Enterprise Architecture for Integration

by Finkelstein, Clive

• ISBN13: 9781580537131
• ISBN10: 1580537138
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-31
• Publisher: Artech House on Demand

Summary

With the fast pace of change in today's business environment, the need to transform organizations into agile enterprises that can respond quickly to change has never been greater. Methods and computer technologies are needed to enable rapid business and system change, and this practical book shows professionals how to achieve this agility. The solution lies in Enterprise Integration (both business and technology integration). For business integration, the book explains how to use enterprise architecture methods to integrate data, processes, locations, people, events and business plans throughout an organization.

Author Biography

Clive Finkelstein is an independent consultant and presenter of public and in-house courses on the rapid delivery of enterprise architecture using enterprise engineering methods and rapid delivery technologies

Table of Contents

Foreword	xix
Preface	xxv
Enterprise Architecture and Enterprise Engineering	1	(20)
The Evolution of Enterprise Architecture	1	(4)
Using the Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture	5	(5)
The Difference Between Primitives and Composites	6	(2)
Identifying Reusable, Priority Areas for Early Delivery	8	(2)
Enterprise Engineering for Rapid Development	10	(5)
Using Enterprise Architecture for Enterprise Integration	15	(3)
The Importance of Metadata	16	(2)
Summary	18	(3)
Endnotes	19	(2)
PART I Enterprise Architecture for Managers	21	(70)
Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps	23	(18)
Introduction to Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps	23	(1)
Basic Concepts of Balanced Scorecard	24	(4)
Translate the Strategy to Operational Terms	24	(2)
Align the Organization to the Strategy	26	(1)
Make Strategy Everyone's Everyday Job	26	(1)
Make Strategy a Continual Process	27	(1)
Mobilize Change Through Executive Leadership	28	(1)
Basic Concepts of Strategy Maps	28	(3)
Examples of Balanced Scorecard and Strategy Maps	31	(5)
Differentiation of Mobil North America Marketing and Refining	31	(1)
Differentiation of the Financial Perspective at Mobil	32	(1)
The New Customer Perspective at Mobil	33	(1)
The Internal Process Perspective at Mobil	34	(1)
The Learning and Growth Perspective at Mobil	35	(1)
Steps to Develop Balanced Scorecards and Strategy Maps	36	(3)
Methods for Defining Strategies, Processes, and Systems	37	(2)
Summary	39	(2)
Endnotes	39	(2)
Using Strategy Analysis to Define the Future	41	(32)
Strategy Analysis in Business Planning	41	(5)
Using Strategy Analysis	43	(1)
The Quality of Planning Statements	44	(2)
The Steps of Strategy Analysis	46	(16)
Step 1---Understand the Mission and Purpose	46	(1)
Step 2---Identify the Major Business Areas	47	(1)
Step 3---Determine What Has to Be Achieved	48	(1)
Step 4---Identify Issues Representing Opportunities or Problems	49	(4)
Step 5---Determine What Will Achieve or Resolve the Issues	53	(3)
Step 6---Define Key Performance Indicators	56	(1)
Step 7---Identify the Current Functions That Exist	57	(1)
Step 8---Allocate Functional Responsibility to Implement Strategies	58	(2)
Step 9---Define Job Role Responsibilities for Each Function	60	(2)
Benefits of Strategy Analysis	62	(1)
Strategy Analysis for Project Specifications	62	(3)
Step 1---Examine Business and Project Mission Statements	63	(1)
Step 2---Identify Project Goals and Performance Criteria	63	(1)
Step 3---Define Clear Business and Project Goals	63	(1)
Step 4---Identify the Business Problems or Opportunities	63	(1)
Step 5---Determine Strategies to Address Problems or Opportunities	64	(1)
Step 6---Define Key Performance Indicators	64	(1)
Step 7---Determine Which Business Functions Are to Be Supported	64	(1)
Step 8---Identify Managers and Business Experts from Each Function	64	(1)
Step 9---Schedule Joint Participation by Business and IT Experts	64	(1)
Preparation for Strategy Analysis	65	(4)
Business Planning Questionnaire	65	(2)
Enterprise Mission and Purpose	67	(1)
Business Unit Mission and Purpose	68	(1)
Policies, Objectives, or Strategies	68	(1)
Processing of Questionnaire Responses	68	(1)
Refined Policies, Objectives, or Strategies	68	(1)
Markets, Products and Services, Channels, and SWOTs	69	(1)
Questionnaire Templates for Enterprise Architecture	69	(1)
Business Planning Questionnaire Template	69	(1)
Strategic Modeling Questionnaire Template	69	(1)
Summary	70	(3)
Endnotes	70	(3)
Governance Analysis Using Enterprise Architecture	73	(18)
Responsibilities Imposed by Sarbanes-Oxley	73	(4)
Typical Internal Control Questions	74	(2)
Managing Internal Controls Using Enterprise Architecture	76	(1)
Governance Analysis Framework (GAF) for Sarbanes-Oxley	77	(8)
Developing a Governance Analysis Framework	80	(2)
Methods and Tools for Governance Analysis	82	(3)
Business Transformation Using Enterprise Architecture	85	(1)
Step-by-Step Approach for Governance Analysis	85	(3)
Step 1---Establish Plan for Strategic Modeling Project	86	(1)
Step 2---Capture Initial Business Planning Input as Catalyst	86	(1)
Step 3---Conduct Strategic Modeling Facilitated Session	86	(1)
Step 4---Carry Out Strategic Model Analysis	86	(1)
Step 5---Derive Governance Analysis Framework Documentation	87	(1)
Step 6---Review Matrices and Governance Implementation Plan	87	(1)
Step 7---Manage Progressive Completion of GAF Matrices	87	(1)
Step 8---Manage Implementation of Governance Analysis Systems	87	(1)
Summary	88	(3)
Endnotes	89	(2)
PART II Enterprise Architecture Methods	91	(274)
Methods for Building Enterprise Architecture	93	(50)
Evolution of Systems Development Methodologies	93	(2)
Evolution of Software Engineering	93	(1)
Evolution of Information Engineering	94	(1)
Evolution of Object-Oriented Methods	95	(1)
Review of Enterprise Architecture	95	(2)
Business Knowledge Is Needed for Enterprise Architecture	95	(1)
Technology Decisions Using Enterprise Architecture	96	(1)
Enterprise Architecture and the Pace of Change	96	(1)
Government Methods for Building Enterprise Architecture	97	(8)
Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework	97	(5)
Relating the FEAF to the Zachman Framework	102	(3)
Department of Defense Architecture Frameworks	105	(19)
Defence Planning Terminology	105	(1)
The Need for Defence Interoperability	106	(3)
Approach 1: Common Integrated Technology Environments	109	(1)
Approach 2: Integrated Technology and Information Environments	109	(1)
Approach 3: Partially Integrated Technology and Information	109	(3)
Approach 4: Federated Information and Technology Environment	112	(1)
Evolution of Enterprise Architecture Within DoD	113	(2)
Defence Architecture Framework	115	(3)
Relating the Zachman Framework to the Defence Framework	118	(4)
Enterprise Architecture Project Results at Defence	122	(2)
The Open Group Architecture Framework	124	(1)
Role of Enterprise Engineering in FEAF, DoDAF, EAP, and TOGAF	125	(1)
Enterprise Architecture Project Experience	125	(5)
Project Experience Summary	129	(1)
Strategies for Enterprise Architecture Implementation	130	(8)
Strategy A: Implementation in Top-Down, Rigorous Detail	130	(3)
Strategy B: Selective EA, Based on ROI Business Case	133	(1)
Strategy C: Deliver in 3-Month Incremental Builds	134	(4)
Enterprise Engineering for Enterprise Architecture	138	(1)
Summary	139	(4)
Endnotes	140	(3)
Using Business-Driven Data Mapping for Integrated Data	143	(52)
Enterprise Architecture Incremental Build Context	143	(2)
Reading Strategy for This Chapter	145	(1)
Data Modeling Conventions	145	(9)
Business-Driven Enterprise Engineering Phases	146	(1)
Data Modeling Phase	146	(1)
Definition of Data Modeling	147	(1)
A Simple Data Map	147	(1)
Definition of a Data Entity	148	(1)
Definition of a Data Attribute	148	(1)
Definition of Data Associations	149	(1)
Association Degree in Business-Driven Data Mapping	150	(1)
Association Degree in IT-Driven Data Mapping	150	(1)
Association Nature in Business-Driven Data Mapping	151	(1)
Association Nature in IT-Driven Data Mapping	152	(1)
Time-Dependent Nature in Business-Driven Data Mapping	152	(1)
Time-Dependent Nature in IT-Driven Data Mapping	152	(1)
Summary of Association Degree and Nature	153	(1)
Case Study Problem 1	154	(1)
Data Entity Types	154	(16)
Principal Entity	155	(1)
Type Entity	156	(2)
Secondary Entity	158	(1)
Exclusive Type Entity	159	(1)
Inclusive Type Entity	160	(1)
Intersecting Entity	160	(3)
Role Entity	163	(2)
Case Study Problem 2	165	(1)
Recognizing a Structure Entity	165	(1)
Structure Entity	166	(1)
Structure Entity Represents a Table	167	(2)
Summary of Entity Types	169	(1)
Case Study Problem 3	170	(1)
Data Attribute Types	170	(14)
Key Attributes	170	(1)
Primary Key, with Examples	171	(1)
Foreign Key, with Examples	172	(2)
Key Attribute Alias	174	(1)
Candidate Keys	174	(1)
Compound Key, with Examples	174	(2)
Nonkey Attributes	176	(1)
Selection Attributes (Secondary Keys)	176	(1)
Elemental and Group Attributes	177	(1)
Repeating Group Attributes	177	(2)
Derived Attributes	179	(2)
Optional Attributes	181	(1)
Entity List Conventions	181	(1)
Entity List for Data Model Examples	182	(1)
Data Map for Data Model Examples	183	(1)
Case Study Problem 4	184	(1)
More About Entities and Attributes	184	(8)
Purpose Descriptions	184	(1)
Good Purpose Descriptions	185	(1)
Attribute Purpose Descriptions	186	(1)
Association Purpose Descriptions	186	(1)
Business Process Purpose Descriptions	186	(1)
Entity Model View Authority	186	(1)
Attribute Data Domain	187	(1)
Attribute Edit Rules	188	(1)
Edit Rule Example	188	(1)
Attribute Model View Authority	189	(1)
Summary of Attribute Characteristics	190	(1)
Case Study Problem 5	191	(1)
Case Study Problem 6	191	(1)
Data Modeling Case Study Workshop	192	(1)
Summary	192	(3)
Endnotes	193	(2)
Strategic Modeling for Rapid Delivery of Enterprise Architecture	195	(48)
Enterprise Architecture Incremental Build Context	195	(2)
Reading Strategy for This Chapter	196	(1)
Developing a Strategic Model	197	(9)
Preparing for Strategic Modeling	197	(1)
Strategy for the Facilitated Modeling Session	198	(1)
Starting the Facilitated Modeling Session	198	(6)
Continuing the Facilitated Modeling Session	204	(1)
Case Study Exercises for Strategic Modeling	204	(2)
Sample Solutions for Strategic Modeling Exercises	206	(8)
Sample Solution for Statement 4: Project Teams	206	(2)
Sample Solution for Statement 5: Project Activities	208	(1)
Sample Solution for Statement 6: Project Skills	208	(1)
Sample Solution for Statement 7: Project Resources	209	(2)
Sample Solution for Statement 8: Related Budgets	211	(1)
Sample Solution for Statement 9: Related Projects	211	(3)
Strategic Model Sample Solution	214	(1)
Identifying Business Activities from a Data Map	214	(3)
Deriving Project Plans for Rapid EA Delivery	217	(13)
Characteristics of Entity Dependency Analysis	220	(1)
Entity Dependency Rules	221	(2)
Entity Dependency Rule Exercises	223	(1)
Deriving Project Plans and Project Maps	224	(1)
Steps for Derivation of Project Plans	225	(5)
Case Study Entity Dependency Problems	230	(1)
Project Maps Are Do-It-Yourself Construction Kits	230	(10)
Using Project Management Packages	230	(3)
Large Government Department Project Example	233	(1)
Regional Bank Project Example	234	(2)
Medium Government Department Project Example	236	(1)
Large Government Department Project Example	237	(3)
Summary	240	(3)
Endnotes	241	(2)
Strategic Alignment, Activity and Workflow Modeling, and Business Rules	243	(32)
Enterprise Architecture Incremental Build Context	243	(3)
Reading Strategy for This Chapter	245	(1)
Step 6: Define Strategic Alignment Matrices	246	(2)
Relationship Between Business Plans, Data, and Activities	246	(1)
Aligning Business Plans to Organizational Structure (Column 6--Column 4)	246	(1)
Case Study Problems for Strategic Alignment Matrices	247	(1)
Step 7: Activity Modeling Concepts	248	(9)
Differences Between Functions, Activities, and Processes	248	(1)
Role of IDEF0	249	(2)
IDEF0 Model Components	251	(1)
Context Diagram	252	(1)
Reading a Context Diagram	252	(1)
ICOM Input Arrow	253	(1)
ICOM Control Arrow	254	(1)
ICOM Output Arrow	254	(1)
ICOM Mechanism Arrow	254	(1)
Activity Maps as Decomposition Diagrams	255	(1)
Activity Map Feedback Loops	255	(1)
Node Diagram or Activity Hierarchy	256	(1)
Step 7: Activity-Based Costing	257	(5)
Comparison to Traditional Financial Accounting	258	(1)
Steps of Activity-Based Costing	258	(3)
Forming Activity Alternatives	261	(1)
Monitoring the Benefits	262	(1)
Step 8: Workflow Modeling	262	(5)
Using Project Maps for Workflow Modeling	263	(2)
Derivation of Activity Models from Project Maps	265	(1)
Derivation of a Workflow Model from Activity Maps	265	(2)
Step 8: Business Rules for Workflow Modeling	267	(5)
Mapping BRS Proteus to Enterprise Architecture	268	(3)
Definition of Business Rules Using BRS Proteus	271	(1)
Summary	272	(3)
Endnotes	274	(1)
Using Business Normalization for Future Business Needs	275	(54)
Enterprise Architecture Incremental Build Context	275	(3)
Reading Strategy for This Chapter	277	(1)
Introduction to Normalization	278	(9)
Business Normalization	278	(1)
Resolution of Forms' Design Problems	279	(3)
Resolving Database Design Problems	282	(1)
Tables Related by Common Keys	283	(2)
Benefits of Business Normalization	285	(1)
Normalized Tables and Rules	286	(1)
Identifying Data as a Business Resource	287	(1)
Case Study Problems 1 to 6	287	(1)
First Business Normal Form (1BNF)	287	(3)
Example of First Business Normal Form	289	(1)
Case Study Problem 7: Normalization Preparation and 1BNF	290	(1)
Second Business Normal Form (2BNF)	290	(6)
Example of Second Business Normal Form	290	(1)
Second Business Normal Form Data Map	291	(1)
Alternative Normalization Approaches	292	(3)
Identification of Homonyms and Synonyms	295	(1)
Case Study Problem 9: 2BNF	296	(1)
Third Business Normal Form (3BNF)	296	(2)
Example of Third Business Normal Form	296	(1)
Third Business Normal Form Data Map	297	(1)
Case Study Problem 10: 3BNF	298	(1)
Identifying Current and Future Business Needs	298	(6)
Normalization Cross-Check of Employee	298	(4)
What About Future Salary Needs?	302	(1)
Accommodating Employee Job Salary	302	(1)
Result of Business Normalization Cross-Check	303	(1)
Summary for Third Business Normal Form	304	(1)
Case Study Problem 11: Normalization Cross-Check	304	(1)
Fourth Business Normal Form (4BNF)	304	(3)
Example of Fourth Business Normal Form	305	(1)
Fourth Business Normal Form Data Map	306	(1)
Case Study Problem 12: 4BNF	306	(1)
Capturing Expert Business Knowledge	307	(19)
Fifth Business Normal Form (5BNF)	307	(1)
Example of Fifth Business Normal Form	307	(1)
Examples of 5BNF Entities: Employee Structure	308	(4)
Example of 5BNF: Product Structure	312	(5)
Using Product Structure for ``Where-Used''	317	(1)
Example of 5BNF: Organization Relationships	318	(3)
5BNF Example: Organization Role Structure	321	(2)
5BNF Example: Organization Structure	323	(1)
5BNF Expert Knowledge: Market Intelligence	324	(2)
Case Study Problem 13: 5BNF	326	(1)
Summary	326	(3)
Summarized Benefits of Business Normalization	327	(1)
Endnotes	327	(2)
Menu Design, Screen Design, Performance Analysis, and Process Modeling	329	(36)
Enterprise Architecture Incremental Build Context	329	(3)
Reading Strategy for This Chapter	332	(1)
Initial Menu Structure from a Data Model	332	(3)
Simple Menu Structure Design for Person Skill	333	(1)
Tabbed Menu Structure Design for Project Resource Management	334	(1)
Preliminary Screen Designs from a Data Model	335	(4)
Typical Screen Design for a Single Entity	336	(1)
Typical Screen Design for One-to-Many Associations	337	(2)
Database Capacity Planning and Transaction Performance	339	(9)
Database Capacity Planning from a Logical Data Model	339	(2)
Logical Transaction Performance Analysis	341	(2)
Physical Transaction Performance Analysis---Not Optimized	343	(1)
Physical Transaction Performance Analysis---Database Clustering	343	(2)
Distributed Database Design---Not Optimized	345	(1)
Distributed Transaction Performance Analysis---Network Impact	346	(1)
Distributed Transaction Performance Analysis---Data Replication	347	(1)
Prototyping from a Data Model	348	(5)
Menu Design and Screen Design from the Order Entry Data Map	349	(3)
Tables and Relationships in Microsoft Access	352	(1)
Reusing Screen and Menu Designs	352	(1)
Process Modeling	353	(9)
Differences Between Functions, Activities, and Processes	355	(1)
Relationship Between Activity Modeling and Process Modeling	355	(1)
The Role of Business Events in Activities and Processes	356	(1)
Elemental Process Modeling Logic Commands	357	(2)
Definition of Parallel Logic in Process Maps	359	(2)
Derivation of Logic for Database Code Patterns	361	(1)
Summary	362	(3)
Endnotes	363	(2)
PART III Enterprise Integration Technologies	365	(118)
Enterprise Application Integration Concepts	367	(30)
Technologies for Enterprise Integration	367	(4)
Basic XML Concepts	368	(1)
Business Documents	368	(1)
Electronic XML Documents	369	(1)
The Need for XML Transformation	369	(2)
B2B Cost-Effective Business Drivers	371	(8)
The Growth of Trading Communities	373	(1)
Connecting Enterprises	373	(6)
Finding Buyers and Suppliers	379	(1)
XML Messaging and Repository Standards	379	(5)
Industry Markup Vocabularies	381	(1)
RosettaNet	381	(3)
ebXML	384	(9)
XML Integration Server Concepts	387	(4)
Redundant Data Update Using EAI	391	(2)
EAI Vendors and Products	393	(1)
Summary	393	(4)
Endnotes	395	(2)
Enterprise Portal Technologies for Integration	397	(18)
The Evolution of Enterprise Portals	397	(5)
Definition of an Enterprise Portal	397	(1)
Structured and Unstructured Data Resources	398	(1)
Basic Architecture of an Enterprise Portal	399	(2)
Integration Using an Enterprise Portal	401	(1)
Enterprise Portal Case Studies	402	(8)
Herman Miller B2B E-Business Portal	402	(3)
Ford Motor Company B2E Internal Corporate Portal	405	(2)
General Motors Corporation Employee Portal	407	(3)
Enterprise Portal Product Categories	410	(1)
Collaborative Portal Products	411	(1)
Business Intelligence Portal Products	411	(1)
Integration Portal Products	411	(1)
Enterprise Portal Product Descriptions	411	(1)
Summary	411	(4)
Summary of Enterprise Portal Characteristics	412	(1)
Endnotes	413	(2)
Web Services for Real-Time Integration	415	(20)
Introduction to Web Services	415	(2)
Concepts and Components of Web Services	416	(1)
Intranet and Internet Web Services for Integration	417	(4)
Intranet Web Services Integration Example	418	(1)
Internet Web Services Integration Example	419	(2)
XML Standards for Web Services	421	(5)
SOAP Definition	422	(1)
WSDL Definition	423	(1)
UDDI Definition	424	(2)
Web Services Evolution	426	(4)
Phase 1 Evolution: 1999--2001	426	(1)
Phase 2 Evolution: 2002--2004	426	(3)
Phase 3 Evolution: 2005 and Beyond	429	(1)
Challenges in Phase 3 Evolution	430	(2)
Importance of Message Semantics: Metadata	430	(1)
Revenue Models for Web Services	430	(2)
Web Services Products	432	(1)
Summary	432	(3)
Endnotes	433	(2)
Service-Oriented Architecture for Integration	435	(26)
Importance of Service-Oriented Architecture	435	(6)
Manual Integration Approaches	436	(2)
Coordinated Error Management	438	(3)
Introduction to Service-Oriented and Event-Driven Architectures	441	(13)
Business Process Execution Language (BPEL)	442	(3)
Web Services Choreography Interface (WSCI)	445	(2)
Business Process Modeling Language (BPML)	447	(4)
ebXML Business Process Specification Schema (BPSS)	451	(2)
Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN)	453	(1)
SOA Business Process Management Products	454	(2)
Summary	456	(5)
Endnotes	458	(3)
Managing and Delivering Enterprise Architecture	461	(22)
Virtualization and On-Demand Computing	461	(5)
Virtualization Concepts	462	(2)
On-Demand Concepts	464	(2)
Costs of Integration	466	(3)
Role of Modeling Tools	469	(1)
Modeling Tool Products and Directions	470	(1)
Summary of Key Enterprise Architecture Principles	470	(9)
Evolution to the Twenty-First-Century Enterprise	470	(1)
Architects of the Enterprise	471	(1)
Using the Zachman Framework for Reusability	471	(1)
Systems Development Directions in the Twenty-First Century	471	(1)
Using Business Plans to Define the Future	472	(1)
Enterprise Architecture in Government and Defense	472	(1)
Development of Integrated Data Models	473	(1)
Strategic Alignment Using the Zachman Framework	474	(1)
Using Activity Modeling for Reusable Activities	474	(1)
Workflow Modeling and Business Rules	474	(1)
Menu Structure Design and Screen Design	475	(1)
Process Modeling to Define Reusable Processes	475	(1)
Technologies and Products for EAI	475	(1)
Enterprise Portal Technologies and Products	476	(1)
Technologies and Products for Web Services	476	(1)
Technologies and Products for SOA and BPM	477	(1)
Achieving Business and Technology Integration	478	(1)
Future Directions in Enterprise Architecture	479	(4)
Enterprise Architecture Skills Transfer	479	(1)
Methodology Directions	479	(1)
Technology Directions	480	(1)
Standards for Enterprise Architecture	480	(1)
Endnotes	481	(2)
About the Author	483	(2)
Index	485