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Engineering Fluid Mechanics guides students from theory to application, emphasizing critical thinking, problem solving, estimation, and other vital engineering skills. Clear, accessible writing puts the focus on essential concepts, while abundant illustrations, charts, diagrams, and examples illustrate complex topics and highlight the physical reality of fluid dynamics applications. Over 1,000 chapter problems provide the "deliberate practice"—with feedback—that leads to material mastery, and discussion of real-world applications provides a frame of reference that enhances student comprehension.
The study of fluid mechanics pulls from chemistry, physics, statics, and calculus to describe the behavior of liquid matter; as a strong foundation in these concepts is essential across a variety of engineering fields, this text likewise pulls from civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and more to provide a broadly relevant, immediately practicable knowledge base. Written by a team of educators who are also practicing engineers, this book merges effective pedagogy with professional perspective to help today’s students become tomorrow’s skillful engineers.
Preface vii
Chapter One Introduction 1
1.1 Engineering Fluid Mechanics 2
1.2 Modeling in Fluid Mechanics and Engineering 5
1.3 Modeling of Materials 6
1.4 Weight, Mass, and Newton’s Law of Gravitation 10
1.5 Essential Math Topics 14
1.6 Density and Specific Weight 16
1.7 The Ideal Gas Law (IGL) 18
1.8 Quantity, Units, and Dimensions 21
1.9 Problem Solving 27
1.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 30
Chapter Two Fluid Properties 32
2.1 System, State, and Property 33
2.2 Looking Up Fluid Properties 34
2.3 Specific Gravity, Constant Density, and the Bulk Modulus 37
2.4 Pressure and Shear Stress 40
2.5 The Viscosity Equation 43
2.6 Surface Tension 48
2.7 Vapor Pressure, Boiling, and Cavitation 53
2.8 Characterizing Thermal Energy in Flowing Gases 53
2.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 54
Chapter Three Fluid Statics 56
3.1 Describing Pressure 57
3.2 The Hydrostatic Equations 62
3.3 Measuring Pressure 67
3.4 The Pressure Force on a Panel (Flat Surface) 71
3.5 Calculating the Pressure Force on a Curved Surface 77
3.6 Calculating Buoyant Forces 80
3.7 Predicting Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 82
3.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 86
Chapter Four The Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation 88
4.1 Describing Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 88
4.2 Characterizing Velocity of a Flowing Fluid 91
4.3 Describing Flow 93
4.4 Acceleration 99
4.5 Applying Euler’s Equation to Understand Pressure Variation 102
4.6 The Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline 108
4.7 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 115
4.8 Characterizing the Rotational Motion of a Flowing Fluid 118
4.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 122
4.10 Describing the Pressure Field for Flow over a Circular Cylinder 123
4.11 Calculating the Pressure Field for a Rotating Flow 125
4.12 Summarizing Key Knowledge 127
Chapter Five The Control Volume Approach and The Continuity Equation 131
5.1 Characterizing the Rate of Flow 131
5.2 The Control Volume Approach 137
5.3 The Continuity Equation (Theory) 143
5.4 The Continuity Equation (Application) 144
5.5 Predicting Cavitation 151
5.6 Summarizing Key Knowledge 154
Chapter Six The Momentum Equation 156
6.1 Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion 156
6.2 The Linear Momentum Equation: Theory 160
6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation: Application 163
6.4 The Linear Momentum Equation for a Stationary Control Volume 165
6.5 Examples of the Linear Momentum Equation (Moving Objects) 174
6.6 The Angular Momentum Equation 179
6.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 182
Chapter Seven The Energy Equation 184
7.1 Technical Vocabulary: Work, Energy, and Power 185
7.2 Conservation of Energy 187
7.3 The Energy Equation 189
7.4 The Power Equation 196
7.5 Mechanical Efficiency 198
7.6 Contrasting the Bernoulli Equation and the Energy Equation 201
7.7 Transitions 201
7.8 The Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 204
7.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 207
Chapter Eight Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 210
8.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 210
8.2 Buckingham Π Theorem 212
8.3 Dimensional Analysis 212
8.4 Common π-Groups 216
8.5 Similitude 219
8.6 Model Studies for Flows without Free-Surface Effects 223
8.7 Model–Prototype Performance 226
8.8 Approximate Similitude at High Reynolds Numbers 227
8.9 Free-Surface Model Studies 230
8.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 233
Chapter Nine Viscous Flow Over a Flat Surface 234
9.1 The Navier–Stokes Equation for Uniform Flow 235
9.2 Couette Flow 236
9.3 Poiseuille Flow in a Channel 237
9.4 The Boundary Layer (Description) 239
9.5 Velocity Profiles in the Boundary Layer 240
9.6 The Boundary Layer (Calculations) 242
9.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 246
Chapter Ten Flow in Conduits 248
10.1 Classifying Flow 249
10.2 Specifying Pipe Sizes 251
10.3 Pipe Head Loss 252
10.4 Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow 254
10.5 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube 256
10.6 Turbulent Flow and the Moody Diagram 259
10.7 A Strategy for Solving Problems 264
10.8 Combined Head Loss 268
10.9 Nonround Conduits 272
10.10 Pumps and Systems of Pipes 274
10.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 279
Chapter Eleven Drag and Lift 282
11.1 Relating Lift and Drag to Stress Distributions 282
11.2 Calculating the Drag Force 284
11.3 Drag of Axisymmetric and 3-D Bodies 287
11.4 Terminal Velocity 292
11.5 Vortex Shedding 294
11.6 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 295
11.7 Drag in Compressible Flow 295
11.8 The Theory of Lift 296
11.9 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 300
11.10 Lift and Drag on Road Vehicles 306
11.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 309
Chapter Twelve Compressible Flow 312
12.1 Wave Propagation in Compressible Fluids 312
12.2 Mach Number Relationships 317
12.3 Normal Shock Waves 322
12.4 Isentropic Compressible Flow through a Duct with Varying Area 327
12.5 Summarizing Key Knowledge 338
Chapter Thirteen Flow Measurements 340
13.1 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 340
13.2 Measuring Flow Rate (Discharge) 347
13.3 Summarizing Key Knowledge 362
Chapter Fourteen Turbomachinery 363
14.1 Propellers 364
14.2 Axial-Flow Pumps 368
14.3 Radial-Flow Machines 372
14.4 Specific Speed 375
14.5 Suction Limitations of Pumps 377
14.6 Viscous Effects 379
14.7 Centrifugal Compressors 380
14.8 Turbines 383
14.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 391
Chapter Fifteen Flow in Open Channels 393
15.1 Describing Open-Channel Flow 394
15.2 Energy Equation for Steady Open-Channel Flow 396
15.3 Steady Uniform Flow 397
15.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow 405
15.5 Rapidly Varied Flow 405
15.6 Hydraulic Jump 415
15.7 Gradually Varied Flow 420
15.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 427
Chapter Sixteen Modeling of Fluid Dynamics Problems 429
16.1 Models in Fluid Mechanics 430
16.2 Foundations for Learning Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 434
16.3 The Continuity Equation 443
16.4 The Navier–Stokes Equation 449
16.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 453
16.6 Examples of CFD 458
16.7 A Path for Moving Forward 460
16.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 461
Problems P-1
Appendix A-1
Answers S-1
Index I-1
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