Environmental Chemistry: Chemistry Of Major Environmental Cycles

by Yen, Teh Fu

• ISBN13: 9781860944741
• ISBN10: 1860944744
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-01
• Publisher: Imperial College Pr

Summary

The environment is an invaluable resource, and understanding its chemistry is essential to the continued sustainability of life on earth. Environmental science, which builds on the foundation of chemistry, seeks to remedy the present deterioration and degradation caused by humans, and to create new technology that will prevent further damage. This book deals comprehensively with the five essential global cycles or environspheres -- lithosphere (minerals and energy sources), atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), pedosphere (soil), and biosphere (life) -- and provides a clear overview of the crucial interaction away them. It covers the chemistry of energy resources and aspects of biochemistry, geochemistry, and toxicological chemistry, in addition to the three important areas of air, water, and soil; in the process, it links chemical principles with environmental issues. With the fundamental principles presented clearly and the topics covered in a logical sequence, this book can be used as a textbook of environmental chemistry for the environmental engineering or environmental science major.

Table of Contents

Section A The Lithosphere
Fossil Fuels	9	(42)
Energy and Power	9	(4)
Total Energy Consumption	13	(4)
Fossil Energy	17	(12)
Petroleum and Gas	17	(4)
Oil Shale	21	(2)
Coal	23	(5)
Tar Sands	28	(1)
Resources Models	29	(11)
Macroscopic Approach by King Hubbert	29	(5)
McKelvey's Microanalytical Model	34	(1)
Dynamic Model of Meadows	35	(3)
Odum Ecological Model	38	(2)
Energy Conservation and its Chemical Perspective	40	(11)
Intra, Inter and Combined Fuel Conversions	41	(1)
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Ultimate Oil Recovery (UOR)	42	(1)
Substitution Technology	43	(1)
Environmentally-Benign Processing (Green Process)	44	(7)
Alternative Energy Sources	51	(40)
Waste Heat	52	(7)
Plank's Law and Absorption	59	(4)
Stefan-Boltzmann Law and Emissivity	63	(3)
Solar Technology	66	(12)
Solar Thermal Electric Conversion	67	(5)
Photovoltaic Devices	72	(6)
Miscellaneous Energy Sources	78	(13)
Wind Power	78	(3)
Tidal Power	81	(1)
Geothermal Power	82	(2)
Hydrogen Fuel -- ``Eco-energy''	84	(2)
Fuel Cell	86	(5)
Nuclear Power	91	(44)
Radioactivity	92	(15)
Nuclear Binding Energy	94	(1)
Nuclear Reactions	94	(3)
Radioactive Decay	97	(3)
Units of Radioactivity	100	(2)
Natural Radiation	102	(3)
Nuclear Fission	105	(1)
Nuclear Fusion	106	(1)
Nuclear Reactors	107	(4)
Thermal Reactors	108	(2)
Breeder Reactors	110	(1)
Nuclear Fuel Cycle	111	(5)
Nuclear Accidents	114	(2)
Radioactive Nuclear Waste	116	(5)
Nuclear Waste and Waste Types	119	(1)
Biological Concentration of Radioactive Elements	120	(1)
Nuclear Waste Disposal and Treatment Technology	121	(14)
Transmutation	122	(2)
Polymer Extraction	124	(1)
Aqueous Extraction for Separation	124	(11)
Section B The Atmosphere
Global Issues and Upper Atmosphere	135	(32)
Greenhouse Effect	135	(13)
Carbon Dioxide Cycle	138	(3)
Global Warming and Ice Periods	141	(7)
Ozone Layer	148	(9)
Beer-Lambert Law and Chapman Layers	148	(4)
Depletion of the Ozone Layer	152	(2)
Fate of Halomethanes	154	(3)
Stratospheric Chemistry	157	(6)
Photochemistry	157	(3)
Term Symbols	160	(3)
Thermosphere and Ionosphere	163	(4)
Troposphere: Air Pollution	167	(52)
Particulates	168	(6)
Sulfur Oxides	174	(10)
Desulfurization	175	(3)
Removal of Sulfur Dioxide	178	(1)
Fate of Sulfur Dioxide	179	(5)
Automotive Emissions	184	(17)
Carbon Monoxide	185	(2)
Nitrogen Oxides	187	(7)
Photochemical Smog	194	(3)
Antiknocking Agents	197	(3)
Catalytic Converters	200	(1)
Tropospheric Chemistry	201	(4)
Meteorology Influenced by Pollution	205	(14)
Dispersion of Pollutants	207	(3)
Gaussian Model	210	(9)
Section C The Hydrosphere
Water Properties and Groundwater	219	(56)
Chemistry of Runoff	219	(5)
Chemical Properties of Natural Waters	224	(2)
Acidity and Hardness	226	(6)
Hardness	226	(2)
Acid Rain	228	(4)
Groundwater	232	(43)
Aquifer	233	(1)
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Movement	234	(9)
Stream Function and Turbulent Flow	243	(17)
Hydrodynamic Control for Contaminant Plume	260	(9)
Chemical Restoration of Contaminated Aquifers	269	(6)
Natural Water and Pollution	275	(46)
Chemical Oceanography	276	(18)
Oil Pollution	282	(5)
Tributyltin in a Marine Environment	287	(7)
Rivers and Streams	294	(7)
Chemical Limnology	301	(4)
Eutrophication	305	(16)
Photosynthesis and Respiration	307	(2)
Eutrophication and Its Control	309	(12)
Water Treatment	321	(54)
Water Quality Criteria	322	(14)
Chemistry of Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	328	(2)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)	330	(2)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)	332	(1)
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) and Other Tests	333	(3)
Staged Wastewater Treatment	336	(4)
Primary and Intermediate Treatment	338	(1)
Secondary Treatment	338	(2)
Tertiary Treatment	340	(1)
Quaternary Treatment	340	(1)
Olfaction and Taste in Water	340	(5)
Industrial Wastewater	345	(30)
Chemical Perspective of Industrial Wastewater	345	(9)
Chemistry Associated with Synfuel Wastewaters	354	(21)
Section D The Pedosphere
Soil Chemistry	375	(62)
Soil Formation and Soil Properties	375	(31)
Soil Organic Matter	382	(5)
Chemical and Physical Weathering	387	(6)
Agricultural Applications	393	(4)
Geotechnical Applications	397	(8)
Biodegradation in Soil	405	(1)
Global Soil Pollution	406	(15)
DDT and PCB	414	(7)
Pesticides and Stockpile Wastes	421	(16)
The Third Generation Insecticides	425	(5)
Neurotoxin and Stockpile Waste	430	(7)
Hazardous Waste and Remediation	437	(64)
Solid Waste Chemistry	438	(20)
Recycling and Conversion	445	(7)
Disposal: Landfill and Leachate	452	(6)
Plastic Wastes	458	(8)
Heavy Metals	466	(12)
Mercury	468	(6)
Lead	474	(3)
Cadmium	477	(1)
Hazardous Waste	478	(5)
Remediation Technology	483	(18)
Bioaccumulation	483	(2)
Soil Vapor Extraction	485	(5)
Encapsulation and Vitrification	490	(1)
In-Situ and On Site Soil Remediation Methods	490	(11)
Section E The Biosphere
Geochemical Aspects of Biosphere	501	(62)
Exosphere	501	(7)
Radioactive Dating	508	(2)
Biochemistry	510	(27)
Biopolymer	519	(7)
Chemical Evolution	526	(6)
Chemical Autopoiesis	532	(5)
Environmental Geochemistry	537	(26)
Geochemical Biomarkers	542	(7)
Long-Range Geochemical Cycles	549	(14)
Toxicology and Risks	563	(42)
The Quality of Life	563	(6)
Optimization for the Infrastructure	566	(3)
Chemical Toxicology	569	(18)
Food Safety	572	(5)
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis	577	(7)
Radon	584	(3)
Risk Assessment and Occupational Toxicology	587	(4)
Sound, Microwave and Other Electromagnetic Exposure	591	(14)
Noise Pollution	593	(12)
Appendix	605	(8)
Index	613