Engineering Tribology

by Stachowiak; Batchelor

• ISBN13: 9780750678360
• ISBN10: 0750678364
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

As with the previous edition, the third edition of Engineering Tribology provides a thorough understanding of friction and wear using technologies such as lubrication and special materials. Tribology is a complex topic with its own terminology and specialized concepts, yet is vitally important throughout all engineering disciplines, including mechanical design, aerodynamics, fluid dynamics and biomedical engineering. This edition includes updated material on the hydrodynamic aspects of tribology as well as new advances in the field of biotribology, with a focus throughout on the engineering applications of tribology. New to this edition are end-of-chapter problems and an accompanying solutions manual, increasing the books value as a textbook. The book offers an extensive range if illustrations which communicate the basic concepts of tribology in engineering better than text alone. All chapters include an extensive list of references and citations to facilitate further in-depth research and thorough navigation through particular subjects covered in each chapter.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(10)
Background	1	(1)
Meaning of tribology	2	(3)
Lubrication	3	(2)
Wear	5	(1)
Cost of friction and wear	5	(2)
Summary	7	(4)
Revision questions	8	(1)
References	9	(2)
Physical Properties of Lubricants	11	(40)
Introduction	11	(1)
Oil viscosity	11	(2)
Dynamic viscosity	12	(1)
Kinematic viscosity	13	(1)
Viscosity temperature relationship	13	(2)
Viscosity-temperature equations	14	(1)
Viscosity-temperature chart	14	(1)
Viscosity index	15	(2)
Viscosity pressure relationship	17	(5)
Viscosity-shear rate relationship	22	(2)
Pseudoplastic behaviour	22	(2)
Thixotropic behaviour	24	(1)
Viscosity measurements	24	(7)
Capillary viscometers	24	(2)
Rotational viscometers	26	(1)
Rotating cylinder viscometer	27	(2)
Cone on plate viscometer	29	(1)
Other viscometers	29	(2)
Viscosity of mixtures	31	(1)
Oil viscosity classification	31	(2)
SAE viscosity classification	31	(2)
ISO viscosity classification	33	(1)
Lubricant density and specific gravity	33	(1)
Thermal properties of lubricants	34	(1)
Specific heat	34	(1)
Thermal conductivity	35	(1)
Thermal diffusivity	35	(1)
Temperature characteristics of lubricants	35	(5)
Pour point and cloud point	36	(1)
Flash point and fire point	37	(1)
Volatility and evaporation	37	(1)
Oxidation stability	38	(1)
Thermal stability	39	(1)
Other lubricant characteristics	40	(3)
Surface tension	40	(3)
Neutralization number	43	(1)
Carbon residue	43	(1)
Optical properties of lubricants	43	(1)
Refractive index	43	(1)
Additive compatibility and solubility	44	(1)
Additive compatibility	44	(1)
Additive solubility	44	(1)
Lubricant impurities and contaminants	44	(1)
Water content	44	(1)
Sulphur content	45	(1)
Ash content	45	(1)
Chlorine content	45	(1)
Solubility of gases in oils	45	(3)
Summary	48	(3)
Revision questions	48	(1)
References	49	(2)
Lubricants and Their Composition	51	(52)
Introduction	51	(1)
Mineral oils	52	(5)
Sources of mineral oils	52	(2)
Manufacture of mineral oils	54	(2)
Types of mineral oils	56	(1)
Chemical forms	56	(1)
Sulphur content	57	(1)
Viscosity	57	(1)
Synthetic oils	57	(7)
Manufacturing of synthetic oils	58	(2)
Hydrocarbon synthetic lubricants	60	(1)
Polyalphaolefins	60	(1)
Polyphenyl ethers	60	(1)
Esters	60	(1)
Cycloaliphatics	61	(1)
Polyglycols	61	(1)
Silicon analogues of hydrocarbons	62	(1)
Silicones	62	(1)
Silahydrocarbons	62	(1)
Organohalogens	62	(1)
Perfluoropolyethers	63	(1)
Chlorofluorocarbons	63	(1)
Chlorotrifluoroethylenes	63	(1)
Perfluoropolyalkylethers	64	(1)
Cyclophosphazenes	64	(1)
Emulsions and aqueous lubricants	64	(3)
Manufacturing of emulsions	64	(2)
Characteristics	66	(1)
Applications	66	(1)
Greases	67	(15)
Manufacturing of greases	67	(1)
Composition	67	(1)
Base oils	67	(1)
Thickener	68	(1)
Additives	68	(1)
Fillers	69	(1)
Lubrication mechanism of greases	69	(4)
Grease characteristics	73	(1)
Consistency of greases	73	(1)
Mechanical stability	74	(1)
Drop point	75	(1)
Oxidation stability	75	(1)
Thermal stability	76	(1)
Evaporation loss	77	(1)
Grease viscosity characteristics	77	(2)
Classification of greases	79	(2)
Grease compatibility	81	(1)
Degradation of greases	81	(1)
Lubricant additives	82	(16)
Wear and friction improvers	82	(1)
Adsorption or boundary additives	83	(1)
Anti-wear additives	83	(3)
Extreme pressure additives	86	(1)
Nanoparticle additives	87	(1)
Anti-oxidants	87	(1)
Oil oxidation	87	(3)
Oxidation inhibitors	90	(3)
Corrosion control additives	93	(1)
Contamination control additives	93	(2)
Viscosity improvers	95	(1)
Pour point depressants	96	(1)
Foam inhibitors	96	(1)
Interference between additives	96	(2)
Summary	98	(5)
Revision questions	98	(1)
References	98	(5)
Hydrodynamic Lubrication	103	(102)
Introduction	103	(1)
Reynolds equation	103	(15)
Simplifying assumptions	105	(1)
Equilibrium of an element	105	(4)
Continuity of flow in a column	109	(2)
Simplifications to the Reynolds equation	111	(1)
Unidirectional velocity approximation	111	(1)
Steady film thickness approximation	111	(1)
Isoviscous approximation	112	(1)
Infinitely long bearing approximation	112	(1)
Narrow bearing approximation	113	(2)
Bearing parameters predicted from Reynolds equation	115	(1)
Pressure distribution	115	(1)
Load capacity	115	(1)
Friction force	116	(1)
Coefficient of friction	117	(1)
Lubricant flow	117	(1)
Summary	117	(1)
Pad bearings	118	(21)
Infinite linear pad bearing	118	(1)
Bearing geometry	118	(1)
Pressure distribution	119	(2)
Load capacity	121	(1)
Friction force	122	(3)
Coefficient of friction	125	(1)
Lubricant flow rate	126	(1)
Infinite Rayleigh step bearing	127	(3)
Other wedge geometries of infinite pad bearings	130	(1)
Tapered land wedge	130	(1)
Parabolic wedge	131	(1)
Parallel surface bearings	132	(1)
Spiral groove bearing	133	(1)
Finite pad bearings	134	(1)
Pivoted pad bearing	135	(2)
Inlet boundary conditions in pad bearing analysis	137	(2)
Converging-diverging wedges	139	(9)
Bearing geometry	140	(1)
Pressure distribution	140	(2)
Full-Sommerfeld boundary condition	142	(1)
Half-Sommerfeld boundary condition	143	(2)
Reynolds boundary condition	145	(1)
Load capacity	146	(2)
Journal bearings	148	(27)
Evaluation of the main parameters	148	(1)
Bearing geometry	148	(2)
Pressure distribution	150	(1)
Load capacity	151	(5)
Friction force	156	(1)
Coefficient of friction	157	(2)
Lubricant flow rate	159	(2)
Practical and operational aspects of journal bearings	161	(1)
Lubricant supply	161	(4)
Cavitation	165	(1)
Journal bearings with movable pads	166	(1)
Journal bearings incorporating a Rayleigh step	167	(1)
Oil whirl or lubricant caused vibration	167	(3)
Rotating load	170	(2)
Tilted shafts	172	(1)
Partial bearings	173	(1)
Elastic deformation of the bearing	174	(1)
Infinitely long approximation in journal bearings	174	(1)
Thermal effects in bearings	175	(10)
Heat transfer mechanisms in bearings	175	(1)
Conduction	176	(1)
Convection	176	(1)
Conducted / convected heat ratio	177	(1)
Isoviscous thermal analysis of bearings	178	(1)
Iterative method	178	(1)
Constant flow method	179	(1)
Non-isoviscous thermal analysis of bearings with locally varying viscosity	180	(2)
Multiple regression in bearing analysis	182	(1)
Bearing inlet temperature and thermal interaction between pads of a Michell bearing	183	(2)
Limits of hydrodynamic lubrication	185	(1)
Hydrodynamic lubrication with non-Newtonian fluids	186	(7)
Turbulence and hydrodynamic lubrication	186	(1)
Hydrodynamic lubrication with non-Newtonian lubricants	187	(1)
Inertia effects in hydrodynamics	188	(1)
Compressible fluids	189	(2)
Compressible hydrodynamic lubrication in gas bearings	191	(2)
Reynolds equation for squeeze films	193	(5)
Pressure distribution	194	(1)
Load capacity	195	(1)
Squeeze time	196	(1)
Cavitation and squeeze films	197	(1)
Microscopic squeeze film effects between rough sliding surfaces	197	(1)
Porous bearings	198	(2)
Summary	200	(5)
Revision questions	200	(2)
References	202	(3)
Computational Hydrodynamics	205	(56)
Introduction	205	(1)
Non-dimensionalization of the Reynolds equation	205	(1)
The Vogelpohl parameter	206	(2)
Finite difference equivalent of the Reynolds equation	208	(6)
Definition of solution domain and boundary conditions	210	(1)
Calculation of pressure field	211	(1)
Calculation of dimensionless friction force and friction coefficient	211	(3)
Numerical solution technique for Vogelpohl equation	214	(1)
Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication in idealized journal and partial arc bearings	214	(6)
Example of data from numerical analysis, the effect of shaft misalignment	215	(5)
Numerical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication in a real bearing	220	(1)
Thermohydrodynamic lubrication	220	(15)
Governing equations and boundary conditions in thermohydrodynamic lubrication	221	(1)
Governing equations in thermohydrodynamic lubrication for a one-dimensional bearing	222	(3)
Thermohydrodynamic equations for the finite pad bearing	225	(1)
Boundary conditions	226	(1)
Finite difference equations for thermohydrodynamic lubrication	227	(3)
Treatment of boundary conditions in thermohydrodynamic lubrication	230	(1)
Computer program for the analysis of an infinitely long pad bearing in the case of thermohydrodynamic lubrication	231	(1)
Example of the analysis of an infinitely long pad bearing in the case of thermohydrodynamic lubrication	232	(3)
Elastic deformations in a pad bearing	235	(5)
Computer program for the analysis of an elastically deforming one-dimensional pivoted Michell pad bearing	237	(1)
Effect of elastic deformation of the pad on load capacity and film thickness	237	(3)
Cavitation and film reformation in grooved journal bearings	240	(10)
Computer program for the analysis of grooved 360° journal bearings	244	(1)
Example of the analysis of a grooved 360° journal bearing	244	(6)
Vibrational stability in journal bearings	250	(8)
Determination of stiffness and damping coefficients	250	(5)
Computer program for the analysis of vibrational stability in a partial arc journal bearing	255	(1)
Example of the analysis of vibrational stability in a partial arc journal bearing	255	(3)
Summary	258	(3)
Revision questions	258	(1)
References	259	(2)
Hydrostatic Lubrication	261	(26)
Introduction	261	(1)
Hydrostatic bearing analysis	262	(8)
Flat circular hydrostatic pad bearing	262	(1)
Pressure distribution	262	(1)
Lubricant flow	263	(1)
Load capacity	263	(1)
Friction torque	264	(2)
Friction power loss	266	(1)
Non-flat circular hydrostatic pad bearings	266	(1)
Pressure distribution	267	(1)
Lubricant flow	268	(1)
Load capacity	269	(1)
Friction torque	269	(1)
Friction power loss	269	(1)
Generalized approach to hydrostatic bearing analysis	270	(1)
Flat circular pad bearings	270	(1)
Flat square pad bearings	270	(1)
Optimization of hydrostatic bearing design	271	(8)
Minimization of power	271	(2)
Low speed recessed bearings	273	(1)
High speed recessed bearings	273	(1)
Control of lubricant film thickness and bearing stiffness	274	(1)
Stiffness with constant flow method	275	(1)
Stiffness with capillary restrictors	275	(2)
Stiffness with an orifice	277	(1)
Stiffness with pressure sensors	278	(1)
Aerostatic bearings	279	(3)
Pressure distribution	280	(1)
Gas flow	280	(1)
Load capacity	281	(1)
Friction torque	281	(1)
Power loss	282	(1)
Hybrid bearings	282	(1)
Stability of hydrostatic and aerostatic bearings	282	(1)
Summary	283	(4)
Revision questions	283	(1)
References	284	(3)
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication	287	(76)
Introduction	287	(1)
Contact stresses	288	(2)
Simplifying assumptions to Hertz's theory	288	(1)
Stress status in static contact	289	(1)
Stress status in lubricated rolling and sliding contacts	289	(1)
Contact between two elastic spherical or spheroidal bodies	290	(21)
Geometry of contacting elastic bodies	291	(1)
Two elastic bodies with convex surfaces in contact	292	(1)
Two elastic bodies with one convex and one flat surface in contact	293	(1)
Two elastic bodies with one convex and one concave surface in contact	294	(1)
Contact area, pressure, maximum deflection and position of the maximum shear stress	295	(1)
Contact between two spheres	295	(3)
Contact between a sphere and a plane surface	298	(2)
Contact between two parallel cylinders	300	(3)
Contact between two crossed cylinders with equal diameters	303	(2)
Elliptical contact between two elastic bodies, general case	305	(5)
Total deflection	310	(1)
Elastohydrodynamic lubricating films	311	(17)
Effects contributing to the generation of elastohydrodynamic films	312	(1)
Hydrodynamic film formation	312	(1)
Modification of film geometry by elastic deformation	312	(1)
Transformation of lubricant viscosity and rheology under pressure	313	(1)
Approximate solution of Reynolds equation with simultaneous elastic deformation and viscosity rise	313	(4)
Pressure distribution in elastohydrodynamic films	317	(1)
Elastohydrodynamic film thickness formulae	318	(1)
Effects of the non-dimensional parameters on EHL contact pressures and film profiles	319	(1)
Effect of the speed parameter	319	(1)
Effect of the materials parameter	320	(1)
Effect of the load parameter	320	(1)
Effect of the ellipticity parameter	321	(1)
Lubrication regimes in EHL - film thickness formulae	322	(1)
Isoviscous-rigid	323	(1)
Piezoviscous-rigid	324	(1)
Isoviscous-elastic	324	(1)
Piezoviscous-elastic	324	(1)
Identification of the lubrication regime	325	(1)
Elastohydrodynamic film thickness measurements	325	(3)
Micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication and mixed or partial EHL	328	(5)
Partial or mixed EHL	329	(2)
Micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication	331	(2)
Surface temperature at the conjunction between contacting solids and its effect on EHL	333	(16)
Calculation of surface conjunction temperature	334	(3)
Flash temperature in circular contacts	337	(1)
Flash temperature in square contacts	337	(3)
Flash temperature in line contacts	340	(1)
True flash temperature rise	341	(4)
Frictional temperature rise of lubricated contacts	345	(2)
Mechanism of heat transfer within the EHL film	347	(1)
Effect of surface films on conjunction temperatures	348	(1)
Measurements of surface temperature in the EHL contacts	348	(1)
Traction and EHL	349	(9)
A simplified analysis of traction in the EHL contact	352	(2)
Non-Newtonian lubricant rheology and EHL	354	(2)
EHL between meshing gear wheels	356	(2)
Summary	358	(5)
Revision questions	358	(2)
References	360	(3)
Boundary and Extreme Pressure Lubrication	363	(56)
Introduction	363	(2)
Low temperature - low load lubrication mechanisms	365	(1)
Low temperature - high load lubrication mechanisms	366	(21)
Model of adsorption on sliding surfaces	367	(1)
Physisorption	368	(2)
Chemisorption	370	(1)
Influence of the molecular structure of the lubricant on adsorption lubrication	371	(4)
Influence of oxygen and water	375	(2)
Dynamic nature of adsorption under sliding conditions	377	(1)
Mixed lubrication and scuffing	378	(7)
Metallurgical effects	385	(1)
Interaction between surfactant and carrier fluid	386	(1)
High temperature - medium load lubrication mechanisms	387	(8)
Chain matching	387	(3)
Thick films of soapy or amorphous material	390	(1)
Soap layers	390	(1)
Amorphous layers	391	(4)
High temperature - high load lubrication mechanisms	395	(15)
Model of lubrication by sacrificial films	395	(1)
Additive reactivity and its effect on lubrication	396	(3)
Nascent metallic surfaces and accelerated film formation	399	(2)
Influence of oxygen and water on the lubrication mechanism by sacrificial films	401	(3)
Mechanism of lubrication by milder EP additives	404	(1)
Function of active elements other than sulphur	404	(1)
Lubrication with two active elements	405	(2)
Temperature distress	407	(2)
Speed limitations of sacrificial film mechanism	409	(1)
Tribo-emission from worn surfaces	409	(1)
Boundary and EP lubrication of non-metallic surfaces	410	(1)
Summary	411	(8)
Revision questions	411	(1)
References	412	(7)
Solid Lubrication and Surface Treatments	419	(42)
Introduction	419	(1)
Lubrication by solids	419	(15)
Lubrication by lamellar solids	420	(3)
Friction and wear characteristics of lamellar solids	423	(1)
Graphite and molybdenum disulphide	423	(4)
Carbon-based materials other than graphite	427	(1)
Minor solid lubricants	428	(1)
Reduction of friction by soft metallic films	429	(1)
Reduction of friction by metal oxides at high temperatures	430	(1)
Deposition methods of solid lubricants	430	(1)
Traditional methods of solid lubricant deposition	431	(1)
Modern methods of solid lubricant deposition	432	(1)
Solid lubricants as additives to oils and polymers	433	(1)
Wear resistant coatings and surface treatments	434	(19)
Techniques of producing wear resistant coatings	435	(1)
Coating techniques dependent on vacuum or gas at very low pressure	435	(1)
Physical vapour deposition	436	(2)
Chemical vapour deposition	438	(1)
Physical-chemical vapour deposition	439	(1)
Ion implantation	440	(1)
Coating processes requiring localized sources of intense heat	440	(1)
Surface welding	441	(1)
Thermal spraying	441	(2)
Laser surface hardening and alloying	443	(2)
Coating processes based on deposition in the solid state	445	(1)
Miscellaneous coating processes	445	(2)
Application of coatings and surface treatments in wear and friction control	447	(1)
Characteristics of wear resistant coatings	447	(3)
New trends in coating technology	450	(1)
Diamond-like carbon coatings	450	(1)
Carbide and nitride coatings	451	(1)
Thick coatings	452	(1)
Nano-engineered coatings	452	(1)
Other coatings	453	(1)
Summary	453	(8)
Revision questions	453	(1)
References	454	(7)
Fundamentals of Contact Between Solids	461	(40)
Introduction	461	(1)
Surfaces of solids	461	(14)
Surfaces at a nano scale	462	(1)
Surface topography	463	(3)
Characterization of surface topography	466	(1)
Characterization of surface topography by statistical parameters	466	(2)
Multi-scale characterization of surface topography	468	(2)
Characterization of surface topography by Fourier transform	470	(1)
Characterization of surface topography by wavelets	470	(1)
Characterization of surface topography by fractals	470	(4)
Characterization of surface topography by combination of wavelets and fractals	474	(1)
Optimum surface roughness	475	(1)
Contact between solids	475	(8)
Model of contact between solids based on statistical parameters of rough surfaces	477	(3)
Model of contact between solids based on the fractal geometry of rough surfaces	480	(2)
Effect of sliding on contact between solid surfaces	482	(1)
Friction and wear	483	(11)
Onset of sliding and mechanism of stick-slip	484	(2)
Structural differences between static and sliding contacts	486	(2)
Friction and other contact phenomena in rolling	488	(3)
Concentration of frictional heat at the asperity contacts	491	(1)
Thermoelastic instability and transient hump formation	492	(1)
Tribo-electrification of sliding contacts	493	(1)
Wear between surfaces of solids	493	(1)
Summary	494	(7)
Revision questions	494	(1)
References	495	(6)
Abrasive, Erosive and Cavitation Wear	501	(52)
Introduction	501	(1)
Abrasive wear	501	(26)
Mechanisms of abrasive wear	502	(2)
Modes of abrasive wear	504	(1)
Analytical models of abrasive wear	505	(7)
Abrasivity of particles	512	(5)
Abrasive wear resistance of materials	517	(3)
Abrasive wear resistance of steels	520	(2)
Abrasive wear resistance of polymers and rubbers	522	(1)
Abrasive wear resistance of ceramics	523	(1)
Effect of temperature on abrasive wear	524	(1)
Effect of moisture on abrasive wear	525	(1)
Control of abrasive wear	526	(1)
Erosive wear	527	(15)
Mechanisms of erosive wear	527	(2)
Effect of impingement angle and impact speed on erosive wear rate	529	(1)
Effect of particle shape, hardness, size and flux rates on erosive wear rate	530	(2)
Erosive wear by liquid	532	(1)
Effect of temperature on erosive wear	533	(2)
Effect of erosion media on erosive wear	535	(1)
Erosive wear resistance of materials	536	(3)
Erosive wear resistance of steels	539	(1)
Erosive wear resistance of polymers	540	(1)
Erosive wear of ceramics and cermets	541	(1)
Cavitation wear	542	(3)
Mechanism of cavitation wear	542	(2)
Cavitation wear resistance of materials	544	(1)
Summary	545	(8)
Revision questions	546	(1)
References	547	(6)
Adhesion and Adhesive Wear	553	(20)
Introduction	553	(1)
Mechanism of adhesion	553	(15)
Metal-metal adhesion	553	(3)
Metal-polymer adhesion	556	(1)
Metal-ceramic adhesion	557	(1)
Polymer-polymer and ceramic-ceramic adhesion	557	(1)
Effects of adhesion between wearing surfaces	558	(1)
Friction due to adhesion	558	(1)
Junction growth between contacting asperities as a cause of extreme friction	559	(3)
Seizure and scuffing	562	(1)
Asperity deformation and formation of wear particles	562	(2)
Transfer films	564	(4)
Control of the adhesive wear	568	(2)
Contaminant layers formed due to surface oxidation and bulk impurities	569	(1)
Lubricants	569	(1)
Favourable combinations of sliding materials	570	(1)
Summary	570	(3)
Revision questions	570	(1)
References	571	(2)
Corrosive and Oxidative Wear	573	(22)
Introduction	573	(1)
Corrosive wear	573	(9)
Transition between corrosive and adhesive wear	578	(2)
Synergism between corrosive and abrasive wear	580	(1)
Tribochemical polishing	581	(1)
Oxidative wear	582	(8)
Kinetics of oxide film growth on metals at high and low temperatures	582	(1)
Oxidative wear at high sliding speeds	583	(2)
Oxidative wear at low sliding speeds	585	(1)
Oxidative wear at high temperature and stress	586	(2)
Oxidative wear at low temperature applications	588	(1)
Transition between oxidative and adhesive wear	588	(1)
Oxidative wear under lubricated conditions	588	(1)
Means of controlling corrosive and oxidative wear	589	(1)
Summary	590	(5)
Revision questions	590	(1)
References	591	(4)
Fatigue Wear	595	(26)
Introduction	595	(1)
Fatigue wear during sliding	596	(7)
Surface crack initiated fatigue wear	597	(2)
Subsurface crack initiated fatigue wear	599	(2)
Effect of lubrication on fatigue wear during sliding	601	(1)
Plastic ratchetting	602	(1)
Fatigue wear during rolling	603	(12)
Causes of contact fatigue	604	(1)
Asperity contact during EHL and the role of debris in the lubricant in contact fatigue	604	(1)
Material imperfections	605	(1)
Plastic deformation in wheel-rail contacts	605	(1)
Self-propagating nature of contact fatigue cracks	606	(1)
Subsurface and surface modes of contact fatigue	607	(3)
Effect of lubricant on contact fatigue	610	(1)
Hydraulic pressure crack propagation	610	(1)
Chemical effects of lubricant additives, oxygen and water on contact fatigue	611	(2)
Materials effect on contact fatigue	613	(1)
Influence of operating conditions on rolling wear and contact fatigue	614	(1)
Means of controlling fatigue wear	615	(1)
Summary	615	(6)
Revision questions	615	(1)
References	616	(5)
Fretting and Minor Wear Mechanisms	621	(30)
Introduction	621	(1)
Fretting wear	622	(17)
Microscopic movements within the contact under applied loads	622	(1)
Elastic model for fretting contacts	622	(2)
Elasto-plastic model for fretting contacts	624	(1)
Fretting regimes	625	(1)
Effect of amplitude and debris retention on fretting wear	626	(2)
Environmental effects on fretting wear	628	(4)
Effects of temperature and lubricants on fretting	632	(1)
Effect of materials properties and surface finish on fretting	633	(1)
Fretting fatigue	634	(2)
Practical examples of fretting	636	(2)
Means of controlling fretting	638	(1)
Melting wear	639	(2)
Wear due to electrical discharges and passage of electric current across a contact	641	(2)
Diffusive wear	643	(1)
Impact wear	643	(2)
Summary	645	(6)
Revision questions	646	(1)
References	646	(5)
Wear of Non-Metallic Materials	651	(54)
Introduction	651	(1)
Tribology of polymers	651	(24)
Sliding wear of polymers, transfer layers on a harder counterface	653	(1)
Influence of counterface roughness, hardness and material type on transfer films and associated wear and friction of polymers	654	(1)
Counterface hardness	655	(1)
Counterface roughness	655	(3)
Counterface surface energy	658	(1)
PV limit	658	(1)
Influence of temperature on polymer wear and friction	659	(1)
Limit on frictional temperature rise imposed by surface melting	660	(3)
Effect of high frictional temperatures and sliding speeds on wear	663	(1)
Combined effect of high surface roughness and elevated contact temperature on wear	664	(1)
Fatigue wear of polymers and long term wear kinetics	665	(1)
Visco-elasticity and the rubbery state	666	(1)
Friction and wear in the rubbery state	667	(1)
Schallamach waves	668	(1)
Visco-elasticity and friction of rubbers	669	(1)
Wear mechanisms particular to rubbery solids	670	(1)
Effect of lubricant, corrosive agents and microstructure on wear and friction of polymers	670	(1)
Effects of lubricants	670	(1)
Effects of corrosive agents	671	(2)
Effect of oxidizing and biochemical reagents	673	(1)
Effects of polymer microstructure	674	(1)
Tribology of polymer composites	675	(6)
Polymer blends	676	(1)
Fibre reinforced polymers	676	(1)
Chopped fibre reinforced polymers	676	(1)
Unidirectional and woven fibre reinforcements	677	(2)
Modelling of wear of fibre reinforced polymers	679	(1)
Powder composites	680	(1)
Wear and friction of ceramics	681	(16)
Unlubricated wear and friction of ceramic-ceramic contacts	683	(1)
Dry friction and wear of ceramics at room temperature	684	(1)
Dry friction and wear of ceramics at elevated temperatures	685	(1)
Friction and wear of ceramics in the presence of water or humid air	685	(2)
Wear modelling of ceramics	687	(2)
Dry wear and friction characteristics of individual ceramics	689	(1)
Lubricated wear and friction of ceramic-ceramic contacts	689	(1)
Liquid lubrication	690	(2)
Solid lubricants	692	(1)
Wear and friction of ceramics against metallic materials	693	(3)
Wear and friction of ceramics against polymers	696	(1)
Wear and friction of ceramic matrix composites	697	(1)
Summary	697	(8)
Revision questions	698	(1)
References	699	(6)
Future Directions in Tribology	705	(14)
Introduction	705	(1)
Biotribology	705	(4)
Biotribology of living tissues and organisms	705	(3)
Biotribology of artificial materials in close contact with living tissues	708	(1)
Environmental implications of tribology	709	(2)
Nanotribology - basic concepts	711	(3)
Relevance to tribology	712	(1)
Nanolubrication and specialized materials for nanotribology	713	(1)
Summary	714	(5)
Revision questions	715	(1)
References	715	(4)
APPENDIX	719	(56)
Introduction	669	(1)
A.1 User-friendly interface	669	(2)
A.2 Program `Viscosity'	671	(3)
Program description	673	(1)
List of variables	674	(1)
A.3 Program `Simple'	674	(4)
Program description	676	(1)
List of variables	677	(1)
A.4 Program `Partial'	678	(8)
Program description	681	(3)
List of variables	684	(2)
A.5 Program `Thermal'	686	(10)
Program description	690	(3)
List of variables	693	(3)
A.6 Program `Deflection'	696	(6)
Program description	698	(3)
List of variables	701	(1)
A.7 Program `Groove'	702	(14)
Program description	708	(6)
List of variables	714	(2)
A.8 Program `Stability'	716	(59)
Program description	719	(2)
List of variables	721	(54)
Index	775