Environmental Law Handbook

by Sullivan, Thomas F. P.; Bell, Christopher L.; Brownell, F. William; Cardwell, Ronald E.; Case, David R.; Ewing, Kevin A.

• ISBN13: 9780865879850
• ISBN10: 0865879850
• Edition: 18th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-09
• Publisher: Government Inst

Summary

This Eighteenth Edition references all regulatory changes made in the last two years and provides legal insight into understanding the requirements of the environmental laws. It includes a completely rewritten chapter on enforcement and liability and examines all of the issues and changes that have arisen since the publication of the Seventeenth Edition, including reforms to the Clean Air Act's New Source Review program, revisions to the ISO standards, new court interpretations and definitions that impact the maritime community under the Oil Pollution Act, EPA's Resource Conservation Challenge and its current impact on the RCRA regulatory program, and more.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvii
About the Authors	xxix
Fundamentals of Environmental Law
Environmental Law as a System	1	(2)
Defining the Subject Matter: What is Environmental Law?	3	(3)
How a Federal or State Environmental Law Is Adopted	5	(1)
How Environmental Regulations Are Issued	5	(1)
Laws That Establish Compliance Obligations	6	(5)
Major Environmental Laws	6	(1)
State Statutes and Regulations Implementing the Federal Statutes	6	(1)
State Laws Independent of the Federal Requirements	7	(1)
Tax Laws	8	(1)
Business Regulatory Laws	8	(1)
Local and Municipal Laws	9	(1)
Environmental Law and Judicial Decisions	10	(1)
Common Law	10	(1)
Common Law Environmental Requirements: Torts	11	(13)
Nuisance	11	(6)
Trespass	17	(2)
Negligence	19	(2)
Strict Liability and Dangerous Substances	21	(3)
Laws That Enforce Permits, Prohibitions, and Penalties	24	(3)
Permits	24	(1)
Enforcement Provisions of the Federal and State Environmental Statutes	25	(1)
General Purpose Criminal Laws	26	(1)
Laws That Define the Environmental Law Framework	27	(33)
The Organic Laws: Constitutions and Charters	27	(5)
The Courts' Role	32	(9)
Defining the Limits of Governmental Authority	41	(12)
Administrative Law and Procedure	53	(2)
Rules of Evidence	55	(5)
Joint and Several Liability, Indemnity, and Contribution	60	(1)
Environmental Compliance Principles	61	(1)
Importance of Knowledge of Environmental Law	62	(1)
Research Sources	63	(2)
Enforcement and Liability
Introduction	65	(1)
Enforcement Trends	65	(9)
Civil vs. Criminal Enforcement	69	(2)
Remedy Preferences	71	(2)
Statute-by-Statute Enforcement	73	(1)
General Concepts of Enforcement and Liability	74	(5)
Enforcement Purposes	74	(1)
Applicable Law	75	(1)
Compliance Monitoring	76	(1)
Enforcement Remedies	77	(1)
Enforcement Authority	78	(1)
Civil Enforcement and Liability	79	(16)
Introduction	79	(1)
Statute-Specific Principles of Liability and Defense	79	(1)
Statutory Standard of Contact	80	(1)
Statutory Defenses	81	(3)
Agreed-Upon Principles of Enforcement and Defense	84	(2)
Agency Principles and Policies	86	(7)
Progression of a Civil Enforcement Proceeding	93	(2)
Private Civil Enforcement by Citizen Suits	95	(3)
Criminal Enforcement and Liability	98	(16)
Approaches and Defenses to Criminal Liability	99	(9)
Agency Principles and Policies	108	(2)
Progression of an Enforcement Proceeding	110	(4)
Avoidance and Mitigation of Environmental
Enforcement and Liability	114	(1)
Corporate Systems for Environmental Assessment	115	(2)
Corporate Systems for Environmental Management	117	(2)
Corporate Transactions	119	(3)
New Trends in Enforcement and Liability	122	(7)
SEC Compliance and Investor Relations	122	(1)
Natural Resrouce Damages	123	(2)
New Source Review	125	(1)
Compliance History Scoring	126	(2)
State Attorneys General	128	(1)
Final Thoughts	129	(2)
Cyclical Environmental Law	129	(1)
Science Matters	129	(1)
Technology Brings Its Own Headaches	130	(1)
Agency Discretion	130	(1)
Cross-Border Issues	131	(1)
Conclusion	131	(1)
Research Sources	132	(3)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Overview	135	(4)
Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA	139	(1)
Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste	139	(1)
Subtitle C: Hazardous Waste Management Program	140	(38)
Identification of Hazardous Wastes	140	(11)
Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities	151	(1)
Generators of Hazardous Waste	151	(5)
Transporters of Hazardous Wastes	156	(2)
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities	158	(12)
Permits	170	(3)
State Hazardous Waste Programs	173	(1)
Inspection	174	(1)
Civil and Criminal Enforcement Actions	175	(1)
Citizen Suits	176	(1)
Imminent Hazard Actions	177	(1)
Enforcement and Compliance History On-line	177	(1)
State Solid Waste Programs under Subtitle D	178	(1)
Federal Facility Compliance	179	(5)
Waiver of Sovereign Immunity	179	(1)
Federal Employee Protection and Exposure	180	(1)
EPA Administrative Orders	181	(1)
EPA Annual Inspections of Federal Facilities	181	(1)
Public Vessel Exemption	181	(1)
Unserviceable Munitions	181	(3)
Other Federal Responsibilities	184	(1)
Research, Development, Demonstration, and Information	184	(1)
Medical Waste	185	(1)
Conclusion	185	(1)
Research Sources	185	(2)
Underground Storage Tanks
Overview	187	(5)
Objectives of the UST Program	189	(3)
Basic Terminology	192	(4)
Underground Storage Tank Systems	192	(3)
Regulated Substances	195	(1)
Owners and Operators	195	(1)
Implementation and Enforcement	196	(2)
Implementation	196	(1)
Enforcement	196	(2)
Summary of Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements	198	(3)
Reporting Requirements	198	(1)
Recordkeeping Requirements	199	(2)
New UST Systems	201	(3)
Notification Requirements	201	(1)
Performance Standards	202	(2)
Existing UST Systems	204	(2)
Notification Requirements	204	(1)
Upgrading of Existing UST Systems	205	(1)
General Operating Requirements	206	(1)
Spill and Overfill Control	206	(1)
Operation and Maintenance of Corrosion Protection Systems	206	(1)
Substance Compatibility	207	(1)
UST System Repairs	207	(1)
Release Detection	207	(3)
General Requirements and Schedule	207	(1)
Methods of Release Detection for Tanks and Piping	208	(1)
Specific Requirements for Petroleum USTs	208	(1)
Specific Requirements for Hazardous Substance UST Systems	209	(1)
Release Reporting, Investigation, and Response	210	(9)
Overview	210	(1)
Reporting of Suspected Releases	211	(1)
Release Investigation and Confirmation	211	(1)
Initial Release Response	212	(1)
Initial Abatement Measures	212	(1)
Initial Site Characterization	213	(1)
Free Product Removal	214	(1)
Investigations for Soil and Groundwater Cleanup	214	(1)
Reporting and Cleanup of Spills and Overfills	214	(1)
Corrective Action Plan	215	(1)
Evolving Approach to Petroleum UST Cleanups	216	(2)
USTfields Initiative and Recycling Abandoned Gas Stations	218	(1)
Closure of UST Systems	219	(1)
Temporary Closure	219	(1)
Permanent Closure/Change-in-Service	220	(1)
Financial Responsibility Requirements	220	(3)
Applicability and Compliance Dates	220	(1)
Amount and Scope of Financial Responsibility Required	221	(1)
Allowable Financial Responsibility Mechanisms	222	(1)
Available State UST Cleanup Funds	222	(1)
Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements	223	(1)
Conclusion	223	(1)
Research Sources	224	(3)
Clean Air Act
Overview	227	(1)
Clean Air Act Regulatory Programs	228	(52)
Air Quality Regulation	228	(15)
New Source Control Programs	243	(14)
Specific Pollution Problems	257	(13)
Operating Permit Program	270	(10)
Enforcement of the Clean Air Act	280	(7)
Civil Enforcement	281	(1)
Criminal Penalties	282	(1)
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	283	(1)
Compliance Audits	284	(2)
Enforcement Priorities	286	(1)
Clear Skies and Other Legislative Proposals	287	(1)
Conclusion	288	(1)
Research Sources	289	(2)
Clean Water Act
Overview	291	(1)
Brief History of the Clean Water Act	291	(1)
Clean Water Act Goals and Policies	292	(1)
Elements of the Clean Water Act	293	(1)
The Discharge Prohibition	294	(4)
Addition	294	(1)
Pollutant	295	(1)
Point Source	295	(1)
Navigable Waters (``Waters of the United States'')	296	(2)
The NPDES Permit Program	298	(27)
What is an NPDES Permit?	298	(1)
What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit?	299	(1)
State and Federal Roles	299	(1)
The Permit Process	300	(3)
NPDES Permit Conditions	303	(1)
Monitoring Requirements	304	(1)
Effluent Limitations	305	(14)
Storm Water Discharges	319	(3)
Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows	322	(1)
Thermal Discharges	323	(1)
Ocean Discharges	324	(1)
The Pretreatment Program	325	(4)
General Prohibitions	326	(1)
Specific Prohibitions	326	(1)
National Categorical Standards	326	(1)
Removal Credits	327	(1)
Local Limits	328	(1)
Pretreatment Program Enforcement	328	(1)
Nonpoint Source Discharges	329	(1)
The Section 319 Program	329	(1)
Coastal Zone Management Program	330	(1)
National Estuary Program	330	(1)
Dredge and Fill Permits	330	(6)
Waters within the Scope of the Program	331	(1)
Covered Activities	331	(1)
Individual Permits	332	(2)
The Mitigation Policy	334	(1)
Nationwide Permits	335	(1)
Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program	335	(1)
Preventing, Reporting, and Responding to Spills	336	(6)
Spill Prevention	336	(4)
Spill Notification	340	(1)
Spill Response and Liability	341	(1)
Enforcement	342	(12)
Federal and State Roles	342	(1)
Enforcement Theories	343	(1)
Defenses	344	(4)
Enforcement Options	348	(1)
Administrative Order	348	(1)
Civil Judicial Enforcement	349	(1)
Criminal Enforcement	350	(2)
Citizen Suits	352	(2)
Research Sources	354	(3)
Oil Pollution Act
Overview	357	(3)
Background	360	(1)
Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation	361	(5)
Definitions	362	(4)
Elements of Liability	366	(4)
Standard of Liability	366	(2)
Removal Costs	368	(1)
Compensatory Damages	369	(1)
Interest	370	(1)
Natural Resources Damages	370	(8)
NRDA Regulations	373	(2)
Application of NRDA Regulations	375	(3)
Defenses to Liability	378	(1)
Third Party Liability	379	(1)
Limits on Liability	379	(2)
Standard for Limiting OPA Liability	380	(1)
Specific Liability Limits	380	(1)
Adjustment of Liability Limits	381	(1)
Recovery by a Foreign Claimant	381	(1)
Recovery by a Responsible Party	382	(1)
Contribution and Indemnification	382	(1)
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund	383	(2)
Principle Sections	383	(1)
Preservation of State Funds	383	(1)
Funding of the Fund	384	(1)
Uses of the Fund	384	(1)
Claims	385	(2)
Designation of the Source and Advertisement	385	(1)
Procedure	386	(1)
Financial Responsibility	387	(3)
Calculation of Financial Responsibility Amounts	387	(1)
Methods of Demonstrating Financial Responsibility	388	(1)
Role of the Guarantor	388	(1)
Vessels	388	(1)
Financial Responsibility Regulations for Vessels	388	(2)
Financial Responsibility for Facilities	390	(1)
Subrogation	390	(1)
Litigation and Jurisdiction	391	(1)
Jurisdiction	391	(1)
Limitations	391	(1)
Relationship to Other Laws	392	(3)
Preservation of State Oil Spill Liability Law	392	(1)
Preservation of Federal Laws	393	(1)
Federal Preemption under the Locke Case	393	(2)
Title II: Conforming Amendments	395	(1)
Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal	395	(1)
Title IV: Prevention and Removal	396	(1)
Subtitle A: Prevention	396	(7)
Licensing Requirements and Drug and Alcohol Testing	396	(1)
Foreign Tank Vessel Manning Standards	397	(1)
Tank Vessel Manning	397	(1)
Marine Casualty Reporting	398	(1)
Pilotage and Tug Escort Requirements	398	(1)
Studies and Regulations [Sections 4107--4113]	399	(1)
Double Hull Requirements for Tank Vessels	400	(3)
Subtitle B: Removal	403	(12)
Federal Removal Authority	404	(1)
State and Local Removal Authority	405	(1)
Responder Immunity	405	(1)
National Planning and Response System	406	(2)
Vessel and Facility Response Plans	408	(7)
Subtitle C: Penalties	415	(5)
CWA Criminal Penalties	415	(3)
Civil Penalties	418	(2)
Research Sources	420	(1)
Safe Drinking Water Act
Perspectives on Water	421	(2)
Objectives of the SDWA	423	(1)
Who Are the Regulators?	424	(1)
Who Are the Regulated?	425	(3)
The Basic Scheme of Regulation	428	(14)
Radionuclides	433	(1)
Sulfate	434	(1)
Disinfectants and Byproducts Rule	435	(1)
Surface Water Treatment Rule	436	(1)
Ground Water Disinfection Rule	437	(1)
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule	437	(1)
Lead/Copper Rule	438	(1)
Arsenic	439	(1)
Judicial Review of MCLs	440	(1)
Periodic Review of NPDWRs	441	(1)
Enforcement of the SDWA	442	(6)
Public Notice Requirements	442	(1)
State Enforcement	442	(1)
U.S. EPA Enforcement	443	(2)
Citizens' Suits	445	(1)
Preemption	446	(1)
Criminal Matters	447	(1)
Utility Enforcement	447	(1)
Alternatives to Strict Compliance	448	(4)
Variances	448	(1)
Small System Variances	449	(1)
Exemptions	449	(1)
Monitoring Relief	450	(2)
Litigation	452	(1)
Information Collection Rule	452	(2)
Consumer Confidence Reports	454	(1)
Funding Opportunities	455	(2)
Other Provisions	457	(7)
Lead	457	(1)
Operator Certification	458	(1)
Capacity	458	(1)
Underground Water Protection	459	(2)
Tampering	461	(1)
Coolers	461	(1)
Bottled Water	462	(1)
Monitoring of Unregulated Contaminants	462	(1)
Conservation	463	(1)
Records and Access	464	(1)
Occurrence Data Base	464	(1)
Source Water Quality Assessment	464	(2)
Related Requirements	466	(1)
Compliance and Claims	467	(1)
Security Issues	467	(1)
Conclusion	468	(1)
Research Sources	469	(4)
Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Introduction	473	(3)
CERCLA's History and Objectives	473	(2)
Overview of CERCLA's Provisions	475	(1)
The Superfund	475	(1)
Sources of CERCLA Law	476	(1)
Important CERCLA Terms	476	(6)
Hazardous Substance and Pollutant or Contaminant	476	(3)
Release or Threat of Release	479	(1)
Facility or Vessel	480	(1)
Environment	481	(1)
National Priorities List	481	(1)
National Contingency Plan	482	(1)
CERCLA's Remedial Provisions	482	(12)
EPA's Authority to Act	483	(1)
Categories of Response Actions	483	(1)
Steps in the Remedial Process	484	(10)
CERCLA's Liability Provisions	494	(37)
Overview	494	(1)
CERCLA's Operative Concepts	494	(5)
EPA's Enforcement Policy	499	(1)
Identifying Responsible Parties	500	(1)
Response Cost Recovery Actions	501	(13)
CERCLA Section 106 Abatement Actions	514	(1)
CERCLA Section 106 Administrative Orders	515	(4)
Defenses to Liability	519	(5)
Citizen Suit Provisions	524	(1)
Natural Resources Damages	525	(4)
Contribution Actions	529	(2)
Settlements with EPA	531	(7)
Overview	531	(1)
Controlling Authority	532	(1)
Consent Decrees and Consent Orders	533	(1)
Major Settlement Issues	534	(4)
Release Reporting Requirements	538	(2)
Federal Facilities	540	(1)
Superfund's Future	541	(1)
Research Sources	542	(3)
National Environmental Policy Act
Overview	545	(1)
NEPA's Development	546	(3)
Legislative History	547	(1)
Policy and Goals	547	(1)
Council on Environmental Quality	548	(1)
Requirements for Federal Agencies	549	(8)
CEQ Regulations	550	(3)
Relationship to Other Federal Laws	553	(2)
Functional Equivalency	555	(2)
Strategic Approaches to NEPA Compliance	557	(6)
Non-Major Actions	557	(1)
Formulating the Proposal	558	(1)
Purpose and Need	559	(1)
Integrating Long Range Planning and NEPA	560	(1)
Tiering	561	(1)
Environmental Assessments	562	(1)
EIS Preparation	563	(12)
Lead Agency	563	(1)
Scoping and Early Coordination	564	(1)
Use of the EA and Applicant's Information	565	(1)
Delegation	566	(1)
Content of EIS	567	(3)
Commenting and Public Involvement	570	(1)
Mitigation of Impacts	571	(1)
Proposals for Legislation	572	(1)
Cumulative Effects	573	(2)
Supplemental Statements	575	(1)
NEPA's Extraterritorial Application	575	(2)
Environmental Justice	577	(1)
EPA Review and Comment	578	(2)
Judicial Review of NEPA	580	(2)
CEQ Study of NEPA's Effectiveness	582	(3)
NEPA Task Force	585	(1)
Conclusion	586	(1)
Research Sources	587	(2)
Toxic Substances Control Act
Introduction	589	(1)
Activities Subject to TSCA	590	(3)
Manufacture	590	(1)
Process	591	(1)
Use	592	(1)
Distribute	593	(1)
Dispose	593	(1)
The TSCA Inventory	593	(6)
Initial Compilation of the Inventory	594	(2)
Inventory Corrections	596	(1)
Maintaining and Updating the Inventory Database	597	(1)
How to Use the Inventory	597	(2)
New Chemical Review	599	(8)
PMN Requirements	599	(1)
Exclusions from PMN Requirements	600	(1)
Exemptions from PMN Requirements	601	(6)
Preparing the PMN and Seeing It through EPA	607	(3)
Manufacturer's PMN Selection Strategy	607	(1)
Minimizing Delays	608	(1)
Avoiding Unnecessary Regulation under TSCA § 5	609	(1)
EPA's Review of the PMN and Use of Checklists	609	(1)
Regulation of New Chemicals and Uses	610	(8)
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(e)	610	(3)
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(f)	613	(1)
Significant New Use Rules	614	(4)
Biotechnology	618	(5)
1986 Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology Products	619	(1)
Guidance Documents on PMN Submissions for Biotechnology Products	619	(1)
The EPA Biotechnology PMN Review Process	619	(1)
EPA's Biotechnology Policy: The Final Rule	620	(3)
Testing under TSCA	623	(9)
Selection of Chemicals for Testing	623	(1)
Testing Triggers	624	(2)
Tests and Studies under TSCA § 4	626	(2)
Exemptions from Testing	628	(1)
Reimbursement Procedures	629	(1)
Judicial Review	630	(1)
TSCA § 4(f) Findings of Significant Risk	631	(1)
Reporting and Retention of Information	632	(5)
TSCA § 8(a): Reports	632	(2)
TSCA § 8(c): Records of Significant Adverse Reactions	634	(1)
TSCA § 8(d): Health and Safety Studies	635	(1)
TSCA § 8(e): Substantial Risk Information	636	(1)
Existing Chemical Regulation	637	(5)
Procedures and Standards for TSCA § 6 Regulation	637	(1)
Chemical Specific Regulations	637	(5)
Relationship between TSCA and Other Laws	642	(3)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)	643	(1)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)	643	(1)
TSCA's Relationship to Other Federal Laws	643	(1)
TSCA Preemption of State and Local Laws	644	(1)
TSCA Inspections and Enforcement	645	(13)
Inspections	645	(3)
Civil Penalties	648	(7)
Settlement Procedures	655	(1)
Administrative Hearings	655	(1)
Criminal Liability	656	(1)
Citizen Actions and Petitions	657	(1)
Importation and Exportation	658	(5)
Import Regulation: TSCA § 13	658	(3)
Export Regulation: TSCA § 12	661	(2)
Research Sources	663	(2)
Pesticides
Background to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides	665	(3)
Overview	666	(1)
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations	666	(2)
Pesticide Regulation Transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency	668	(1)
Overview of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Amendments	668	(4)
Background to FIFRA and the 1972 FEPCA	669	(1)
Subsequent FIFRA Amendments: An Overview	670	(2)
Pesticide Registration	672	(10)
Definition of Pesticides, Pests, and Devices	672	(1)
Pesticide Registration Procedures	673	(2)
Conditional Registration	675	(1)
Streamlining of Reregistration	676	(1)
Registration of ``Me-Too'' Pesticides	677	(1)
Registration Fees	677	(1)
Categorical Pesticide Review	677	(1)
Efficacy	678	(1)
Modifications and Transfers of Registrations	678	(1)
Trade Secrets	678	(2)
``Featherbedding'' or ``Me-Too'' Registrants	680	(2)
Essentiality in Registration	682	(1)
Control over Pesticide Usage	682	(4)
Statutory Basis for Control over Pesticide Usage through Certification	683	(1)
Self-Certification of Private Applicators	684	(1)
Experimental Use Permits	685	(1)
Two-House Congressional Veto over EPA Regulations	685	(1)
Removal of Pesticides from the Market	686	(10)
Cancellation	686	(1)
Suspension	687	(3)
Misbranding and Stop-Sale Orders	690	(1)
International Effect of EPA Cancellations	691	(1)
Disposal and Recall	691	(1)
Compensation for Cancelled Pesticides	692	(1)
Balancing Test in FIFRA	693	(1)
Requirements of Consultation by EPA with USDA	694	(1)
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement	694	(1)
Scientific Advisory Committees	695	(1)
Administrative and Judicial Review	696	(4)
Scope of the Administrator's Flexibility	696	(2)
Standing for Registration, Appeals, and Subpoenas	698	(1)
Judicial Appeals	699	(1)
The Role of Public Hearings	700	(1)
Role of States and Localities	700	(4)
Intrastate Registrations	701	(1)
Greater State Authority	701	(1)
Federal Preemption and State Authority	702	(2)
Litigation Issues	704	(4)
Basic Cases	704	(2)
Labels in Theory and Practice	706	(1)
Fraudulent Registrations	707	(1)
Exports and Imports	708	(2)
Amendments to FIFRA	710	(2)
Need for FIFRA Renewal	710	(1)
Hogtie EPA: 1975 Amendments to FIFRA	711	(1)
Data Compensation Changed: 1978 Amendments to FIFRA	711	(1)
Two-House Veto: 1980 Amendments to FIFRA	711	(1)
FIFRA Lite: 1988 Amendments to FIFRA	711	(1)
Minor Pesticide Uses: 1990 Amendments to FIFRA	712	(1)
Bye-Bye Delaney: 1996 Amendments to FIFRA	712	(1)
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996	712	(4)
Regulatory Dilemma under the Delaney Clause	713	(1)
Demise of Delaney	713	(1)
Public Health Pesticides	714	(1)
Infants and Children	714	(1)
Human Test Data	715	(1)
Other Provisions of FQPA	715	(1)
Pesticide Regulation under Other Federal Statutes	716	(7)
Pesticides under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act	716	(3)
Clean Air Act of 1970 and Its Progeny	719	(1)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972	719	(2)
Solid Waste Disposal Acts	721	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Act	721	(1)
Federal Hazardous Substances Act	721	(1)
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs	722	(1)
National Environmental Policy Act	722	(1)
Biotechnology	723	(3)
The Promise and Fear of Biotechnology	723	(1)
The Initial Controversy over Regulating Biotechnology	724	(2)
``Frankenfood'' Enforcement	726	(1)
Research Sources	726	(3)
Pollution Prevention Act
Overview	729	(1)
Federal Pollution Prevention Strategy	730	(17)
Background	730	(1)
EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy	731	(1)
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs in the 1990s	731	(12)
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs after 2000	743	(4)
The Pollution Prevention Programs of Several States	747	(4)
Mandatory Waste Reduction Programs	748	(1)
Multimedia Permit Programs and Other Regulatory Innovations	749	(1)
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs	750	(1)
Conclusion	751	(1)
Research Sources	751	(2)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Background	753	(2)
Emergency Planning and Notification	755	(13)
State Commissions, Planning Districts, and Local Committees (Section 301)	755	(1)
Substances and Facilities Covered and Notification (Section 302)	756	(2)
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans (Section 303)	758	(2)
Emergency Notification in the Event of a Release (Section 304)	760	(8)
Emergency Training and Review of Emergency Systems (Section 305)	768	(22)
Reporting Requirements	768	(1)
Material Safety Data Sheet Reporting Requirements (Section 311)	768	(4)
Hazardous Chemical Inventory Form Reporting Requirements (Section 312)	772	(3)
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Requirements (Section 313)	775	(15)
Common EPCRA Compliance Errors	790	(1)
Relationship to Other Laws (Section 321)	791	(1)
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990	791	(1)
Trade Secrets (Sections 322 and 323)	792	(1)
Public Access to Information (Section 324)	793	(1)
Enforcement (Section 325)	793	(2)
Emergency Planning Violations	793	(1)
Emergency Notification Violations	793	(1)
Section 311 Reporting Violations	794	(1)
Section 312 and 313 Reporting Violations	794	(1)
Sections 322 and 323 Trade Secrets Violations	794	(1)
Civil Actions (Section 326)	795	(3)
Citizen Suits	795	(2)
State or Local Government Suits	797	(1)
Costs	798	(1)
Federal Acquisition and Community Right to Know	798	(1)
Internet Developments and TRI Reporting	799	(1)
Research Sources	800	(3)
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Introduction	803	(2)
Comparison of OSHA and EPA	804	(1)
OSHA, the Organization	804	(1)
Legislative Framework	805	(4)
Purpose of the Act	805	(1)
Coverage of the Act	806	(1)
Exemptions from the Act	807	(1)
Telecommuting and Home Workplaces	808	(1)
Scope of OSHA Standards	809	(4)
Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards	809	(2)
Overview of Standards	811	(1)
Overview of Health Standards	811	(1)
Overview of Safety Standards	812	(1)
Standard Setting	813	(9)
Four Types of OSHA Standards	813	(1)
Consensus Standards: Section 6(a)	814	(1)
Standards Completion and Deletion Processes	815	(1)
Permanent Standards: Section 6(b)	816	(2)
Emergency Temporary Standards	818	(1)
General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1)	818	(1)
Feasibility and the Balancing Debate	819	(3)
Current Standards in Development	822	(1)
Variances	822	(2)
Temporary Variances	823	(1)
Permanent Variances	823	(1)
Compliance and Inspections	824	(8)
Field Structure	824	(1)
Role of Inspections	824	(1)
Training and Competence of Inspectors	825	(1)
Citations and Proposed Fines	826	(1)
Types of Penalties	826	(1)
Willful Violations	827	(1)
Repeat Violations	828	(1)
Egregious Violations	829	(1)
Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules	829	(1)
OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns	830	(2)
Recordkeeping	832	(3)
New 300-Series Recordkeeping Forms	832	(1)
Accident Reports	832	(1)
Monitoring and Medical Records	833	(1)
Hazard Communication	834	(1)
Access to Records	834	(1)
Programmatic Standards	835	(1)
Refusal to Work and Whistleblowing	835	(2)
Refusal to Work	835	(1)
Protection of Whistleblowing	836	(1)
Federal and State Employees	837	(1)
Federal Agencies	837	(1)
State Employees	838	(1)
State OSHA Programs	838	(2)
Concept	838	(1)
Critiques	839	(1)
Role of Federal OSHA in State Plans	840	(1)
Consultation	840	(2)
Enforcement and Consultation	840	(1)
Consultation	841	(1)
Overlapping Jurisdiction	842	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission	843	(2)
OSHRC Appeal Process	843	(1)
Limitations of the Commission	844	(1)
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health	845	(1)
Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case	846	(1)
Hazard Communications Regulation	847	(5)
Reason for the Regulation	847	(1)
Scope and Components	848	(1)
Hazard Evaluation	849	(1)
Trade Secrets	850	(1)
Federal Preemption Controversy	851	(1)
Ergonomics Standard	852	(3)
Overview	853	(1)
Scope of the Standard	854	(1)
The Required Ergonomics Program	855	(1)
State Ergonomics Programs	855	(1)
Legislation	855	(2)
National Emergency Role	857	(1)
Research Sources	857	(2)
Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Law
Overview	859	(3)
Legal Relevance of Environmental Management Systems	862	(9)
Overview	862	(1)
EMS, Enforcement Discretion, and Penalty Mitigation	863	(3)
EMS and Regulatory Initiatives	866	(2)
The Broader Legal Context	868	(2)
International Considerations	870	(1)
Environmental Management Systems	871	(14)
Review of Selected Provisions of ISO 14001 from a Legal Perspective	873	(12)
Conclusion	885	(1)
Research Sources	886	(3)
Index	889