Energy Its Use and the Environment (with InfoTrac)

by Hinrichs, Roger A.; Kleinbach, Merlin H.

• ISBN13: 9780495010852
• ISBN10: 0495010855
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-30
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

What is the impact of energy issues such as lobal warming, radioactive waste, municipal solid waste, and nuclear energy production materials on the individual and society? ENERGY: ITS USE AND THE ENVIRONMENT emphasizes the physical principles behind energy and its effects on our environment, explaining the basic physical principles behind the use of energy, including the study of mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, and atomic and nuclear physics. By placing energy issues within the context of everyday examples and asking you to define and support critical arguments, ENERGY: ITS USE AND THE ENVIRONMENT offers a provocative approach to this crucial issue.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(32)
Energy: An Initial Definition	1	(2)
Energy Use and the Environment	3	(3)
Our Earth---Then and Now	4	(2)
Energy Use Patterns	6	(8)
Energy Resources	14	(3)
Energy Use in China	16	(1)
Exponential Growth and Resource Depletion	17	(4)
Oil: A Critical Resource	21	(3)
Energy Conservation	24	(2)
Economic and Environmental Considerations	26	(1)
The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change	28
Future Scenarios	27	(6)
Energy Mechanics	33	(42)
Introduction	33	(1)
Forms of Energy and Energy Conversions	34	(5)
Motion	39	(4)
Energy and Work	43	(5)
Energy Losses in a Car	44	(4)
Examples of Work and Energy	48	(3)
Power	51	(5)
Energy Use in India	54	(2)
Summary	56	(19)
Special Topic: Newton's Laws of Motion	63	(12)
Conservation of Energy	75	(22)
Introduction	76	(1)
Law of Conservation of Energy	76	(3)
Energy Conversion Examples	79	(2)
Energy Conversion Efficiencies	81	(3)
Energy Use in Developing Countries	84	(3)
Sustainable Development	88
A Barrel, A Calorie, A Btu? Energy Equivalencies	87	(5)
Summary	92	(5)
Heat and Work	97	(33)
Introduction	97	(1)
Heat and Work and the First Law of Thermodynamics	98	(2)
Temperature and Heat	100	(6)
Heat Transfer Principles	106	(9)
Heat Engines	115	(3)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	118	(6)
Summary	124	(6)
Home Energy Conservation and Heat-Transfer Control	130	(30)
Introduction	130	(1)
Building Materials	131	(1)
House Insulation and Heating Calculations	132	(12)
Site Selection	144	(1)
Impact of Energy Conservation Measures	145	(1)
Cooling	146	(3)
Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps	149	(4)
Summary	153	(7)
Solar Energy: Characteristics and Heating	160	(45)
Introduction	160	(3)
Characteristics of Incident Solar Radiation	163	(7)
History of Solar Heating	170	(6)
Early Twentieth-Century Egyptian Solar Power Plant	172	(4)
Overview of Solar Heating Today	176	(1)
Solar Domestic Hot Water	177	(6)
Passive Solar Space Heating Systems	183	(6)
Active Solar Space Heating Systems	189	(4)
Thermal Energy Storage	193	(2)
Summary	195	(10)
Energy from Fossil Fuels	205	(36)
Introduction	206	(1)
Resource Terminology	206	(3)
Oil	209	(10)
Pipeline Politics in the Former Soviet Union	214	(4)
Oil Spills	218	(2)
Oil from Alaska: Past, Present, and Future Dilemmas	220
Natural Gas	219	(4)
Coal: An Expanding Role	223	(6)
Future Sources of Oil	229	(1)
Summary	230	(11)
Special Topic: Physics of Oil and Gas Exploration	234	(7)
Air Pollution and Energy Use	241	(45)
Introduction	241	(3)
Eastern Europe and the Environment	242	(2)
Properties and Motion of the Atmosphere	244	(6)
Air Pollutants and Their Sources	250	(16)
Air Pollution and the Third World	256	(10)
Air Quality Standards	266	(5)
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments	270	(1)
Automobile Emission Control Devices	271	(3)
Mass Transit	273	(1)
Stationary Source Air Pollution Control Systems	274	(5)
Summary	279	(7)
Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Waste Heat	286	(31)
Introduction	286	(1)
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect	287	(12)
Africa and Global Warming	298	(1)
Ozone Depletion	299	(4)
Thermal Pollution	303	(2)
Ecological Effects of Thermal Pollution	305	(4)
Cooling Towers and Ponds	309	(2)
Using Waste Heat	311	(2)
Summary	313	(4)
Electricity: Circuits and Superconductors	317	(41)
Introduction to ``Electrification''	317	(3)
Restructuring of the Electric Utility Industry	320	(2)
Managing Energy Demand	322	(1)
Electrical Charges and Currents	322	(3)
Batteries and Electric Vehicles	325	(5)
Common Batteries	326	(4)
Ohm's Law	330	(1)
Superconductivity	331	(3)
Elementary Circuits	334	(3)
Electrical Power	337	(2)
Pricing Electrical Energy Use	339	(5)
Edison Mazda Lamps, Circa 1925	339	(5)
Fuel Cells	344	(5)
Hydrogen Economy	345	(4)
Summary	349	(9)
Special Topic: Electrostatics	354	(4)
Electromagnetism and the Generation of Electricity	358	(29)
Magnetism	359	(6)
The Generation of Electricity	365	(3)
Transmission of Electrical Energy	368	(8)
Standard Steam-Electric Generating Plant Cycle	376	(3)
Cogeneration	379	(3)
Summary	382	(5)
Electricity from Solar Energy	387	(39)
Introduction	387	(3)
Solar Cell Principles	390	(3)
PV Car: The Sunraycer	393	(1)
Cell Manufacture	393	(1)
Photovoltaic Systems and Economics	394	(6)
PV Cottages	397	(3)
Pumping Water	400	(1)
Wind Energy	400	(13)
Hydropower	413	(4)
Solar Thermal Electric Facilities	417	(3)
Small-Scale Hydroelectric Systems	418	(2)
Summary	420	(6)
The Building Blocks of Matter: The Atom and Its Nucleus	426	(25)
The Atomic Hypothesis	427	(1)
Building Blocks of the Atom	428	(4)
Energy Levels	432	(2)
Nuclear Structure	434	(1)
Radioactivity	435	(4)
Nuclear Glue, or Binding Energy	439	(2)
The Joy of Atom-Smashing, or Nuclear Reactions	441	(3)
Indoor Radon	444	(1)
Fission	444	(1)
Summary	445	(6)
Special Topic: The Periodic Table	449	(2)
Nuclear Power: Fission	451	(52)
Introduction	451	(5)
Chain Reactions	456	(3)
Assembling a Nuclear Reactor	459	(4)
Types of Light Water Reactors	463	(1)
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle	464	(5)
Japan and Plutonium	468	(1)
Radioactive Wastes	469	(7)
Monuments for the Future	477
Decommissioning	476	(2)
Radioactive Releases	478	(8)
Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Nuclear Safety	486	(3)
Alternate Reactor Designs	489	(4)
Nuclear Proliferation	493	(1)
Post Cold-War Proliferation	495
Environmental and Economic Summary of Nuclear Power	494	(4)
Summary	498	(5)
Effects and Uses of Radiation	503	(28)
Introduction	504	(1)
Radiation Dose	504	(1)
Biological Effects of Radiation	505	(4)
Background Radiation, Including Radon	509	(6)
Radiation Standards	515	(1)
Medical and Industrial Uses of Radiation	516	(5)
Food Irradiation	519	(2)
Radiation Protection	521	(2)
Summary	523	(8)
Special Topic: Radiation Detection Instruments	528	(3)
Future Energy Alternatives: Fusion	531	(14)
Potential for Fusion Power	532	(1)
Energy from the Stars: The Fusion Process	533	(1)
Conditions for Fusion	534	(1)
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Reactors	535	(3)
Laser-Induced Fusion	538	(3)
Cold Fusion	541	(2)
Summary and Outlook for Fusion	543	(2)
Biomass: From Plants to Garbage	545	(32)
Introduction	545	(2)
Biomass Conversion	547	(7)
Brazil's Ethanol Program	550	(4)
Food, Fuel, Famine	554	(4)
Municipal Solid Waste	558	(6)
Wood Combustion	564	(9)
Summary	573	(4)
Tapping the Earth's Heat: Geothermal Energy	577	(14)
Introduction	577	(2)
Origin and Nature of Geothermal Energy	579	(2)
Hydrothermal Systems	581	(2)
Geothermal Exploration and Resources	583	(3)
Low-Temperature Geothermal Resources	586	(1)
Environmental Impacts	587	(1)
Summary	588	(3)
A National and Personal Commitment	591
Appendix A Units of Measurement and Powers of Ten Notation	1	(1)
Appendix B Conversions and Equivalencies	1	(1)
Appendix C Home Heating Analysis	1	(1)
Appendix D Insolation and Temperature Data for Selected U.S. Cities	1	(1)
Appendix E World Energy Consumption, 2003	1	(1)
Appendix F U.S. Consumption of Energy by Source, 1949--2003	1	(1)
Appendix G U.S. Energy Intensity, 1970--2003	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1