Engineering Materials : Properties and Selection

by Budinski, Kenneth G.; Budinski, Michael K.

• ISBN13: 9780131837799
• ISBN10: 0131837796
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Co-authored by Kenneth G. Budinski and Michael K. Budinski, his son, with over 50 years of combined industry experience in the field, this practical, understandable introduction to engineering materials theory and industry-standard selection practices provides readers with the working knowledge to (1) make an informed selection of materials for engineering applications and (2) correctly specify materials on drawings and purchasing documents. Encompassing all significant material systemsmetals, ceramics, plastics, and compositesthis text incorporates the most up-to-date information on material usage and availability, addresses the increasingly global nature of the field, and reflects the suggestions of numerous adopters of previous editions.Within the four major material categories, this edition includes specific coverage of international metal buying, plastic families, survivor” ceramics, and composite coatings. Other topics include surface engineering; tribology (friction, wear and lubrication); material properties; cemented carbides; steel making; heat treating; and corrosionincluding a treatment of electrochemistry.Appropriate for all materials engineers.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Structure of Materials	1	(24)
Chapter Goals	1	(1)
Rationale	1	(20)
1.1 The Origin of Engineering Materials	2	(5)
1.2 The Periodic Table	7	(1)
1.3 Forming Engineering Materials from the Elements	8	(3)
1.4 The Solid State	11	(1)
1.5 The Nature of Metals	12	(6)
1.6 The Nature of Ceramics	18	(1)
1.7 The Nature of Polymers	18	(2)
1.8 The Nature of Composites 20 Summary	20	(1)
Critical Concepts	21	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	21	(1)
Questions	22	(1)
Case History: Viewing Atoms and Dislocations	22	(2)
To Dig Deeper	24	(1)
Chapter 2 Properties of Materials	25	(46)
Chapter Goals	25	(1)
Rationale	25	(42)
2.1 The Property Spectrum	26	(2)
2.2 Chemical Properties	28	(2)
2.3 Physical Properties	30	(3)
2.4 Mechanical Properties	33	(24)
2.5 Manufacturing Considerations	57	(5)
2.6 Property Information	62	(5)
Summary	67	(1)
Critical Concepts	68	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	68	(1)
Case History: Stiffness-Driven Design	68	(1)
Questions	69	(1)
References for Property Data	70	(1)
To Dig Deeper	70	(1)
Chapter 3 Tribology	71	(38)
Chapter Goals	71	(1)
Rationale	71	(33)
3.1 Historical Studies of Friction and Wear	72	(1)
3.2 Contact Mechanics	73	(2)
3.3 Friction	75	(7)
3.4 Definition of Wear	82	(1)
3.5 Types of Erosion	82	(4)
3.6 Types of Wear	86	(8)
3.7 Bearings	94	(7)
3.8 Lubricants	101	(3)
Summary	104	(1)
Critical Concepts	105	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	105	(1)
Case History: Tenters Used in Making Plastic Films	106	(1)
Questions	106	(1)
To Dig Deeper	107	(2)
Chapter 4 Principles of Polymeric Materials	109	(28)
Chapter Goals	109	(1)
Rationale	109	(23)
4.1 Polymerization Reactions	110	(4)
4.2 Basic Types of Polymers	114	(3)
4.3 Altering Properties of Plastics	117	(15)
Summary	132	(1)
Critical Concepts	133	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	133	(1)
Case History: Microwave Sterilization	134	(1)
Questions	134	(1)
To Dig Deeper	135	(2)
Chapter 5 Polymer Families	137	(46)
Chapter Goals	137	(1)
Rationale	137	(42)
5.1 Identification of Polymer Families	137	(3)
5.2 Thermoplastic Commodity Plastics	140	(7)
5.3 Thermoplastic Ethenic Engineering Plastics	147	(3)
5.4 Other Engineering Thermoplastics	150	(14)
5.5 Thermosetting Polymers	164	(5)
5.6 Elastomers	169	(8)
5.7 Selection of Elastomers	177	(2)
Summary	179	(1)
Critical Concepts	180	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	180	(1)
Case History: Selecting a Wear-Resistant Elastomer for Transport Rollers	181	(1)
Questions	181	(1)
To Dig Deeper	182	(1)
Chapter 6 Plastic and Polymer Composite Fabrication Processes	183	(40)
Chapter Goals	183	(1)
Rationale	183	(35)
6.1 Thermoplastic Fabrication Processes	184	(5)
6.2 Thermoset Fabrication Processes	189	(5)
6.3 Polymer Composites	194	(11)
6.4 Composite Fabrication Techniques	205	(3)
6.5 Application of Polymer Composites	208	(6)
6.6 Process Specification	214	(2)
6.7 Recycling of Plastics	216	(2)
Summary	218	(1)
Critical Concepts	219	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	219	(1)
Case History: Material for a Reciprocating Slide	220	(1)
Questions	220	(1)
To Dig Deeper	221	(2)
Chapter 7 Selection of Plastic/Polymeric Materials	223	(66)
Chapter Goals	223	(1)
Rationale	223	(60)
7.1 Methodology of Selection	224	(3)
7.2 Plastics for Mechanical and Structural Applications	227	(19)
7.3 Wear and Friction of Plastics	246	(12)
7.4 Plastics for Corrosion Control	258	(5)
7.5 Plastics for Electrical Applications	263	(4)
7.6 Polymer Coatings	267	(7)
7.7 Adhesives	274	(9)
Summary	283	(1)
Critical Concepts	283	(2)
Terms You Should Remember	285	(1)
Case History: X-Ray Cassette Hinge Fracture	285	(1)
Questions	286	(1)
To Dig Deeper	287	(2)
Chapter 8 Ceramics, Cermets, Glass, and Carbon Products	289	(52)
Chapter Goals	289	(1)
Rationale	289	(47)
8.1 The Nature of Ceramics	289	(2)
8.2 How Ceramics Are Made	291	(5)
8.3 Microstructure of Ceramics	296	(3)
8.4 Properties of Ceramics	299	(5)
8.5 Concrete	304	(1)
8.6 Glasses	305	(5)
8.7 Carbon Products	310	(3)
8.8 Cemented Carbides	313	(7)
8.9 Ceramics for Structural Applications	320	(10)
8.10 Ceramics for Wear Applications	330	(1)
8.11 Ceramics for Environmental Resistance	331	(2)
8.12 Electrical Properties of Ceramics	333	(1)
8.13 Magnetic Properties of Ceramics	334	(2)
Summary	336	(1)
Critical Concepts	337	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	338	(1)
Case History: Zirconia Edge Guides	338	(1)
Questions	338	(1)
To Dig Deeper	339	(2)
Chapter 9 Steel Products	341	(26)
Chapter Goals	341	(1)
Rationale	341	(22)
9.1 Iron Ore Benefication	342	(2)
9.2 Making of Steel	344	(1)
9.3 Steel Refining	345	(9)
9.4 Converting Steel into Shapes	354	(5)
9.5 Steel Terminology	359	(3)
9.6 Steel Specifications	362	(1)
Summary	363	(1)
Critical Concepts	364	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	365	(1)
Case History: Steel Beam Selection	365	(1)
Questions	365	(1)
To Dig Deeper	366	(1)
Chapter 10 Heat Treatment of Steels	367	(52)
Chapter Goals	367	(1)
Rationale	367	(46)
10.1 Equilibrium Diagrams	368	(5)
10.2 Morphology of Steel	373	(5)
10.3 Reasons for Heat Treating	378	(4)
10.4 Direct Hardening	382	(7)
10.5 Diffusion Treatments	389	(13)
10.6 Softening	402	(4)
10.7 Atmosphere Control	406	(2)
10.8 Cost of Heat Treating	408	(1)
10.9 Selection and Process Specification	409	(4)
Summary	413	(1)
Critical Concepts	414	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	414	(1)
Case History: Emergency Heat Treatment	414	(1)
Questions	415	(2)
To Dig Deeper	417	(2)
Chapter 11 Carbon and Alloy Steels	419	(40)
Chapter Goals	419	(1)
Rationale	419	(35)
11.1 Alloy Designation	420	(4)
11.2 Carbon Steels	424	(12)
11.3 Alloy Steels	436	(2)
11.4 Selection of Alloy Steels	438	(7)
11.5 High-Strength Sheet Steels	445	(1)
11.6 High-Strength, Low-Alloy Steels	446	(2)
11.7 Special Steels	448	(3)
11.8 Selection and Specification	451	(3)
Summary	454	(1)
Critical Concepts	454	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	455	(1)
Case History: Selection of a Steel for a Shaft	455	(1)
Questions	455	(1)
To Dig Deeper	456	(3)
Chapter 12 Tool Steels	459	(44)
Chapter Goals	459	(1)
Rationale	459	(39)
12.1 Identification and Classification	460	(3)
12.2 Tool Steel Metallurgy	463	(6)
12.3 Chemical Composition of Tool Steels	469	(6)
12.4 Steel Properties	475	(6)
12.5 Tool Steel Selection	481	(11)
12.6 Specification of Tool Steels	492	(4)
12.7 Tool Steel Defects	496	(2)
Summary	498	(1)
Critical Concepts	499	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	499	(1)
Case History: Tool Steel for a Punch and Die	499	(1)
Questions	500	(1)
To Dig Deeper	501	(2)
Chapter 13 Corrosion	503	(38)
Chapter Goals	503	(1)
Rationale	503	(32)
13.1 The Nature of Corrosion	504	(7)
13.2 Factors Affecting Corrosion	511	(4)
13.3 Types of Corrosion	515	(9)
13.4 Determination of Corrosion Characteristics	524	(4)
13.5 Corrosion Control	528	(7)
Summary	535	(1)
Critical Concepts	536	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	536	(1)
Case History: Fitting Corrosion of Stainless Steel Springs	537	(1)
Questions	537	(1)
To Dig Deeper	538	(3)
Chapter 14 Stainless Steels	541	(42)
Chapter Goals	541	(1)
Rationale	541	(38)
14.1 Metallurgy of Stainless Steels	542	(8)
14.2 Alloy Identification	550	(5)
14.3 Physical Properties	555	(4)
14.4 Mechanical Properties	559	(2)
14.5 Fabrication	561	(8)
14.6 Corrosion Characteristics	569	(6)
14.7 Alloy Selection	575	(4)
Summary	579	(1)
Critical Concepts	579	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	579	(1)
Case History: Stainless Steel Sailboat Rigging	580	(1)
Questions	580	(1)
To Dig Deeper	581	(2)
Chapter 15 Cast Iron, Cast Steel, and Powder Metallurgy Materials	583	(42)
Chapter Goals	583	(1)
Rationale	583	(36)
15.1 Casting Processes	584	(7)
15.2 Casting Design	591	(2)
15.3 Gray Iron	593	(8)
15.4 Malleable Iron	601	(2)
15.5 Ductile Iron	603	(3)
15.6 White Alloy Irons	606	(1)
15.7 Steel Castings	607	(4)
15.8 Casting Selection	611	(1)
15.9 Powder Metals	612	(6)
15.10 Process Selection	618	(1)
Summary	619	(3)
Critical Concepts	622	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	622	(1)
Case History: Investment Castings for Filter Clamps	622	(1)
Questions	623	(1)
To Dig Deeper	624	(1)
Chapter 16 Copper and Its Alloys	625	(28)
Chapter Goals	625	(1)
Rationale	625	(24)
16.1 Extraction of Copper from Ore	626	(1)
16.2 Alloy Designation System	627	(4)
16.3 Copper Products	631	(1)
16.4 Metallurgy	631	(5)
16.5 Properties	636	(2)
16.6 Heat Treatment	638	(1)
16.7 Fabrication	638	(4)
16.8 Wear Resistance	642	(3)
16.9 Corrosion	645	(2)
16.10 Alloy Selection	647	(2)
Summary	649	(1)
Critical Concepts	649	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	650	(1)
Case History: Beryllium Copper for Latch Springs	650	(1)
Questions	650	(1)
To Dig Deeper	651	(2)
Chapter 17 Aluminum and Its Alloys	653	(24)
Chapter Goals	653	(1)
Rationale	653	(20)
17.1 General Characteristics	655	(1)
17.2 Alloy Designation	656	(2)
17.3 Aluminum Products	658	(1)
17.4 Metallurgical Characteristics	659	(2)
17.5 Heat Treatment	661	(2)
17.6 Surface Treatments	663	(2)
17.7 Corrosion	665	(3)
17.8 Alloy Selection	668	(5)
Summary	673	(1)
Critical Concepts	674	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	675	(1)
Case History: Abrasion Tester Made from Aluminum Roller	675	(1)
Questions	675	(1)
To Dig Deeper	676	(1)
Chapter 18 Nickel, Zinc, Titanium, Magnesium, and Special Use Metals	677	(32)
Chapter Goals	677	(1)
Rationale	677	(27)
18.1 Nickel	678	(5)
18.2 Zinc	683	(5)
18.3 Titanium	688	(5)
18.4 Magnesium	693	(4)
18.5 Refractory Metals	697	(4)
18.6 Cobalt	701	(1)
18.7 Beryllium	702	(1)
18.8 Gold	702	(1)
18.9 Silver	703	(1)
Summary	704	(1)
Critical Concepts	705	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	705	(1)
Case History: Tungsten Die-Casting Cores	706	(1)
Questions	706	(1)
To Dig Deeper	707	(2)
Chapter 19 Surface Engineering	709	(52)
Chapter Goals	709	(1)
Rationale	709	(47)
19.1 Cleaning	712	(2)
19.2 Mechanical Finishing of Surfaces	714	(2)
19.3 Organic Coatings	716	(1)
19.4 Electroplating	717	(5)
19.5 Other Metallic Platings	722	(2)
19.6 Electropolishing	724	(1)
19.7 Photoctching	724	(1)
19.8 Conversion Coatings	725	(3)
19.9 Thin-Film Coatings	728	(3)
19.10 Surface Analysis	731	(2)
19.11 Hardfacing	733	(1)
19.12 Thermal Spraying	734	(3)
19.13 High-Energy Processes	737	(1)
19.14 Diffusion Processes	738	(1)
19.15 Selective Hardening	738	(1)
19.16 Special Surface Treatments	739	(8)
19.17 Process/Material Selection	747	(8)
19.18 Specifications	755	(1)
Summary	756	(2)
Critical Concepts	758	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	758	(1)
Case History: Extended Razor Blade Life	758	(1)
Questions	759	(1)
To Dig Deeper	760	(1)
Chapter 20 The Selection Process	761	(30)
Chapter Goals	761	(1)
Rationale	761	(25)
20.1 The Design Process	762	(2)
20.2 Selection Factors	764	(11)
20.3 A Materials Repertoire	775	(4)
20.4 Materials for Typical Machine Components	779	(2)
20.5 Selection Case Histories	781	(5)
Summary	786	(1)
Critical Concepts	787	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	787	(1)
Case History: Materials for Tensioning Rollers	788	(1)
Questions	788	(1)
To Dig Deeper	789	(2)
Chapter 21 Failure Prevention	791	(26)
Chapter Goals	791	(1)
Rationale	791	(22)
21.1 Preventing Wear Failures	793	(3)
21.2 Preventing Corrosion Failures	796	(5)
21.3 Preventing Mechanical Failures	801	(7)
21.4 Flaw Detection	808	(5)
Summary	813	(1)
Critical Concepts	814	(1)
Terms You Should Remember	814	(1)
Case History: Designing with Computer Models	814	(1)
Questions	815	(1)
To Dig Deeper	816	(1)
Appendix 1 Listing of Selected World Wide Web Sites Relating to Engineering Materials	817	(6)
Appendix 2 Properties of Selected Engineering Materials	823	(14)
Index	837