Environmental Geology Principles and Practice

by Bell, F. G.

• ISBN13: 9780865428751
• ISBN10: 0865428751
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-10-15
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Environmental Geology is aimed primarily at upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in departments of earth and environmental sciences, but will also strongly appeal to the professional geologist, geographer, civil engineer and planner. As human activities continue to degrade the Earth, the crucial importance of environmental geology is fast being recognized, and course structures are beginning to exhibit an environmental bias. As a result, this book is designed to cater to this new audience and direction. It provides an assessment and evaluation of environmental hazards (volcanoes, earthquakes, etc) and problems (mining, waste disposal, etc), and suggests methods of dealing with them. In short, it covers the planning, development and management of those aspects of the environment that relate to geology and those that are fundamental to the future health of our planet. Comprehensive coverage, up-to-date, densely illustrated and fully referenced throughout. Varied environmental concerns of different regions are represented by a broad geographical spread of examples. Author is a distinguished engineering geologist with extensive international experience.

Author Biography

F. G. Bell is the author of Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Introduction	1	(33)
Planning and geology	1	(4)
Conservation, restoration and reclamation of land	5	(1)
Geological hazards and planning	6	(2)
Risk Assessment	8	(2)
Hazard maps	10	(1)
Morphological maps	11	(6)
Engineering geomorphological maps	17	(2)
Environmental geological maps	19	(4)
Engineering geological maps	23	(6)
Geographical information systems	29	(5)
Volcanic Activity	34	(24)
Introduction	34	(1)
Volcanic from and structure	34	(4)
Types of central eruption	38	(2)
Volcanic products: volatiles	40	(1)
Volcanic products: pyroclasts	41	(3)
Volcanic products: lava flows	44	(2)
Mudflows or lahars	46	(2)
Volcanic hazard and prediction	48	(10)
Methods of prediction	48	(2)
Assessment of volcanic hazard and risk	50	(6)
Dealing with volcanic activity	56	(2)
Earthquake Activity	58	(25)
Introduction	58	(2)
Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes	60	(3)
Ground conditions and seismicity	63	(3)
Effects of earthquakes	66	(4)
Methods of seismic investigation	70	(4)
Earthquake prediction	70	(2)
Assessment of movements along faults	72	(1)
Aseismic investigation	72	(1)
Accelerographs	73	(1)
Seismic hazard and risk	74	(2)
Seismic Zoning	76	(2)
Induced seismicity	78	(5)
Mass movements	83	(31)
Soil creep and valley bulging	83	(1)
Causes of landslides	84	(4)
Classification of landslides	88	(5)
Falls	88	(2)
Slides	90	(1)
Flows	91	(2)
Landslides in soils	93	(1)
Landslides in rock masses	94	(3)
Monitoring slopes	97	(2)
Monitoring movement	97	(1)
Monitoring ground water	98	(1)
Monitoring acoustic emissions or noise	99	(1)
Landslide hazard, investigation and mapping	99	(7)
Methods of slope control and stabilization	106	(8)
Rockfall Treatment	106	(1)
Alteration of Slope geometry	107	(1)
Reinforcement of slopes	107	(1)
Restraining structures	108	(2)
Drainage	110	(4)
River activity	114	(25)
The development of drainage systems	114	(6)
Fluvial processes	120	(6)
River flow	120	(2)
River erosion	122	(1)
River transport	123	(2)
Deposition of sediments	125	(1)
Floods	126	(5)
Hazard zoning, warning systems and adjustments	131	(3)
The design flood and flood control	134	(5)
Marine Activity	139	(24)
Waves	139	(3)
Force and height of waves	140	(1)
Wave refraction	141	(1)
Tides	142	(1)
Beach zones	143	(1)
Coastal erosion	144	(3)
Beaches and longshore drift	147	(4)
Storm surges and marine inundation	151	(2)
Protective barriers	153	(4)
Stabilization of longshore drift	157	(2)
Tsunamis	159	(4)
Arid and semi-arid lands	163	(36)
Introduction	163	(1)
Wind action	163	(3)
Desert dunes	166	(3)
Stream action in arid and semi-arid regions	169	(4)
Flooding and sediment problems	173	(1)
Movement of dust and sand	174	(6)
Sabkha soil conditions	180	(3)
Salt weathering	183	(5)
Desertification	188	(2)
Irrigation	190	(9)
Glacial and periglacial terrains	199	(34)
Introduction	199	(1)
Glacial erosion	199	(4)
Glacial Deposits: tills and moraines	203	(6)
Basic properties of tills	209	(3)
Compressibility and strength of tills	212	(1)
Fluvio-glacial deposits; stratified drift	213	(6)
Other glacial effects	219	(1)
Glacial hazards	220	(1)
Frozen ground phenomena in periglacial environments	221	(6)
Construction in permafrost regions	227	(1)
Frost heave	228	(5)
Water resources	233	(52)
The hydrological cycle	233	(1)
Reservoirs	234	(5)
Dam sites	239	(4)
Geology and dam sites	243	(3)
Groundwater	246	(2)
A note on basement aquifers	248	(1)
Springs	249	(1)
Water budget studies	250	(1)
Hydrogeological properties	251	(3)
Groundwater exploration	254	(3)
Assessment of permeability and flow in the field	257	(3)
Water quality and uses	260	(5)
Wells	265	(5)
Safe yield	270	(1)
Artificial recharge	271	(1)
Ground water pollution	272	(7)
Landfill and groundwater pollution	274	(1)
Saline intrusion	275	(2)
Nitrate pollution	277	(1)
Other causes of groundwater pollution	277	(2)
Groundwater monitoring	279	(2)
Conjunctive use	281	(4)
Soil resources	285	(50)
Origin of soil	285	(1)
Soil horizons	286	(1)
Soil fertility	287	(1)
Pedological soil types	288	(4)
Basic properties of soil	292	(6)
Particle size distribution	293	(1)
Consistency limits	294	(4)
Soil Classification	298	(2)
Shear Strength of soil	300	(1)
Consolidation	301	(6)
Soil erosion	307	(4)
Estimation of soil loss	311	(2)
The Universal Soil Loss Equation	311	(2)
Soil erosion by wind	313	(1)
Erosion control and conservation practices	313	(3)
Conservation measures for water erosion	314	(2)
Conservation measure for wind erosion	316	(1)
Assessment of soil erosion	316	(7)
Soil surveys and mapping	323	(1)
Soil as a construction material	324	(11)
Gravels and sands	324	(2)
Clay deposits, refractory materials and bricks	326	(2)
Fills and embankments	328	(7)
Problem Soils	335	(27)
Quicksands	335	(3)
Expansive clays	338	(3)
Dispersive soils	341	(4)
Collapsible soils	345	(3)
Quickclays	348	(2)
Soils of arid regions	350	(2)
Tropical soils	352	(5)
Peat	357	(5)
Rock masses, their character, problems and uses	362	(53)
Rock types	362	(6)
Igneous rocks	362	(1)
Metamorphic rocks	362	(3)
Sedimentary rocks	365	(2)
Deformation and strength of rocks	367	(1)
Description of rocks and rock masses	368	(7)
Discontinuities	375	(9)
Description of discontinuities in rock masses	376	(2)
Strength of discontinuous rock masses and its assessment	378	(1)
Discontinuities and rock quality indices	379	(2)
Discontinuity survey	381	(3)
Weathering	384	(4)
Mechanical weathering	385	(1)
Chemical and biological weathering	386	(1)
Engineering classification of weathering	387	(1)
Igneous and metamorphic rocks	388	(7)
Mudrocks	395	(4)
Carbonate rocks	399	(5)
Evaporitic rocks	404	(2)
Building, roofing and facing stones	406	(2)
Crushed rock	408	(3)
Concrete aggregate	408	(2)
Road aggregate	410	(1)
Lime, cement and plaster	411	(4)
The impact of mining on the environment	415	(44)
Introduction	415	(1)
Metalliferous mining and subsidence	415	(3)
Mining methods	415	(2)
stabilization of old workings	417	(1)
Mining and sinkhole development	417	(1)
Pillar workings	418	(3)
Old mine working and hazard zoning	421	(2)
Measures to reduce or avoid subsidence effects due to old mine workings	423	(1)
Old mine shafts	424	(2)
Longwall mining and subsidence	426	(4)
Measures to mitigate the effects of subsidence due to longwall mining	430	(1)
Surface mining	431	(6)
Strip mining and opencasting	431	(2)
Open pit mining	433	(1)
Blasting and vibrations	434	(1)
Dredge mining	435	(2)
Subsidence associated with fluid abstraction	437	(4)
Waste materials from mining	441	(5)
spoil heaps and their restoration	441	(3)
Waste disposal in tailings dams	444	(2)
The problem of acid mine drainage	446	(4)
Waste waters and effluents from coal mining	450	(2)
Heap leaching	452	(1)
Other impacts	453	(6)
Waste and its disposal	459	(28)
Introduction	459	(1)
Domestic refuse and sanitary landfills	459	(12)
Design considerations for a landfill	461	(5)
Degradation of waste in landfills	466	(1)
Attenuation of leachate	466	(2)
Surface and groundwater pollution	468	(2)
Landfill and gas formation	470	(1)
Hazardous wastes	471	(3)
Radioactive waste	474	(4)
Contaminated land	478	(4)
Remediation of contaminated land	482	(5)
Soil remediation	483	(1)
Groundwater remediation	484	(3)
Environmental geology and health	487	(37)
Introduction	487	(3)
The occurrence of elements	490	(6)
Geochemical surveys and maps	496	(2)
some trace elements and health	498	(13)
Arsenic	498	(2)
Cadmium	500	(1)
Mercury	501	(1)
Lead	501	(2)
Iodine	503	(3)
Fluorine	506	(1)
Selenium	507	(1)
Zinc	508	(1)
Molybdenum	508	(1)
Some other trace elements and health	509	(2)
Mineral dusts and health	511	(1)
Radon	512	(4)
Environmental geology and chronic disease	516	(8)
Land evaluation and site assessment	524	(39)
Introduction	524	(1)
Remote sensing	525	(3)
Infrared line scanning	525	(1)
Side-looking airborne radar	526	(1)
Satellite imagery	527	(1)
Aerial photographs and photogeology	528	(3)
Type of aerial photograph	528	(2)
Photogeology	530	(1)
Terrain evaluation	531	(1)
Land capability studies	532	(3)
Site investigation	535	(11)
Desk study and preliminary reconnaissance	535	(1)
Site exploration	536	(1)
Subsurface exploration in soils	537	(4)
Sampling in soils	541	(1)
Subsurface exploration in rocks	542	(4)
Geophysical exploration	546	(10)
Seismic methods	546	(1)
Resistivity methods	547	(4)
Electromagnetic methods	551	(1)
Magnetic and gravity methods	552	(2)
Drill-hole logging techniques	554	(2)
Cross-hole seismic methods	556	(1)
In situ testing	556	(7)
Index	563