | p. 118 |
Congestion-Control Mechanisms | p. 119 |
Reliability Mechanisms | p. 120 |
Discussion | p. 122 |
Enhanced Transport Protocol Mechanisms | p. 122 |
TFRC and gTFRC, a QoS-Aware Congestion Control | p. 122 |
Application-Aware Transport Mechanisms | p. 123 |
Conclusions | p. 129 |
The EuQoS System | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 132 |
Architecture | p. 133 |
Goals and Requirements | p. 133 |
Functional Blocks and their Main Functions | p. 134 |
Control Plane Elements: RM and RA | p. 137 |
Provisioning, Invocation, and Operation, Administration and Management | p. 139 |
Provisioning Process | p. 140 |
Invocation Process | p. 145 |
Operation, Administration and Management | p. 149 |
End-to-End Classes of Service in Heterogeneous Networks | p. 149 |
End-to-end Classes of Service in EuQoS | p. 150 |
QoS Mechanisms and Algorithms for Specification of e2e Classes of Service | p. 153 |
Implementation of e2e Classes of Service in Underlying Technologies | p. 155 |
EuQoS Enhanced Transport Protocol | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Enhanced Transport Protocol Services for EuQoS | p. 161 |
Services for Streaming/Nonstreaming Applications | p. 162 |
Multicast | p. 163 |
Application Layer Multicast | p. 165 |
Application Layer Multicast in the EuQoS System | p. 166 |
Multicast Middleware | p. 168 |
Introducing QoS to Multicast Middleware | p. 170 |
Telemedicine Application | p. 172 |
Telemedicine-the Case for Application-Driven QoS | p. 172 |
Overview of Medigraf | p. 173 |
Medigraf Adaptation to EuQoS | p. 174 |
Conclusions | p. 176 |
Summary and Outlook | p. 179 |
Implementing Protocols on Network Simulators | p. 181 |
Main Simulation Terms and Concepts | p. 181 |
Simulation Process | p. 182 |
Simulation Types | p. 182 |
Network Simulation | p. 183 |
Parallel/Distributed versus Serial Execution of Simulations | p. 183 |
Packet-Level, Fluid-Based and Hybrid Model Simulation | p. 184 |
Simulation Speedup | p. 185 |
Network Simulation in Research | p. 185 |
Simulation for Education Purposes | p. 186 |
Network Simulators | p. 187 |
GloMoSim and Qualnet | p. 187 |
JiST/SWANS | p. 187 |
Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF) and SSFNet | p. 188 |
OMNeT++ and OMNEST | p. 188 |
The Network Simulator ns-2 | p. 188 |
The Language Concept | p. 189 |
Hierarchical Structure | p. 189 |
First Steps-Simulation Script Template | p. 190 |
Nodes, Links and Traffic | p. 191 |
Wireless Networks | p. 193 |
Implementing Protocols with ns-2 | p. 196 |
Advice for Running ns-2 Simulations | p. 214 |
Analysing Methods | p. 215 |
Network Emulation Focusing on QoS-Oriented Satellite Communication | p. 217 |
Network Emulation Basics | p. 217 |
Introduction to Network Emulation | p. 217 |
What is Network Emulation? | p. 219 |
Why Use Network Emulation? | p. 222 |
Requirements for Emulation Systems | p. 223 |
Network Emulation System Approaches | p. 226 |
Case Study: Emulation of QoS-oriented Satellite Communication | p. 236 |
Introduction | p. 236 |
DVB Satellite Communications | p. 236 |
QoS Support for Satellite Network Systems | p. 238 |
Emulation of a DVB-S, DVB-RCS Satellite System | p. 239 |
Conclusions | p. 247 |
References | p. 249 |
Index | p. 261 |
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