English Grammar A Generative Perspective

by Haegeman, Liliane; Gueron, Jacqueline

• ISBN13: 9780631188384
• ISBN10: 063118838X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-04-08
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Nicholas Bate is Founder and MD of Strategic Edge, a consultancy established 15 years ago with the simple aim of enabling individuals to realise and release their true potential. Prior to launching Strategic Edge Nicholas Bate carried out research in the field of molecular biophysics, taught in the state sector and worked in sales and marketing in several corporate environments. He is an accredited MBTI practitioner (Step 1 and Step 2), a fully accredited Master Practitioner of NLP and a 'Mind-ways Inside' accredited trainer. His current major clients include Microsoft and Marks Spencer.

Author Biography

Liliane Haegeman is Professor of English Linguistics at Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3. Her previous books include Introduction to Government and Binding Theory, Second Edition (Blackwell, 1994).

Jacqueline Guéron is Professor of Linguistics at Université de Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xiv
Introduction	1	(13)
1 THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH SENTENCES	14	(155)
0 Preliminaries: knowledge of language and grammar	14	(7)
0.1 Grammaticality	14	(5)
0.2 The aim of this book	19	(1)
0.3 Aim and scope of this chapter	20	(1)
1 The meaning of sentences: argument structure	21	(24)
1.1 The components of the clause: thematic structure	21	(1)
1.1.1 Verbs and their arguments	21	(4)
1.1.2 The theta-criterion	25	(3)
1.1.3 Adjuncts	28	(1)
1.1.4 Theta-roles and clause structure	29	(2)
1.2 Locality and thematic structure	31	(2)
1.3 Implicit arguments	33	(4)
1.4 Do all verbs assign theta-roles?	37	(2)
1.5 Do only verbs assign theta-roles?	39	(1)
1.6 Do all noun phrases receive theta-roles?	40	(1)
1.6.1 NPs as adjuncts	41	(1)
1.6.2 Expletive subjects	41	(2)
1.6.3 Weather verbs	43	(1)
1.7 Summary: argument structure	44	(1)
2 Phrase structure	45	(67)
2.1 Structure: clauses and constituents	45	(1)
2.1.1 The semantic criterion	45	(1)
2.1.2 Substitution	46	(1)
2.1.3 Movement	46	(1)
2.1.4 Questions: substitution and movement	46	(3)
2.1.5 Deletion	49	(1)
2.1.6 Focalizing a constituent	49	(1)
2.1.7 Further evidence for separating the verb and the auxiliary	50	(1)
2.1.8 Summary	51	(1)
2.1.9 Further evidence for structure: rightward movement of constituents	52	(1)
2.2 Words and categories	53	(1)
2.2.1 Nouns	54	(2)
2.2.2 Verbs	56	(1)
2.2.3 Adjectives	56	(1)
2.2.4 Adverbs	57	(1)
2.2.5 Prepositions	58	(1)
2.2.6 Lexical categories	58	(1)
2.2.7 Functional categories	58	(5)
2.2.8 Summary	63	(1)
2.3 Phrases	64	(1)
2.3.1 Noun Phrases or NPs	64	(3)
2.3.2 Prepositional Phrases or PPs	67	(1)
2.3.3 Verb Phrases or VPs	68	(2)
2.3.4 Adjective Phrases or APs	70	(2)
2.3.5 Summary: lexical categories and phrasal categories	72	(1)
2.4 Layering	73	(1)
2.4.1 VP-layers	73	(2)
2.4.2 NP-layers	75	(2)
2.4.3 AP, AdvP and PP	77	(1)
2.4.4 The X-bar format of phrase structure	78	(1)
2.4.5 The X-bar format and adjunction	79	(2)
2.5 Functional projections	81	(1)
2.5.1 S, binary branching and AUX	81	(3)
2.5.2 Lexical verbs and auxiliaries	84	(9)
2.5.3 S as a projection of I	93	(2)
2.5.4 I as AGR and T (i)	95	(2)
2.5.5 IP and CP	97	(4)
2.5.6 Adjunction to the clause	101	(2)
2.5.7 Functional heads and lexical heads	103	(1)
2.5.8 Selection and locality	104	(4)
2.5.9 Small clauses	108	(4)
3 Grammatical functions and case	112	(25)
3.1 The subject NP	112	(1)
3.2 Non-overt subjects	113	(1)
3.3 Non-NP subjects	114	(1)
3.3.1 Clausal subjects	114	(5)
3.3.2 PP subjects	119	(1)
3.3.3 Small clause subjects	120	(1)
3.4 Expletive subjects	120	(1)
3.4.1 It	120	(1)
3.4.2 Existential there	121	(1)
3.4.3 The subject of weather verbs	122	(1)
3.5 The object	122	(1)
3.5.1 NP objects	122	(1)
3.5.2 Speculations on the double object construction in English	123	(2)
3.5.3 Non-NP objects	125	(1)
3.6 The subject requirement	126	(1)
3.7 Case	127	(1)
3.7.1 Pronouns and morphological case	127	(1)
3.7.2 The distribution of nominative and accusative case	128	(4)
3.7.3 The Case-Filter	132	(1)
3.7.4 Locality and case-assignment	133	(3)
3.7.5 Case-assigners	136	(1)
3.7.6 Summary	137	(1)
Summary	137	(8)
Exercises	145	(21)
Bibliographical notes	166	(3)
2 MOVEMENT AND LOCALITY	169	(118)
0 Aim and scope of this chapter	169	(1)
1 Movement	169	(58)
1.1 Questions	169	(1)
1.1.1 Preliminary description	169	(6)
1.1.2 The status of whether and if	175	(1)
1.1.3 Movement and locality	176	(4)
1.1.4 Extracting the subject	180	(2)
1.1.5 Adjunct extraction	182	(1)
1.1.6 Islands	183	(1)
1.1.7 Summary: wh-movement	184	(1)
1.2 Relative clauses	185	(1)
1.2.1 Preliminary description	185	(1)
1.2.2 Analysis	186	(1)
1.2.3 Evidence for the movement analysis	187	(1)
1.2.4 Further examples	188	(3)
1.2.5 Infinitival relatives	191	(2)
1.2.6 Subject relatives with that	193	(1)
1.2.7 Double movement	194	(4)
1.2.8 Summary: relative clauses and interrogative clauses	198	(1)
1.3 Passivization and raising	198	(1)
1.3.1 Argument structure of active and passive	199	(3)
1.3.2 Raising	202	(2)
1.3.3 Passivization and raising: movement to subject position	204	(1)
1.3.4 NP-movement is case-driven	205	(3)
1.3.5 NP-movement as a Last Resort and the Principle of Economy	208	(1)
1.3.6 The category of the moved constituent	209	(2)
1.3.7 NP-movement: summary	211	(1)
1.4 Movement in English	211	(1)
1.4.1 Survey	211	(1)
1.4.2 C-command	212	(3)
1.4.3 Locality	215	(2)
1.4.4 Two types of XP-movement	217	(3)
1.4.5 A-movement and A' -movement: the identification of movement types	220	(7)
2 The canonical subject position and the VP-internal subject hypothesis	227	(8)
2.1 Floating quantifiers	228	(3)
2.2 Movement of the subject NP	231	(3)
2.3 Locality and the VP-internal subject hypothesis	234	(1)
3 Transitives, intransitives and unaccusatives (ergatives)	235	(10)
3.1 One-argument verbs and the base-position of the subject	235	(1)
3.2 The existential construction	236	(1)
3.2.1 English	236	(1)
3.2.2 The existential construction and post-verbal subjects in French	237	(5)
3.3 Movement and case	242	(2)
3.4 Unaccusative verbs in English	244	(1)
3.5 Summary: two kinds of one-argument verbs	244	(1)
4 Head-movement, prepositions and particles	245	(23)
4.1 Head-movement in English: a survey	245	(4)
4.2 The verb-particle construction in English	249	(1)
4.2.1 Introduction	249	(1)
4.2.2 The PP	250	(2)
4.2.3 The particle	252	(12)
4.3 Passivization and particles	264	(1)
4.3.1 Verb-particles and passive	264	(2)
4.3.2 Passive and preposition stranding	266	(1)
4.4 Summary: particles	267	(1)
Summary	268	(4)
Exercises	272	(13)
Bibliographical notes	285	(2)
3 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE CLAUSE	287	(74)
0 Aim and scope of this chapter	287	(1)
1 Subjects across categories and be as a raising verb	288	(18)
1.1 Copular sentences	288	(1)
1.1.1 Copular sentences: a first analysis	288	(2)
1.1.2 Be as a one-argument verb	290	(1)
1.1.3 Subject positions	291	(3)
1.1.4 Functional projections and adjectives	294	(4)
1.1.5 Be as a raising verb	298	(1)
1.2 Progressive be	299	(3)
1.3 Passive be	302	(2)
1.4 Some speculations on perfect have	304	(2)
1.5 Summary: be as a raising verb	306	(1)
2 Functional projections and the Split-INFL hypothesis	306	(20)
2.1 Finite clauses	306	(1)
2.2 Non-finite clauses	307	(1)
2.3 V-movement across adverbs	308	(1)
2.3.1 V-movement across adverbs in finite clauses	309	(1)
2.3.2 V-movement across adverbs in non-finite clauses	309	(1)
2.4 The Split-INFL hypothesis: I as AGR and T (ii)	310	(1)
2.4.1 Two landing sites of the verb	310	(1)
2.4.2 Negative sentences in French	311	(2)
2.4.3 Morphological evidence	313	(1)
2.5 Further considerations on the structure of English clauses	314	(1)
2.5.1 The Split-INFL in English	314	(4)
2.5.2 A note on subject movement	318	(1)
2.5.3 NegP in English: not versus n't	318	(4)
2.5.4 Speculations on copula be and possessive have	322	(2)
2.6 Speculations on the subjunctive in English	324	(2)
3 Extended projection	326	(4)
3.1 VP as the semantic core of the clause	326	(2)
3.2 Extended projection and subjunctive selection	328	(2)
4 The Split-CP hypothesis	330	(17)
4.1 Head-movement and locality	330	(3)
4.2 The structure of CP	333	(1)
4.2.1 Negative inversion	333	(3)
4.2.2 Topicalization	336	(1)
4.2.3 Negative inversion and topicalization	337	(2)
4.2.4 More functional projections in CP	339	(2)
4.3 Topic and focus	341	(1)
4.3.1 Operator versus non-operator	341	(1)
4.3.2 Hungarian focalization	342	(2)
4.3.3 Wh-movement in embedded clauses in English	344	(3)
4.4 Conclusion: the split CP	347	(1)
Summary	347	(4)
Exercises	351	(7)
Bibliographical notes	358	(3)
4 ASPECTS OF THE SYNTAX OF NOUN PHRASES	361	(128)
0 Aim and scope of this chapter	361	(1)
1 Binding	362	(21)
1.1 The interpretation of reflexives	363	(1)
1.1.1 Antecedents	363	(1)
1.1.2 C-command and binding	363	(2)
1.1.3 A-binding	365	(1)
1.1.4 Locality conditions on binding: the binding domain	365	(2)
1.1.5 Reflexives as subjects	367	(1)
1.1.6 Reflexives contained within subjects	368	(1)
1.1.7 Summary: reflexives and binding	369	(1)
1.2 Anaphors: reflexives and reciprocals	370	(1)
1.3 Pronouns	371	(2)
1.4 R-expressions	373	(3)
1.5 Summary: the Binding Theory	376	(1)
1.6 Binding and movement: A-binding and A' -binding	376	(3)
1.7 Consequences of the VP -internal subject hypothesis for binding	379	(1)
1.7.1 Binding relations	379	(1)
1.7.2 Movement	380	(2)
1.8 Summary: binding relations	382	(1)
1.8.1 A-binding	382	(1)
1.8.2 A'-binding	383	(1)
2 Empty categories: an overview	383	(23)
2.1 Traces: a recapitulation	383	(1)
2.1.1 Wh-movement	383	(2)
2.1.2 NP-movement	385	(1)
2.1.3 Properties of traces	386	(2)
2.2 Non-overt arguments in the base	388	(1)
2.2.1 Non-overt subjects in non-finite clauses	388	(1)
2.2.2 Non-overt subjects are not traces	389	(1)
2.2.3 The null subject in Italian	390	(1)
2.3 Some reasons for postulating non-overt arguments	391	(1)
2.3.1 The subject requirement	391	(1)
2.3.2 Argument structure	392	(2)
2.3.3 Paraphrases	394	(1)
2.3.4 Arguments based on locality: binding	394	(1)
2.4 The typology of non-overt elements	395	(1)
2.4.1 Base generation or movement	395	(1)
2.4.2 Identification of empty categories	396	(2)
2.5 Some further speculations on base-generated non-overt arguments	398	(1)
2.5.1 pro	399	(1)
2.5.2 PRO	400	(5)
2.6 Summary: the typology of non-overt elements	405	(1)
3 Speculations on the functional structure of the nominal projection: NP as DP	406	(58)
3.1 Lexical heads versus functional heads: a recapitulation	406	(2)
3.2 The nominal projection	408	(1)
3.3 The specifier of NP	409	(2)
3.4 NP and clause	411	(1)
3.4.1 Argument structure	411	(3)
3.4.2 `Passivization' in the NP	414	(1)
3.4.3 Subject of NP	414	(1)
3.4.4 Referential dependencies: binding and control	415	(1)
3.4.5 Summary: NP and clause	416	(1)
3.5 Functional projections in the NP	417	(1)
3.5.1 NP as DP	417	(5)
3.5.2 IP-type projections in DP	422	(24)
3.6 Demonstratives and DP	446	(1)
3.6.1 Demonstratives in [Spec, DP]	446	(2)
3.6.2 Demonstratives as maximal projections	448	(2)
3.6.3 Some further speculations on demonstratives	450	(3)
3.6.4 Final remarks	453	(1)
3.7 Pre-nominal adjectival modifiers	453	(1)
3.7.1 Adjectives and APs: three proposals	453	(1)
3.7.2 The adjective is a head selecting an NP complement	454	(2)
3.7.3 Problems for the adjunction analysis of APs	456	(4)
3.7.4 Speculations on adverbial modifiers and clause structure	460	(4)
3.7.5 Summary and further discussion	464	(1)
Summary	464	(8)
Exercises	472	(14)
Bibliographical notes	486	(3)
5 FROM STRUCTURE TO INTERPRETATION	489	(92)
0 Aim and scope of this chapter	489	(1)
1 Introduction: syntax and interpretation	489	(31)
1.1 Interpretation and semantics	489	(1)
1.2 Structure and interpretation	490	(1)
1.3 Compositionality	491	(1)
1.3.1 The interpretation of the sentence is a function of its parts	491	(3)
1.3.2 Idioms	494	(3)
1.4 Economy and interpretation	497	(1)
1.4.1 Full interpretation	497	(2)
1.4.2 Questions concerning the application of the Principle of Full Interpretation	499	(3)
1.4.3 Case and AGR	502	(8)
1.4.4 Expletive constructions	510	(1)
1.4.5 Full Interpretation and empty categories	511	(2)
1.5 Predication	513	(4)
1.6 Locality and interpretation	517	(2)
1.7 Summary	519	(1)
2 The functional layers	520	(18)
2.1 CP and discourse connections: a first survey	520	(1)
2.1.1 Illocutionary force and CP: a first illustration	521	(1)
2.1.2 Discourse connections: focalization, topicalization and scene-setting	522	(1)
2.2 Illocutionary force	523	(1)
2.2.1 Embedded questions	523	(3)
2.2.2 Root questions	526	(3)
2.2.3 Do-insertion in negative sentences	529	(1)
2.3 Tense and C	530	(1)
2.3.1 Some examples	530	(2)
2.3.2 Embedded tenses	532	(3)
2.3.3 Locality and tense interpretation	535	(1)
2.4 Summary	536	(2)
3 Logical Form	538	(29)
3.1 Quantifiers	539	(1)
3.1.1 The interpretation of quantifiers	539	(2)
3.1.2 The syntactic representation of quantifier interpretation and Logical Form	541	(2)
3.1.3 Bound pronouns	543	(2)
3.2 Wh-phrases and LF movement	545	(1)
3.2.1 Wh-phrases as operators	545	(2)
3.2.2 Wh-raising	547	(4)
3.3 Reconstruction	551	(1)
3.3.1 The Binding Theory and reconstruction	551	(4)
3.3.2 VP fronting and reconstruction	555	(2)
3.4 Expletive replacement and Full Interpretation	557	(1)
3.4.1 Existential sentences and there	557	(1)
3.4.2 Do-insertion	558	(2)
3.5 Consequences for language typology	560	(1)
3.5.1 V-movement revisited	560	(2)
3.5.2 Checking Theory	562	(2)
3.5.3 Movement and language typology	564	(2)
3.6 Conclusion	566	(1)
3.7 Summary	566	(1)
Summary	567	(3)
Exercises	570	(9)
Bibliographical notes	579	(2)
6 THE NEW COMPARATIVE SYNTAX	581	(69)
0 Aim and scope of this chapter	581	(1)
1 Introduction	581	(6)
1.1 The comparative approach	581	(1)
1.2 Principles and parameters in syntactic theory	582	(1)
1.2.1 Grammar and knowledge of language	582	(1)
1.2.2 Acquisition of linguistic knowledge	583	(4)
2 Parameters and word-order variation	587	(10)
2.1 Verb movement to AGR	587	(2)
2.2 N-to-AGR movement	589	(1)
2.3 SOV languages versus SVO languages	590	(1)
2.3.1 The head parameter	591	(1)
2.3.2 The universal base and object shift	592	(2)
2.3.3 Diachronic developments	594	(1)
2.4 Summary: principles and parameters	595	(1)
2.4.1 Principles	595	(1)
2.4.2 Parameters	595	(1)
2.4.3 The interaction of parameters and principles	596	(1)
3 Parametric variation between languages: the pro-drop parameter	597	(17)
3.1 Non-overt subjects in finite clauses	597	(2)
3.2 Relating the properties	599	(1)
3.2.1 The identification of pro and rich AGRs	599	(1)
3.2.2 Expletives	600	(1)
3.2.3 Post-verbal subjects and non-overt expletives	601	(1)
3.2.4 Extraction of the subject across an overt declarative complementizer	601	(1)
3.2.5 The clustering of properties	602	(1)
3.3 Syntax is driven by morphology	603	(1)
3.4 Speculations on post-verbal non-overt pronouns	604	(1)
3.4.1 The parameter	604	(1)
3.4.2 The non-overt object is syntactically active	605	(4)
3.4.3 Non-overt subjects is small clauses	609	(3)
3.4.4 Two types of post-verbal pro	612	(1)
3.4.5 Object pro and diachronic development	613	(1)
4 Register variation	614	(20)
4.1 Non-overt subjects in abbreviated English	614	(1)
4.1.1 The data	614	(2)
4.1.2 Arguments for non-overt subjects	616	(1)
4.1.3 Constraints on non-overt subjects	617	(1)
4.1.4 Arguments against the pro-drop analysis	618	(3)
4.1.5 The CP level and the identification of non-overt subjects	621	(4)
4.1.6 Summary	625	(1)
4.1.7 Some further data	625	(1)
4.2 The delimitation of movement and complex styles	626	(1)
4.2.1 Recapitulation: movement and locality	626	(1)
4.2.2 Extraction from adjunct clauses	627	(1)
4.2.3 Complex sentences	628	(3)
4.2.4 Movement in English and in Italian	631	(1)
4.2.5 The Latinate style	632	(1)
4.2.6 Stylistic variation and parametric variation	632	(1)
4.3 Summary: core grammars and peripheral grammars	633	(1)
Summary	634	(4)
Exercises	638	(8)
Bibliographical notes	646	(4)
References	650	(8)
Index	658