Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials

by Daniel, Isaac M.; Ishai, Ori

• ISBN13: 9780195150971
• ISBN10: 019515097X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-24
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2/e analyzes the behavior and properties of composite materials--rigid, high-strength, lightweight components that can be used in infrastructure, aircraft, automobiles, biomedical products, and a myriad of other goods. This edition featuresadditional exercises and new material based on the author's research and advances in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	xv
Preface to the First Edition	xvii
Introduction	1	(17)
Definition and Characteristics	1	(1)
Historical Development	2	(1)
Applications	3	(10)
Overview of Advantages and Limitations of Composite Materials	13	(3)
Micromechanics	14	(1)
Macromechanics	14	(1)
Mechanical Characterization	14	(1)
Structural Design, Analysis, and Optimization	14	(1)
Manufacturing Technology	15	(1)
Maintainability, Serviceability, and Durability	15	(1)
Cost Effectiveness	15	(1)
Significance and Objectives of Composite Materials Science and Technology	16	(1)
Current Status and Future Prospects	16	(2)
References	17	(1)
Basic Concepts, Materials, Processes, and Characteristics	18	(25)
Structural-Performance of Conventional Materials	18	(1)
Geometric and Physical Definitions	18	(2)
Type of Material	18	(1)
Homogeneity	19	(1)
Heterogeneity or Inhomogeneity	19	(1)
Isotropy	19	(1)
Anisotropy/Orthotropy	20	(1)
Material Response Under Load	20	(4)
Types and Classification of Composite Materials	24	(2)
Lamina and Laminate---Characteristics and Configurations	26	(1)
Scales of Analysis---Micromechanics and Macromechanics	27	(2)
Basic Lamina Properties	29	(1)
Degrees of Anisotropy	30	(1)
Constituent Materials	30	(5)
Reinforcement	30	(3)
Matrices	33	(2)
Material Forms---Prepregs	35	(1)
Manufacturing Methods for Composite Materials	36	(4)
Autoclave Molding	37	(1)
Filament Winding	37	(1)
Resin Transfer Molding	38	(2)
Properties of Typical Composite Materials	40	(3)
References	42	(1)
Elastic Behavior of Composite Lamina---Micromechanics	43	(20)
Scope and Approaches	43	(2)
Micromechanics Methods	45	(4)
Mechanics of Materials Methods	46	(1)
Bounding Methods	46	(2)
Semiempirical Methods	48	(1)
Geometric Aspects and Elastic Symmetry	49	(1)
Longitudinal Elastic Properties---Continuous Fibers	49	(2)
Transverse Elastic Properties---Continuous Fibers	51	(5)
In-Plane Shear Modulus	56	(2)
Longitudinal Properties---Discontinuous (Short) Fibers	58	(5)
Elastic Stress Transfer Model---Shear Lag Analysis (Cox)	58	(2)
Semiempirical Relation (Halpin)	60	(1)
References	60	(1)
Problems	61	(2)
Elastic Behavior of Composite Lamina---Macromechanics	63	(35)
Stress-Strain Relations	63	(8)
General Anisotropic Material	63	(3)
Specially Orthotropic Material	66	(1)
Transversely Isotropic Material	67	(2)
Orthotropic Material Under Plane Stress	69	(2)
Isotropic Material	71	(1)
Relations Between Mathematical and Engineering Constants	71	(5)
Stress-Strain Relations for a Thin Lamina (Two-Dimensional)	76	(1)
Transformation of Stress and Strain (Two-Dimensional)	77	(1)
Transformation of Elastic Parameters (Two-Dimensional)	78	(3)
Transformation of Stress-Strain Relations in Terms of Engineering Constants (Two-Dimensional)	81	(2)
Transformation Relations for Engineering Constants (Two-Dimensional)	83	(5)
Transformation of Stress and Strain (Three-Dimensional)	88	(2)
General Transformation	88	(1)
Rotation About 3-Axis	89	(1)
Transformation of Elastic Parameters (Three-Dimensional)	90	(8)
References	92	(1)
Problems	92	(6)
Strength of Unidirectional Lamina---Micromechanics	98	(22)
Introduction	98	(1)
Longitudinal Tension---Failure Mechanisms and Strength	98	(4)
Longitudinal Tension---Ineffective Fiber Length	102	(3)
Longitudinal Compression	105	(5)
Transverse Tension	110	(3)
Transverse Compression	113	(1)
In-Plane Shear	114	(1)
Out-of-Plane Loading	115	(1)
General Micromechanics Approach	116	(4)
References	116	(1)
Problems	117	(3)
Strength of Composite Lamina---Macromechanics	120	(38)
Introduction	120	(2)
Failure Theories	122	(1)
Maximum Stress Theory	123	(3)
Maximum Strain Theory	126	(2)
Energy-Based Interaction Theory (Tsai-Hill)	128	(2)
Interactive Tensor Polynomial Theory (Tsai-Wu)	130	(5)
Failure-Mode-Based Theories (Hashin-Rotem)	135	(2)
Failure Criteria for Textile Composites	137	(2)
Computational Procedure for Determination of Lamina Strength---Tsai-Wu Criterion (Plane Stress Conditions)	139	(4)
Evaluation and Applicability of Lamina Failure Theories	143	(15)
References	148	(1)
Problems	149	(9)
Elastic Behavior of Multidirectional Laminates	158	(46)
Basic Assumptions	158	(1)
Strain-Displacement Relations	158	(2)
Stress-Strain Relations of a Layer Within a Laminate	160	(1)
Force and Moment Resultants	161	(2)
General Load-Deformation Relations: Laminate Stiffnesses	163	(2)
Inversion of Load-Deformation Relations: Laminate Compliances	165	(2)
Symmetric Laminates	167	(4)
Symmetric Laminates with Isotropic Layers	168	(1)
Symmetric Laminates with Specially Orthotropic Layers (Symmetric Crossply Laminates)	169	(1)
Symmetric Angle-Ply Laminates	170	(1)
Balanced Laminates	171	(4)
Antisymmetric Laminates	172	(1)
Antisymmetric Crossply Laminates	172	(2)
Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates	174	(1)
Orthotropic Laminates: Transformation of Laminate Stiffnesses and Compliances	175	(2)
Quasi-isotropic Laminates	177	(2)
Design Considerations	179	(2)
Laminate Engineering Properties	181	(8)
Symmetric Balanced Laminates	181	(1)
Symmetric Laminates	182	(2)
General Laminates	184	(5)
Computational Procedure for Determination of Engineering Elastic Properties	189	(1)
Comparison of Elastic Parameters of Unidirectional and Angle-Ply Laminates	190	(1)
Carpet Plots for Multidirectional Laminates	191	(1)
Textile Composite Laminates	192	(1)
Modified Lamination Theory---Effects of Transverse Shear	193	(3)
Sandwich Plates	196	(8)
References	200	(1)
Problems	200	(4)
Hygrothermal Effects	204	(39)
Introduction	204	(1)
Physical and Chemical Effects	205	(1)
Effects on Mechanical Properties	205	(1)
Hygrothermoelastic (HTE) Effects	205	(1)
Hygrothermal Effects on Mechanical Behavior	205	(3)
Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of a Unidirectional Lamina	208	(4)
Hygrothermal Strains in a Unidirectional Lamina	212	(1)
Hygrothermoelastic Load-Deformation Relations	213	(2)
Hygrothermoelastic Deformation-Load Relations	215	(1)
Hygrothermal Load-Deformation Relations	216	(1)
Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of Multidirectional Laminates	216	(1)
Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of Balanced/Symmetric Laminates	217	(2)
Physical Significance of Hygrothermal Forces and Moments	219	(1)
Hygrothermal Isotropy and Stability	220	(4)
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Unidirectional and Multidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Laminates	224	(1)
Hygrothermoelastic Stress Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates	225	(2)
Residual Stresses	227	(5)
Warpage	232	(3)
Computational Procedure for Hygrothermoelastic Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates	235	(8)
References	237	(2)
Problems	239	(4)
Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates	243	(60)
Introduction	243	(1)
Types of Failure	244	(1)
Stress Analysis and Safety Factors for First Ply Failure of Symmetric Laminates (In-Plane Loading)	244	(2)
Strength Components for First Ply Failure of Symmetric Laminates	246	(6)
Computational Procedure for Stress and Failure Analysis of General Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure)	252	(1)
Comparison of Strengths of Unidirectional and Angle-Ply Laminates (First Ply Failure)	253	(1)
Carpet Plots for Strength of Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure)	254	(1)
Effect of Hygrothermal History on Strength of Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure; Tsai-Wu Criterion)	255	(3)
Computational Procedure for Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates Under Combined Mechanical and Hygrothermal Loading (First Ply Failure; Tsai-Wu Criterion)	258	(2)
Micromechanics of Progressive Failure	260	(5)
Progressive and Ultimate Laminate Failure---Laminate Efficiency	265	(2)
Analysis of Progressive and Ultimate Laminate Failure	267	(4)
Determination of First Ply Failure (FPF)	267	(1)
Discounting of Damaged Plies	268	(1)
Stress Analysis of the Damaged Laminate	268	(1)
Second Ply Failure	268	(1)
Ultimate Laminate Failure	268	(1)
Computational Procedure	269	(2)
Laminate Failure Theories---Overview, Evaluation, and Applicability	271	(5)
Design Considerations	276	(1)
Interlaminar Stresses and Strength of Multidirectional Laminates: Edge Effects	277	(7)
Introduction	277	(1)
Angle-Ply Laminates	277	(1)
Crossply Laminates	278	(1)
Effects of Stacking Sequence	279	(3)
Interlaminar Strength	282	(2)
Interlaminar Fracture Toughness	284	(2)
Design Methodology for Structural Composite Materials	286	(3)
Illustration of Design Process: Design of a Pressure Vessel	289	(5)
Aluminum Reference Vessel	290	(1)
Crossply [0m/90n]s Laminates	290	(1)
Angle-Ply [±θ]ns Laminates	291	(1)
[90/±θ]ns Laminates	292	(1)
[0/±θ]ns Laminates	293	(1)
Quasi-isotropic [0/±45/90]ns Laminates	293	(1)
Summary and Comparison of Results	294	(1)
Ranking of Composite Laminates	294	(9)
References	295	(3)
Problems	298	(5)
Experimental Methods for Characterization and Testing of Composite Materials	303	(70)
Introduction	303	(1)
Characterization of Constituent Materials	304	(6)
Mechanical Fiber Characterization	304	(3)
Thermal Fiber Characterization	307	(1)
Matrix Characterization	308	(1)
Interface/Interphase Characterization	308	(2)
Physical Characterization of Composite Materials	310	(6)
Density	310	(1)
Fiber Volume Ratio	310	(1)
Void Volume Ratio (Porosity)	311	(2)
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion	313	(1)
Coefficients of Hygric (Moisture) Expansion	314	(2)
Determination of Tensile Properties of Unidirectional Laminae	316	(2)
Determination of Compressive Properties of Unidirectional Laminae	318	(4)
Determination of Shear Properties of Unidirectional Laminae	322	(7)
Determination of Through-Thickness Properties	329	(6)
Through-Thickness Tensile Properties	329	(2)
Through-Thickness Compressive Properties	331	(1)
Interlaminar Shear Strength	331	(4)
Determination of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness	335	(7)
Mode I Testing	335	(2)
Mode II Testing	337	(2)
Mixed-Mode Testing	339	(2)
Mode III Testing	341	(1)
Biaxial Testing	342	(6)
Introduction	342	(1)
Off-Axis Uniaxial Test	343	(2)
Flat Plate Specimen	345	(1)
Thin-Wall Tubular Specimen	346	(2)
Characterization of Composites with Stress Concentrations	348	(7)
Introduction	348	(1)
Laminates with Holes	348	(4)
Laminates with Cracks	352	(3)
Test Methods for Textile Composites	355	(4)
In-Plane Tensile Testing	355	(1)
In-Plane Compressive Testing	356	(1)
In-Plane Shear Testing	357	(1)
Through-Thickness Testing	357	(2)
Interlaminar Fracture Toughness	359	(1)
Structural Testing	359	(1)
Summary and Discussion	360	(13)
References	364	(9)
Appendix A: Material Properties	373	(12)
Appendix B: Three-Dimensional Transformations of Elastic Properties of Composite Lamina	385	(4)
Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems	389	(8)
Author Index	397	(6)
Subject Index	403