Environment, Third Edition with the 2002 World Population Sheet (w/Web Enhancement) Package

by Peter H. Raven (Missouri Botanical Garden); Linda R. Berg (St. Petersburg Junior College)

• ISBN13: 9780471444121
• ISBN10: 047144412X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Description: Covering the enormous environment challenges facing our world today, this edition helps readers think critically about these challenges and understand the concepts that underlie environmental problems. Rather than telling readers what to think, the book provides the information and tools they need to reach their own conclusions.

Table of Contents

PART ONE Humans in the Environment	2	(62)
Dr. Rita R. Colwell
Our Changing Environment	4	(18)
Environmental Science	5	(1)
Environmental Sustainability	5	(1)
Our Impact on the Environment	6	(11)
Increasing Human Numbers	6	(2)
Endocrine Disrupters	8	(1)
Closing the Georges Bank Fishery	9	(1)
Declining Bird Populations	10	(2)
Reintroducing Wolves to Yellowstone	12	(1)
The Introduction of Exotic Species	13	(1)
Damage to the Atmosphere: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion	14	(1)
Global Climate Warming and Increasing Carbon Dioxide Levels	15	(1)
Destroying a Tropical Rain Forest	16	(1)
The Goals of Environmental Science	17	(1)
Meeting the Challenge: The Earth Summit	18	(4)
Addressing Environmental Problems, Part I	22	(18)
Addressing Environmental Problems: An Overview	23	(1)
The Scientific Analysis of Environmental Problems	24	(2)
The Scientific Method	24	(1)
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	25	(1)
The Importance of Prediction	26	(1)
Experimental Controls	26	(1)
Theories and Principles	26	(1)
Scientific Design-Making and Uncertainty: An Assessment of Risks	26	(4)
Determining the Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants	27	(3)
Ecological Risk Assessment	30	(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Risks	30	(1)
A Balanced Perspective on Risks	30	(1)
Case in Point: Lake Washington	30	(6)
Working Together	36	(1)
Focus On: The Tragedy of the Commons	37	(3)
Addressing Environmental Problems, Part II	40	(24)
Conservation	41	(1)
History of the U.S. Environmental Movement	41	(6)
Protecting Forests	41	(1)
Establishing and Protecting National Parks and Monuments	42	(1)
Conservation in the Mid-20th Century	43	(1)
The Environmental Movement of the Late-20th Century	44	(3)
An Economist's View of Pollution	47	(5)
How Much Pollution Is Acceptable?	48	(2)
Economic Strategies for Pollution Control	50	(2)
Government and Environmental Policy	52	(2)
Legislative Approaches to Environmental Problems Have Been Effective Overall	54	(1)
Case in Point: Old-Growth Forests of the Pacific Northwest	54	(3)
Ethics, Values, and Worldviews	57
Worldviews	57
Focus On: Natural Resources, the Environment, and the National Income Accounts	51	(2)
Focus On: Economics and the Environment in Central and Eastern Europe	53	(11)
PART TWO The World We Live In	64	(102)
Dr. Jane Lubchenco
Ecosystems and Energy	66	(18)
The House We Live In	67	(2)
The Energy of Life	69	(4)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	70	(1)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	71	(1)
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration	71	(2)
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems	73
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers	73	(2)
The Path of Energy Flow: Who Eats Whom in Ecosystems	75	(3)
Ecological Pyramids	78	(1)
Productivity of Producers	79
Focus On: Life Without the Sun	72	(5)
Focus On: Changes in Antarctic Food Webs	77	(7)
Ecosystems and Living Organisms	84	(22)
Biological Communities	85	(2)
Keystone Species	85	(2)
Interactions Among Organisms	87	(6)
Predation	87	(3)
Symbiosis	90	(3)
Competition	93	(1)
The Ecological Niche	93	(4)
Limiting Factors	95	(1)
Competitive Exclusion and Resource Partitioning	95	(2)
Species Diversity	97	(2)
Species Diversity, Ecosystem Services, and Community Stability	98	(1)
Evolution: How Populations Change Over Time	99	(1)
Natural Selection	99	(1)
Succession: How Communities Change Over Time	100
Primary Succession	100	(1)
Secondary Succession	101
Focus On: The Kingdoms of Life	86	(5)
Focus On: Coevolution	91	(15)
Ecosystems and the Physical Environment	106	(27)
The Cycling of Materials Within Ecosystems	107	(8)
The Carbon Cycle	107	(2)
The Nitrogen Cycle	109	(3)
The Phosphorus Cycle	112	(2)
The Hydrologic Cycle	114	(1)
Solar Radiation	115	(2)
Temperature Changes with Latitude	117	(1)
Temperature Changes with Season	117	(1)
The Atmosphere	117	(3)
Layers of the Atmosphere	118	(1)
Atmospheric Circulation	119	(1)
The Global Ocean	120	(4)
Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean	120	(1)
Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water	121	(1)
The Ocean Interacts with the Atmosphere	122	(2)
Weather and Climate	124	(3)
Precipitation	124	(1)
Tornadoes	125	(1)
Tropical Cyclones	126	(1)
Internal Planetary Processes	127	(6)
Volcanoes	128	(1)
Earthquakes	129	(4)
Major Ecosystems of the World	133	(33)
Earth's Major Biomes	134	(11)
Tundra: Cold Boggy Plains of the Far North	135	(1)
Taiga: Evergreen Forests of the North	136	(2)
Temperate Rain Forest: Lush Temperate Forests	138	(1)
Temperate Deciduous Forest: Broad-Leaved Trees that Shed Their Leaves	138	(1)
Grasslands: Temperate Seas of Grass	139	(1)
Chaparral: Thickets of Evergreen Shrubs and Small Trees	140	(1)
Deserts: Arid Life Zones	141	(1)
Savanna: Tropical Grasslands	142	(1)
Tropical Rain Forests: Lush Equatorial Forests	143	(2)
Aquatic Ecosystems	145	(1)
Freshwater Ecosystems	146	(4)
Rivers and Streams: Flowing-Water Ecosystems	146	(1)
Lakes and Ponds: Standing-Water Ecosystems	147	(2)
Marshes and Swamps: Freshwater Wetlands	149	(1)
Estuaries: Where Fresh Water and Saltwater Meet	150	(1)
Marine Ecosystems	151	(7)
The Intertidal Zone: Transition Between Land and Ocean	152	(1)
The Benthic Environment: Seagrass Beds, Kelp Forests, and Coral Reefs	152	(4)
The Neritic Province: Shallow Waters Close to Shore	156	(1)
The Oceanic Province: Most of the Ocean	156	(2)
The Impact of Human Activities on the Ocean	158	(1)
Case in Point: The Everglades	158	(2)
Interaction of Life Zones	160
Focus On: Vertical Zonation: The Distribution of Vegetation on Mountains	137	(3)
Focus on: Wildfires	140	(26)
PART THREE A Crowded World	166	(50)
Nafis Sadik
Understanding Population Growth	168	(22)
Principles of Population Ecology	169	(4)
Population Density	169	(1)
How Do Populations Change in Size?	169	(2)
Maximum Population Growth	171	(1)
Environmental Resistance and Carrying Capacity	172	(1)
Reproductive Strategies	173	(2)
Survivorship	174	(1)
Factors That Affect Population Size	175	(2)
Density-Dependent Factors	175	(2)
Density-Independent Factors	177	(1)
The Human Population	177	(8)
Projecting Future Population Numbers	178	(1)
Demographics of Countries	179	(3)
Age Structure of Countries	182	(2)
Demographics of the United States	184	(1)
Case in Point: U.S. Immigration	185
Focus On: Predator--Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale	176	(14)
Facing the Problems of Overpopulation	190	(26)
The Human Population Explosion	191	(3)
Population and World Hunger	192	(1)
Economic Effects of Continued Population Growth	193	(1)
Population, Resources, and the Environment	194	(3)
Types of Resources	194	(1)
Population Size and Resource Consumption	195	(1)
People Overpopulation and Consumption Overpopulation	195	(1)
Population and Environmental Impact: A Simple Model	196	(1)
Population and Urbanization	197	(2)
Characteristics of the Urban Population	197	(1)
The City as an Ecosystem	197	(2)
Case in Point: Curitiba, Brazil	199	(3)
Urbanization Trends	200	(2)
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate	202	(4)
Culture and Fertility	202	(1)
The Social and Economic Status of Women	203	(2)
Family Planning Services	205	(1)
Government Policies and Fertility	206	(1)
Case in Point: China's Controversial Family Planning Policy	206	(1)
Case in Point: India's Severe Population Pressures	207	(1)
Case in Point: Mexico's Young Age Structure	208	(1)
Case in Point: Much to Be Done in Nigeria	208	(1)
Government Policies and Fertility: A Summary	209	(1)
The 1994 Global Summit on Population and Development	209	(1)
Achieving Population Stabilization	210	(1)
Focus on: Population Concerns in Europe	211	(5)
PART FOUR The Search for Energy	216	(78)
William Browning
Fossil Fuels	218	(27)
Energy Consumption in Highly Developed and Developing Countries	219	(1)
Fossil Fuels	220	(2)
How Fossil Fuels Were Formed	221	(1)
Coal	222	(7)
Coal Reserves	223	(1)
Coal Mining	223	(1)
Safety Problems Associated with Coal	224	(1)
Environmental Impacts Associated with the Mining Process	224	(2)
Environmental Impacts Associated with Burning Coal	226	(1)
Using Technology to Make Coal a Cleaner Fuel	227	(2)
Oil and Natural Gas	229	(6)
Geological Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas	230	(1)
Reserves of Oil and Natural Gas	231	(2)
Global Oil Demand and Supply	233	(1)
Environmental Problems Associated with Oil and Natural Gas	234	(1)
Case in Point: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge	235	(2)
Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil Fuel Resources	237	(1)
Environmental Impacts of Synfuels	238	(1)
An Energy Strategy for the United States	238
Objective 1: Increase Energy Efficiency and Conservation	238	(2)
Objective 2: Secure Future Fossil Fuel Energy Supplies	240	(1)
Objective 3: Develop Alternative Energy Sources	240	(1)
Objective 4: Accomplish the First Three Objectives Without Further Damaging the Environment	241	(1)
How Politics Influences the National Energy Strategy	241
Meeting the Challenge: Reclamation of Coal-Mined Land	225	(14)
Focus on: Energy Subsidies and the Real Price of Fuel	239	(1)
You Can Make a Difference: Getting Around Town	240	(5)
Nuclear Energy	245	(22)
Introduction to Nuclear Processes	246	(1)
Atoms and Radioactivity	246	(1)
Conventional Nuclear Fission	247	(3)
How Electricity Is Produced from Nuclear Energy	249	(1)
Safety Features of Nuclear Power Plants	250	(1)
Breeder Nuclear Fission	250	(1)
Is Nuclear Energy a Cleaner Alternative than Coal?	251	(1)
Is Electricity Produced by Nuclear Energy Cheap?	252	(1)
The High Cost of Building a Nuclear Power Plant	252	(1)
The High Cost of Fixing Technical and Safety Problems in Existing Plants	253	(1)
Can Nuclear Energy Decrease Our Reliance on Foreign Oil?	253	(1)
Safety in Nuclear Power Plants	253	(1)
Case in Point: Three Mile Island	253	(1)
Case in Point: Chernobyl	254	(4)
The Link Between Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons	258	(1)
Radioactive Wastes	258	(1)
Case in Point: Yucca Mountain	259	(4)
High-Level Liquid Waste	261	(1)
Radioactive Wastes with Relatively Short Half-Lives	261	(1)
Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants	262	(1)
Fusion: Nuclear Energy for the Future?	263	(1)
The Future of Nuclear Power	263
Focus On: The Effects of Radiation on Organisms	256	(4)
Focus On: Human Nature and Nuclear Energy	260	(7)
Renewable Energy and Conservation	267	(27)
Direct Solar Energy	268	(8)
Heating Buildings and Water	269	(3)
Solar Thermal Electric Generation	272	(1)
Photovoltaic Solar Cells	273	(2)
Solar-Generated Hydrogen	275	(1)
Indirect Solar Energy	276	(6)
Biomass Energy	276	(2)
Wind Energy	278	(1)
Hydropower	279	(1)
Ocean Waves	280	(1)
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion	281	(1)
Other Renewable Energy Sources	282	(2)
Tidal Energy	282	(1)
Geothermal Energy	282	(2)
Energy Solutions: Conservation and Efficiency	284
Energy Consumption Trends and Economics	284	(1)
Energy-Efficient Technologies	285	(4)
Electric Power Companies and Energy Efficiency	289	(1)
Energy Conservation at the Individual Level	290
Focus On: Cooking with Sunlight	271	(23)
PART FIVE Our Precious Resources	294	(162)
Jack Turnell
Water: A Fragile Resource	296	(29)
The Importance of Water	297	(2)
Properties of Water	297	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle and Our Supply of Fresh Water	298	(1)
How We Use Water	299	(2)
Irrigation	300	(1)
Water Resource Problems	301	(2)
Too Much Water	301	(2)
Case in Point: The Floods of 1993	303	(7)
Too Little Water	304	(1)
Water Problems in the United States	304	(2)
Surface Water	306	(3)
Groundwater	309	(1)
Global Water Problems	310	(4)
Drinking Water Problems	311	(1)
Population Growth and Water Problems	311	(1)
Sharing Water Resources among Countries	311	(3)
Waste Management	314	(1)
Providing a Sustainable Water Supply	314	(1)
Case in Point: The Columbia River	315	(2)
Case in Point: The Missouri River	317	(1)
Water Conservation	318	(3)
Reducing Agricultural Water Waste	318	(1)
Reducing Water Waste in Industry	319	(1)
Reducing Municipal Water Waste	320	(1)
You Can Make a Difference: Conserving Water at Home	321	(4)
Soils and Their Preservation	325	(23)
What Is Soil?	326	(1)
How Soils Are Formed	326	(1)
Soil Composition	327	(4)
Components of Soil	327	(1)
Soil Horizons	328	(1)
Soil Organisms	329	(2)
Nutrient Cycling	331	(1)
Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil	331	(2)
Soil Texture	331	(2)
Soil Acidity	333	(1)
Major Soil Groups	333	(2)
Soil Problems	335	(1)
Soil Erosion	335	(1)
Case in Point: The American Dust Bowl	336	(4)
Nutrient Mineral Depletion	337	(1)
Soil Problems in the United States	337	(1)
World Soil Problems	338	(2)
Soil Conservation and Regeneration	340	(3)
Conservation Tillage	340	(1)
Crop Rotation	341	(1)
Contour Plowing, Strip Cropping, and Terracing	341	(1)
Preserving Soil Fertility	341	(2)
Soil Reclamation	343	(1)
Soil Conservation Policies in the United States	343
You Can Make a Difference: Practicing Environmental Principles	342	(2)
Meeting the Challenge: Municipal Solid Waste Composting	344	(4)
Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource	348	(21)
Use of Minerals	349	(2)
Mineral Distribution and Formation	351	(1)
Formation of Mineral Deposits	351	(1)
How Minerals Are Found, Extracted, and Processed	351	(2)
Discovering Mineral Deposits	352	(1)
Extracting Minerals	352	(1)
Processing Minerals	353	(1)
Environmental Implications	353	(2)
Mining and the Environment	353	(1)
Environmental Impacts of Refining Minerals	354	(1)
Case in Point: Copper Basin, Tennessee	355	(3)
Restoration of Mining Lands	356	(2)
Mineral Resources: An International Perspective	358	(2)
U.S. and World Use	358	(1)
Distribution Versus Consumption	358	(1)
Will We Run Out of Important Minerals?	359	(1)
Increasing Our Mineral Supplies	360	(2)
Locating and Mining New Deposits	360	(1)
Minerals in Antarctica	360	(1)
Minerals from the Ocean	361	(1)
Advanced Mining Technologies	362	(1)
Expanding Our Supplies Through Substitution and Conservation	362	(3)
Finding Mineral Substitutes	362	(1)
Mineral Conservation	362	(3)
Meeting the Challenge: Industrial Ecosystems	365	(4)
Preserving Earth's Biological Diversity	369	(29)
How Many Species Are There?	370	(1)
Why We Need Organisms	370	(3)
Ecosystem Services and Species Diversity	371	(1)
Genetic Reserves	372	(1)
Scientific Importance of Genetic Diversity	372	(1)
Medicinal, Agricultural, and Industrial Importance of Organisms	372	(1)
Aesthetic, Ethical, and Religious Value of Organisms	373	(1)
Endangered and Extinct Species	373	(4)
Extinctions Today	374	(1)
Endangered and Threatened Species	374	(2)
Where Is Declining Biological Diversity the Greatest Problem?	376	(1)
Human Causes of Species Endangerment	377	(4)
Habitat Loss	377	(1)
Exotic Species	378	(1)
Pollution	379	(1)
Overexploitation	379	(2)
Case in Point: Disappearing Frogs	381	(2)
Conservation Biology	383	(5)
Protecting Habitats	383	(1)
Restoring Damaged or Destroyed Habitats	384	(1)
Zoos, Aquaria, Botanical Gardens, and Seed Banks	385	(2)
Conservation Organizations	387	(1)
Conservation Policies and Laws	388	(2)
Habitat Conservation Plans	389	(1)
The U.S. Biological Resources Division	389	(1)
International Conservation Policies and Laws	390	(1)
Wildlife Management	390	(1)
Management of Migratory Animals	391	(1)
Case in Point: Arctic Snow Geese	391	(1)
Management of Aquatic Organisms	391	(1)
What Can We Do About Declining Biological Diversity?	392
Increase Public Awareness	392	(1)
Support Research in Conservation Biology	392	(1)
Support the Establishment of an International System of Parks	392	(1)
Control Pollution	392	(1)
Provide Economic Incentives to Landowners and Other Local People	393
Focus On: Reintroducing Endangered Animal Species to Nature	386	(7)
Meeting the Challenge: Wildlife Ranching as a Way to Preserve Biological Diversity in Africa	393	(5)
Land Resources and Conservation	398	(30)
Importance of Natural Areas	399	(1)
Current Land Use in the United States	399	(1)
Wilderness	399	(3)
Do We Have Enough Wilderness?	401	(1)
The National Wild and Scenic Rivers System	401	(1)
National Parks	402	(2)
Threats to Parks	402	(2)
Natural Regulation	404	(1)
Wildlife Refuges	404	(1)
Forests	404	(9)
Forest Management	405	(3)
Deforestation	408	(1)
Tropical Forests and Deforestation	409	(1)
Why Are Tropical Forests Disappearing?	410	(1)
Why Are Tropical Dry Forests Disappearing?	411	(1)
Boreal Forests and Deforestation	412	(1)
Forests in the United States	412	(1)
Case in Point: Tongass National Forest	413	(1)
Rangelands	413	(3)
Rangeland Degradation and Desertification	413	(2)
Rangelands in the United States	415	(1)
Issues Involving U.S. Rangelands	415	(1)
Wetlands	416	(4)
Coastlines	419	(1)
Agricultural Lands	420	(1)
Suburban Sprawl and Urbanization	421	(1)
Land Use	422	(1)
Public Planning of Land Use	422	(1)
Management of Federal Lands	422	(1)
Conservation of Our Land Resources	423
Focus on: A National Park in Africa	403	(13)
Meeting the Challenge: The Trout Creek Mountain Working Group	416	(12)
Food Resources: A Challenge for Agriculture	428	(28)
Human Nutritional Requirements	429	(1)
World Food Problems	429	(5)
Producing Enough Food	431	(1)
Famines	431	(1)
Maintaining Grain Stockpiles	432	(1)
Poverty and Food: Making Food Affordable for the Poor	433	(1)
Cultural and Economic Effects on Human Nutrition	433	(1)
Plants and Animals that Stand Between People and Starvation	434	(1)
The Principal Types of Agriculture	434	(2)
The Effect of Domestication on Genetic Diversity	436	(1)
The Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and Animal Varieties	436	(1)
Increasing Crop Yields	437	(1)
Case in Point: The Green Revolution	438	(1)
Increasing Livestock Yields	439	(1)
Food Processing and Food Additives	440	(1)
Protection of the Consumer	440	(1)
Are Food Additives Bad	440	(1)
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture	441	(2)
Using More Land for Cultivation	442	(1)
Solutions to Agricultural Problems	443	(4)
A Move toward Sustainable Agriculture, a Substitute for High-Input Agriculture	443	(1)
Making Subsistence Agriculture Sustainable and More Productive	444	(1)
Genetic Engineering	444	(3)
Fisheries of the World	447
Problems and Challenges for the Fishing Industry	447	(3)
Aquaculture: Fish Farming	450
You Can Make a Difference: Vegetarian Diets	435	(21)
PART SIX Environmental Concerns	456	(140)
Dr. Robert T. Watson
Air Pollution	458	(26)
The Atmosphere as a Resource	459	(1)
Types and Sources of Air Pollution	459	(5)
Major Classes of Air Pollutants	460	(2)
Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution	462	(2)
Effects of Air Pollution	464	(1)
Air Pollution and Human Health	464	(1)
Urban Air Pollution	465	(2)
How Weather and Topography Affect Air Pollution	465	(1)
Urban Heat Islands and Dust Domes	466	(1)
Controlling Air Pollutants	467	(1)
Air Pollution in the United States	468	(3)
The Clean Air Act	469	(2)
Other Ways to Improve Air Quality	471	(1)
Case in Point: Los Angeles	471	(2)
Air Pollution in Developing Countries	473	(1)
Case in Point: Mexico City	473	(1)
Long-Distance Transport of Air Pollution	474	(1)
Movement of Air Pollution over the Ocean	475	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution	475	(3)
Indoor Air Pollution and the Asthma Epidemic	475	(1)
Radon	476	(2)
Asbestos	478	(1)
Noise Pollution	478	(1)
Effects of Noise	479	(1)
Controlling Noise	479	(1)
Electromagnetism: A Continuing Controversy	479
Meeting the Challenge: Clean Cars, Clean Fuels	472	(5)
Focus On: Smoking	477	(7)
Global Atmospheric Changes	484	(28)
Global Warming	485	(13)
The Causes of Global Warming	486	(2)
Developing Climate Models	488	(2)
The Effects of Global Warming	490	(5)
International Implications of Global Warming	495	(1)
How We Can Deal with Global Warming	496	(2)
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere	498	(3)
The Causes of Ozone Depletion	500	(1)
The Effects of Ozone Depletion	500	(1)
Case in Point: Facilitating the Recovery of the Ozone Layer	501	(2)
Acid Deposition	503	(5)
Measuring Acidity	503	(1)
How Acid Deposition Develops	503	(1)
Effects of Acid Deposition	504	(2)
The Politics of Acid Deposition	506	(1)
Facilitating the Recovery from Acid Deposition	507	(1)
Links Among Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Deposition	508
Climate Warming May Hurt Ozone Recovery	508
Meeting the Challenge: Business Leadership in the Phase-out of CFCs	502	(10)
Water and Soil Pollution	512	(29)
Types of Water Pollution	513	(7)
Sewage	513	(1)
Disease-Causing Agents	514	(1)
Sediment Pollution	515	(2)
Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrients	517	(1)
Organic Compounds	518	(1)
Inorganic Chemicals	518	(2)
Radioactive Substances	520	(1)
Thermal Pollution	520	(1)
Eutrophication: An Enrichment Problem in Standing-Water Ecosystems	520	(2)
Controlling Artificial Eutrophication	521	(1)
Sources of Water Pollution	522	(3)
Water Pollution from Agriculture	522	(1)
Municipal Water Pollution	523	(1)
Industrial Wastes in Water	524	(1)
Groundwater Pollution	525	(2)
Improving Water Quality	527	(4)
Purification of Drinking Water	527	(1)
Municipal Sewage Treatment	528	(2)
Individual Septic Systems	530	(1)
Laws Controlling Water Pollution	531	(2)
Safe Drinking Water Act	531	(1)
Clean Water Act	532	(1)
Laws That Protect Groundwater	533	(1)
Case in Point: Water Pollution in the Great Lakes	533	(1)
Water Pollution in Other Countries	534	(2)
Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela	535	(1)
Po River, Italy	535	(1)
Ganges River, India	535	(1)
Kwale, Kenya	536	(1)
Arsenic Poisoning in Bangladesh	536	(1)
Soil Pollution	536
Irrigation and Salinization of the Soil	536	(1)
Soil Remediation	537
You Can Make a Difference: Preventing Water Pollution	525	(7)
Meeting the Challenge: Using Citizen Watchdogs to Monitor Water Pollution	532	(9)
The Pesticide Dilemma	541	(28)
What Is a Pesticide?	542	(4)
The ``Perfect'' Pesticide	542	(1)
First-Generation and Second-Generation Pesticides	542	(1)
The Major Groups of Insecticides	543	(1)
The Major Kinds of Herbicides	544	(2)
Case in Point: The Use of Herbicides in the Vietnam War	546	(1)
Benefits of Pesticides	546	(1)
Disease Control	546	(1)
Crop Protection	547	(1)
Problems Associated with Pesticide Use	547	(8)
Development of Genetic Resistance	548	(1)
Imbalances in the Ecosystem	548	(1)
Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Biological Magnification	549	(2)
Mobility in the Environment	551	(1)
Risks to Human Health	552	(3)
Solutions to the Pesticide Dilemma	555	(3)
Using Cultivation Methods to Control Pests	555	(1)
Biological Controls	555	(2)
Reproductive Controls	557	(1)
Pheromones and Hormones	557	(1)
Genetic Controls	558	(1)
Case in Point: Bt, Its Potential and Problems	558	(2)
Quarantine	559	(1)
Integrated Pest Management	559	(1)
Case in Point: Integrated Pest Management in Asia	560	(2)
Irradiating Foods	561	(1)
Laws Controlling Pesticide Use	562	(2)
Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act	562	(1)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	563	(1)
Food Quality Protection Act	563	(1)
The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides	564	(1)
The Importation of Food Tainted with Banned Pesticides	564	(1)
The Global Ban of DDT	564	(1)
Changing Attitudes	565
Pesticide Risk Assessment	565
Focus On: The Bhopal Disaster	553	(7)
Meeting the Challenge: Reducing Agricultural Pesticide Use by 50 Percent in the United States	560	(9)
Solid and Hazardous Wastes	569	(27)
The Solid Waste Problem	570	(1)
Types of Solid Waste	570	(1)
Disposal of Solid Waste	571	(5)
Open Dumps	571	(1)
Sanitary Landfills	571	(3)
Incineration	574	(2)
Composting	576	(1)
Waste Prevention	576	(5)
Reducing the Amount of Waste: Source Reduction	577	(1)
Reusing Products	578	(1)
Recycling Materials	578	(3)
The Fee-Per-Bag Approach	581	(1)
Hazardous Waste	581	(3)
Types of Hazardous Waste	582	(2)
Case in Point: Hanford Nuclear Reservation	584	(1)
Management of Hazardous Waste	584	(4)
Chemical Accidents	585	(1)
Current Management Policies	585	(1)
Cleaning Up Existing Toxic Waste: The Superfund Program	585	(2)
The Biological Treatment of Hazardous Contaminants	587	(1)
Managing the Toxic Waste We Are Producing Now	587	(1)
Environmental Justice	588	(2)
Environmental Justice and Ethical Issues	589	(1)
Mandating Environmental Justice at the Federal Level	590	(1)
Environmental Justice and International Waste Management	590	(1)
Integrated Waste Management	590	(1)
Changing Attitudes	590
Voluntary Simplicity	590
Meeting the Challenge: Reusing and Recycling Old Automobiles	577	(19)
PART SEVEN Tomorrow's World	596
Dr. Peter Gleick
Tomorrow's World	598
A Strategy for Sustainable Living	598	(3)
Major Environmental Challenges	599	(1)
Living Sustainably	600	(1)
Principle 1: Building a Sustainable Society	601	(1)
Principle 2: Respecting and Caring for the Community of Life	602	(1)
Principle 3: Improving the Quality of Human Life	603	(1)
Principle 4: Conserving the Earth's Vitality and Biological Diversity	604	(2)
Principle 5: Keeping Within the Earth's Carrying Capacity	606	(1)
Principle 6: Changing Personal Attitudes and Practices	606	(1)
Principle 7: Enabling Communities to Care for Their Own Environments	607	(2)
Principle 8: Building a National Framework for Integrating Development and Conservation	609	(1)
Principle 9: Creating a Global Alliance	610	(1)
What Kind of World Do We Want?	611
APPENDICES
I Review of Basic Chemistry	1	(3)
II How to Make a Difference	4	(8)
III Green Collar Professions	12	(2)
IV Units of Measure: Some Useful Conversions	14	(1)
V Graphing	15	(2)
VI Abbreviations, Formulas, and Acronyms Used in this Text	17	(2)
VII Solutions to Quantitative ``Thinking About the Environment'' Questions	19	(6)
VIII World Population Data Sheet Assignment	25
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1