Environmental Law Handbook

by Sullivan, Thomas F. P.

• ISBN13: 9780865879553
• ISBN10: 0865879559
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-05-01
• Publisher: Government Inst

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
About the Authors	xxv
Fundamentals of Environmental Law
Environmental Law as a System	1	(2)
Defining the Subject Matter: What is Environmental Law?	3	(3)
How a Federal or State Environmental Law Is Adopted	5	(1)
How Environmental Regulations Are Issued	5	(1)
Laws That Establish Compliance Obligations	6	(4)
Major Environmental Laws	6	(1)
State Statutes and Regulations Implementing the Federal Statutes	6	(1)
State Laws Independent of the Federal Requirements	7	(1)
Tax Laws	8	(1)
Business Regulatory Laws	8	(1)
Local and Municipal Laws	9	(1)
Environmental Law and Judicial Decisions	9	(1)
Common Law	9	(1)
Common Law Environmental Requirements: Torts	10	(13)
Nuisance	11	(6)
Trespass	17	(2)
Negligence	19	(1)
Strict Liability and Dangerous Substances	20	(3)
Laws that Enforce Permits, Prohibitions, and Penalties	23	(3)
Permits	23	(1)
Enforcement Provisions of the Federal and State Environmental Statutes	24	(1)
General Purpose Criminal Laws	25	(1)
Laws that Define the Environmental Law Framework	26	(33)
The Organic Laws: Constitutions and Chapters	27	(4)
The Courts' Role	31	(9)
Defining the Limits of Governmental Authority	40	(12)
Administrative Law and Procedure	52	(3)
Rules of Evidence	55	(4)
Joint and Several Liability, Indemnity, and Contribution	59	(1)
Environmental Compliance Principles	60	(1)
Importance of Knowledge of Environmental Law	61	(1)
Research Sources	62	(3)
Enforcement and Liability
Introduction	65	(3)
Formal Enforcement Mechanisms	68	(25)
Civil Enforcement	68	(9)
Criminal Enforcement	77	(12)
Due Process Defenses: The ``Rule of Lenity'' and the ``Fair Notice'' Doctrine	89	(4)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	93	(1)
Transboundary Environmental Enforcement	94	(1)
Enforcers of Environmental Law	94	(20)
Federal	94	(3)
States	97	(5)
Local Government	102	(1)
Tribal Government	102	(5)
Citizen Enforcement	107	(7)
Environmental Enforcement and Compliance Initiatives	114	(7)
Environmental Enforcement Initiatives	114	(1)
Compliance Incentive and Compliance Assurance Programs	114	(2)
Auditing and Voluntary Disclosure	116	(3)
Environmental Justice	119	(2)
Conclusion	121	(1)
Research Sources	121	(2)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Overview	123	(3)
Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA	126	(1)
Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste	126	(2)
Subtitle C: Hazardous Waste Management Program	128	(35)
Identification of Hazardous Wastes	128	(9)
Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities	137	(1)
Generators of Hazardous Waste	138	(4)
Transporters of Hazardous Wastes	142	(2)
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities	144	(12)
Permits	156	(3)
State Hazardous Waste Programs	159	(1)
Inspection	160	(1)
Civil and Criminal Enforcement Actions	160	(2)
Citizen Suits	162	(1)
Imminent Hazard Actions	163	(1)
State Solid Waste Programs under Subtitle D	163	(1)
Federal Facility Compliance	164	(5)
Waiver of Sovereign Immunity	164	(1)
Federal Employee Protection and Exposure	165	(2)
EPA Administrative Orders	167	(1)
EPA Annual Inspections of Federal Facilities	167
Public Vessel Exemption	166	(1)
Unserviceable Munitions	166	(3)
Other Federal Responsibilities	169	(1)
Research, Development, Demonstration, and Information	170	(1)
Medical Waste	170	(1)
Conclusion	170	(1)
Research Sources	171	(2)
Underground Storage Tanks
Overview	173	(5)
Objectives of the UST Program	175	(3)
Basic Terminology	178	(4)
Underground Storage Tank Systems	178	(3)
Regulated Substances	181	(1)
Owners and Operators	181	(1)
Implementation and Enforcement	182	(2)
Implementation	182	(1)
Enforcement	182	(2)
Summary of Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements	184	(3)
Reporting Requirements	184	(2)
Recordkeeping Requirements	186	(1)
New UST Systems	187	(3)
Notification Requirements	187	(1)
Performance Standards	188	(2)
Existing UST Systems	190	(2)
Notification Requirements	190	(1)
Upgrading of Existing UST Systems	191	(1)
General Operating Requirements	192	(1)
Spill and Overfill Control	192	(1)
Operation and Maintenance of Corrosion Protection Systems	192	(1)
Substance Compatibility	193	(1)
UST System Repairs	193	(1)
Release Detection	193	(3)
General Requirements and Schedule	193	(1)
Methods of Release Detection for Tanks and Piping	194	(1)
Specific Requirements for Petroleum USTs	194	(1)
Specific Requirements for Hazardous Substance UST Systems	195	(1)
Release Reporting, Investigation, and Response	196	(9)
Overview	196	(1)
Reporting of Suspected Releases	197	(1)
Release Investigation and Confirmation	197	(1)
Initial Release Response	198	(1)
Initial Abatement Measures	199	(1)
Initial Site Characterization	199	(1)
Free Product Removal	200	(1)
Investigations for Soil and Groundwater Cleanup	200	(1)
Reporting and Cleanup of Spills and Overfills	201	(1)
Corrective Action Plan	201	(1)
Evolving Approach to Petroleum UST Cleanups	202	(2)
USTfields Initiatives	204	(1)
Closure of UST Systems	205	(2)
Temporary Closure	205	(1)
Permanent Closure/Change-in-Service	206	(1)
Financial Responsibility Requirements	207	(2)
Applicability and Compliance Dates	207	(1)
Amount and Scope of Financial Responsibility Required	207	(1)
Allowable Financial Responsibility Mechanisms	208	(1)
Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements	209	(1)
Conclusion	209	(1)
Research Sources	210	(3)
Clean Air Act
Overview	213	(1)
Clean Air Act Regulatory Programs	214	(46)
Air Quality Regulation	214	(13)
New Source Control Programs	227	(12)
Specific Pollution Problems	239	(12)
Operating Permit Program	251	(9)
Enforcement of the Clean Air Act	260	(6)
Civil Enforcement	260	(1)
Criminal Penalties	261	(2)
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002	263	(1)
Compliance Audits	263	(2)
Enforcement Priorities	265	(1)
Clear Skies and Other Legislative Proposals	266	(2)
Conclusion	268	(1)
Research Sources	268	(3)
Clean Water Act
Overview	271	(1)
Brief History of U.S. Water Pollution Control Law	271	(2)
Clean Water Act Goals and Policies	273	(1)
Elements of the Clean Water Act	273	(1)
The Discharge Prohibition	274	(5)
Addition	274	(1)
Pollutant	275	(1)
Point Source	276	(1)
Navigable Waters (``Waters of the United States'')	276	(3)
The NPDES Permit Program	279	(28)
What is an NPDES Permit?	279	(1)
What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit?	279	(1)
State and Federal Roles	279	(2)
The Permit Process	281	(3)
NPDES Permit Conditions	284	(1)
Monitoring Requirements	285	(1)
Effluent Limitations	286	(14)
Storm Water Discharges	300	(4)
Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows	304	(1)
Thermal Discharges	305	(1)
Ocean Discharges	305	(2)
The Pretreatment Program	307	(4)
General Prohibitions	307	(1)
Specific Prohibitions	308	(1)
National Categorical Standards	308	(1)
Removal Credits	308	(2)
Local Limits	310	(1)
Pretreatment Program Enforcement	310	(1)
Nonpoint Source Discharges	311	(1)
The Section 319 Program	311	(1)
Coastal Zone Management Program	312	(1)
National Estuary Program	312	(1)
Dredge and Fill Permits	312	(7)
Waters Within the Scope of the Program	313	(1)
Covered Activities	314	(1)
Individual Permits	315	(1)
The Mitigation Policy	316	(1)
Nationwide Permits	317	(1)
Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program	318	(1)
Prevention, Reporting, and Responding to Spills	319	(6)
Spill Prevention	319	(4)
Spill Notification	323	(1)
Spill Response and Liability	324	(1)
Enforcement	325	(13)
Federal and State Roles	325	(1)
Enforcement Theories	326	(2)
Defenses	328	(3)
Enforcement Options	331	(1)
Administrative Order	332	(1)
Civil Judicial Enforcement	333	(1)
Criminal Enforcement	334	(2)
Citizen Suits	336	(2)
Research Sources	338	(3)
Oil Pollution Act
Overview	341	(2)
Background	343	(2)
Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation	345	(5)
Definitions	346	(4)
Elements of Liability	350	(4)
Standard of Liability	350	(1)
Removal Costs	351	(1)
Compensatory Damages	352	(2)
Interest	354	(1)
Natural Resources Damages	354	(7)
NRDA Regulations	356	(2)
Application of NRDA Regulations	358	(3)
Defenses to Liability	361	(1)
Third Party Liability	361	(1)
Limits on Liability	362	(2)
Standard for Limiting OPA Liability	363	(1)
Specific Liability Limits	363	(1)
Adjustment of Liability Limits	364	(1)
Recovery by a Foreign Claimant	364	(1)
Recovery by a Responsible Party	365	(1)
Contribution and Indemnification	365	(1)
Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund	365	(3)
Principle Sections	366	(1)
Preservation of State Funds	366	(1)
Funding of the Fund	367	(1)
Uses of the Fund	367	(1)
Claims	368	(2)
Designation of the Source and Advertisement	368	(1)
Procedure	369	(1)
Financial Responsibility	370	(3)
Calculation of Financial Responsibility Amounts	370	(1)
Methods of Demonstrating Financial Responsibility	370	(1)
Role of the Guarantor	371	(1)
Vessels	371	(1)
Financial Responsibility Regulations for Vessels	371	(2)
Financial Responsibility for Facilities	373	(1)
Subrogation	373	(1)
Litigation and Jurisdiction	374	(1)
Jurisdiction	374	(1)
Limitations	374	(1)
Relationship to Other Laws	375	(3)
Preservation of State Oil Spill Liability Law	375	(1)
Preservation of Federal Laws	375	(1)
Federal Preemption under the Locke Case	376	(2)
Title II: Conforming Amendments	378	(1)
Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal	378	(1)
Title IV: Prevention and Removal	379	(1)
Subtitle A: Prevention	379	(8)
Licensing Requirements and Drug and Alcohol Testing	379	(1)
Foreign Tank Vessel Manning Standards	380	(1)
Tank Vessel Manning	380	(1)
Marine Casualty Reporting	381	(1)
Pilotage and Tug Escort Requirements	381	(1)
Studies and Regulations [Sections 4107--4113]	382	(1)
Double Hull Requirements for Tank Vessels	383	(4)
Subtitle B: Removal	387	(11)
Federal Removal Authority	387	(1)
State and Local Removal Authority	388	(1)
Responder Immunity	389	(1)
National Planning and Response System	389	(2)
Vessel and Facility Response Plans	391	(7)
Subtitle C: Penalties	398	(5)
Criminal Penalties	399	(3)
Civil Penalties	402	(1)
Research Sources	403	(2)
Safe Drinking Water Act
Perspectives on Water	405	(2)
Objectives of the SDWA	407	(1)
Who Are the Regulators?	408	(1)
Who Are the Regulated?	409	(3)
The Basic Scheme of Regulation	412	(14)
Radionuclides	417	(1)
Sulfate	418	(1)
Disinfectants and Byproducts Rule	419	(1)
Surface Water Treatment Rule	420	(1)
Ground Water Disinfection Rule	421	(1)
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule	422	(1)
Lead/Copper Rule	422	(2)
Arsenic	424	(1)
Judicial Review of MCLs	424	(2)
Periodic Review of NPDWRs	426	(1)
Enforcement of the SDWA	426	(7)
Public Notice Requirements	426	(1)
State Enforcement	427	(1)
U.S. EPA Enforcement	427	(3)
Citizens' Suits	430	(1)
Preemption	430	(1)
Criminal Matters	431	(1)
Utility Enforcement	432	(1)
Alternatives to Strict Compliance	433	(4)
Variances	433	(1)
Small System Variances	433	(1)
Exemptions	434	(1)
Monitoring Relief	435	(1)
Litigation	436	(1)
Information Collection Rule	437	(1)
Consumer Confidence Reports	438	(1)
Funding Opportunities	439	(2)
Other Provisions	441	(7)
Lead	441	(1)
Operator Certification	442	(1)
Capacity	443	(1)
Underground Water Protection	443	(3)
Tampering	446	(1)
Coolers	446	(1)
Bottled Water	446	(1)
Monitoring of Unregulated Contaminants	447	(1)
Conservation	448	(1)
Records and Access	448	(1)
Occurrence Data Base	449	(1)
Source Water Quality Assessment	449	(1)
Related Requirements	450	(1)
Compliance and Claims	451	(1)
Security Issues	452	(1)
Conclusion	453	(1)
Research Sources	454	(3)
Comprehensive Environmental, Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Introduction	457	(3)
CERCLA's History and Objectives	457	(1)
Overview of CERCLA's Provisions	458	(1)
The Superfund	459	(1)
Sources of CERCLA Law	460	(1)
Important CERCLA Terms	460	(6)
Hazardous Substance and Pollutant or Contaminant	460	(3)
Release or Threat of Release	463	(1)
Facility or Vessel	464	(1)
Environment	464	(1)
National Priorities List	465	(1)
National Contingency Plan	465	(1)
CERCLA's Remedial Provisions	466	(12)
EPA's Authority to Act	466	(1)
Categories of Response Actions	467	(1)
Steps in the Remedial Process	468	(10)
CERCLA's Liability Provisions	478	(37)
Overview	478	(1)
CERCLA's Operative Concepts	478	(5)
EPA's Enforcement Policy	483	(1)
Identifying Responsible Parties	484	(1)
Response Cost Recovery Actions	485	(12)
CERCLA Section 106 Abatement Actions	497	(2)
CERCLA Section 106 Administrative Orders	499	(4)
Defenses to Liability	503	(4)
Citizen Suit Provisions	507	(2)
Natural Resources Damages	509	(4)
Contribution Actions	513	(2)
Settlements with EPA	515	(7)
Overview	515	(1)
Controlling Authority	515	(2)
Consent Decrees and Consent Orders	517	(1)
Major Settlement Issues	517	(5)
Release Reporting Requirements	522	(1)
Federal Facilities	523	(2)
Superfund's Future	525	(1)
Research Sources	526	(3)
National Environmental Policy Act
Overview	529	(1)
NEPA's Development	530	(3)
Legislative History	531	(1)
Policy and Goals	531	(1)
Council on Environmental Quality	532	(1)
Requirements for Federal Agencies	533	(8)
CEQ Regulations	534	(3)
Relationship to Other Federal Laws	537	(2)
Functional Equivalency	539	(2)
Strategic Approaches to NEPA Compliance	541	(4)
Non-Major Actions	541	(1)
Formulating the Proposal	542	(1)
Tiering	543	(1)
Environmental Assessments	544	(1)
EIS Preparation	545	(12)
Lead Agency	545	(1)
Scoping and Early Coordination	546	(1)
Use of the EA and Applicant's Information	547	(1)
Delegation	547	(2)
Content of EIS	549	(2)
Commenting and Public Involvement	551	(2)
Mitigation of Impacts	553	(1)
Proposals for Legislation	554	(1)
Cumulative Effects	555	(2)
Supplemental Statements	557	(1)
EPA's Extraterritorial Application	557	(1)
Environmental Justice	558	(2)
EPA Review and Comment	560	(1)
Judicial Review of NEPA	561	(3)
CEQ Study of NEPA's Effectiveness	564	(3)
Conclusion	567	(1)
Research Sources	567	(2)
Toxic Substances Control Act
Introduction	569	(1)
Activities Subject to TSCA	570	(4)
Manufacture	570	(1)
Process	571	(2)
Use	573	(1)
Distribute	573	(1)
Dispose	573	(1)
TSCA Inventory	574	(5)
Initial Compilation of the Inventory	574	(2)
Inventory Corrections	576	(1)
Maintaining and Updating the Inventory Data Base	577	(1)
How to Use the Inventory	578	(1)
New Chemical Review	579	(8)
PMN Requirements	579	(1)
Exclusions from PMN Requirements	580	(1)
Exemptions from PMN Requirements	581	(6)
Preparing the PMN and Seeing It through EPA	587	(3)
Manufacturer's PMN Selection Strategy	587	(1)
Minimizing Delays	588	(1)
Avoiding Unnecessary Regulation under TSCA § 5	589	(1)
EPA's Review of the PMN and Use of Check Lists	589	(1)
Regulation of New Chemicals and Uses	590	(8)
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(e)	590	(3)
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(f)	593	(1)
Significant New Use Rules	594	(4)
Biotechnology	598	(5)
1986 Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology Products	598	(1)
Guidance Documents on PMN Submissions for Biotechnology Products	599	(1)
EPA Biotechnology PMN Review Process	599	(1)
EPA's Biotechnology Policy: The Final Rule	600	(3)
Testing under TSCA	603	(9)
Selection of Chemicals for Testing	603	(1)
Testing Triggers	604	(2)
Tests and Studies under TSCA § 4	606	(2)
Exemptions from Testing	608	(1)
Reimbursement Procedures	609	(1)
Judicial Review	610	(1)
TSCA § 4(f) Findings of Significant Risk	611	(1)
Reporting and Retention of Information	612	(5)
TSCA § 8(a): Reports	613	(1)
TSCA § 8(c): Records of Significant Adverse Reactions	614	(1)
TSCA § 8(d): Health and Safety Studies	615	(1)
TSCA § 8(e): Substantial Risk Information	616	(1)
Existing Chemical Regulation	617	(6)
Procedures and Standards for TSCA § 6 Regulation	617	(1)
Chemical Specific Regulations	618	(5)
Relationship between TSCA and Other Laws	623	(2)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)	623	(1)
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)	624	(1)
TSCA's Relationship to Other Federal Laws	624	(1)
TSCA Preemption of State and Local Laws	625	(1)
TSCA Inspections and Enforcement	625	(13)
Inspections	625	(3)
Civil Penalties	628	(7)
Settlement Procedures	635	(1)
Administrative Hearings	635	(1)
Criminal Liability	636	(1)
Citizen Actions and Petitions	637	(1)
Importation and Exportation	638	(5)
Import Regulation: TSCA § 13	638	(3)
Export Regulation: TSCA § 12	641	(2)
Research Sources	643	(2)
Pesticides
Background to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides	645	(4)
Overview	645	(1)
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations	646	(2)
Pesticide Regulation Transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency	648	(1)
Overview of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Amendments	649	(2)
Background to FIFRA and the 1972 FEPCA	649	(1)
Subsequent FIFRA Amendments: An Overview	650	(1)
Pesticide Registration	651	(11)
Definition of Pesticides, Pests, and Devices	651	(1)
Pesticide Registration Procedures	652	(2)
Conditional Registration	654	(1)
Streamling of Reregistration	655	(1)
Registration of ``Me-Too'' Pesticides	656	(1)
Registration Fees	656	(1)
Categorical Pesticide Review	657	(1)
Efficacy	657	(1)
Modifications and Transfers of Registrations	658	(1)
Trade Secrets	658	(2)
``Featherbedding'' or ``Me-Too'' Registrants	660	(2)
Essentiality in Registration	662	(1)
Control over Pesticide Usage	662	(4)
Statutory Basis for Control over Pesticide Usage through Certification	663	(1)
Self-Certification of Private Applicators	664	(1)
Experimental Use Permits	665	(1)
Two-House Congressional Veto over EPA Regulations	665	(1)
Removal of Pesticides from the Market	666	(10)
Cancellation	666	(1)
Suspension	667	(3)
Misbranding and Stop-Sale Orders	670	(1)
International Effect of EPA Cancellations	671	(1)
Disposal and Recall	671	(1)
Compensation for Cancelled Pesticides	672	(1)
Balancing Test in FIFRA	673	(1)
Requirements of Consultation by EPA with USDA	674	(1)
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement	674	(1)
Scientific Advisory Committees	675	(1)
Administrative and Judicial Review	676	(5)
Scope of the Administrator's Flexibility	676	(2)
Standing for Registration, Appeals, and Subpoenas	678	(1)
Judicial Appeals	679	(1)
The Role of Public Hearings	680	(1)
Role of States and Localities	681	(3)
Intrastate Registrations	681	(1)
Greater State Authority	682	(1)
Federal Preemption and State Authority	682	(2)
Litigation Issues	684	(5)
Basic Cases	685	(1)
Labels in Theory and Practice	686	(2)
Fraudulent Registrations	688	(1)
Exports and Imports	689	(2)
Amendments to FIFRA	691	(2)
Need for FIFRA Renewal	691	(1)
Hogtie EPA: 1975 Amendments to FIFRA	691	(1)
Data Compensation Changed: 1978 Amendments to FIFRA	692	(1)
Two-House Veto: 1980 Amendments to FIFRA	692	(1)
FIFRA Lite: 1988 Amendments to FIFRA	692	(1)
Minor Pesticide Uses: 1990 Amendments to FIFRA	692	(1)
Bye-Bye Delaney: 1996 Amendments to FIFRA	693	(1)
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996	693	(4)
Regulatory Dilemma under the Delaney Clause	693	(1)
Demise of Delaney	694	(1)
Public Health Pesticides	695	(1)
Infants and Children	695	(1)
Human Test Data	695	(1)
Other Provisions of FQPA	696	(1)
Pesticide Regulation under Other Federal Statutes	697	(7)
Pesticides under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act	697	(2)
Clean Air Act of 1970 and Its Progeny	699	(1)
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972	700	(1)
Solid Waste Disposal Acts	701	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Act	702	(1)
Federal Hazardous Substances Act	702	(1)
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs	702	(1)
National Environmental Policy Act	703	(1)
Biotechnology	704	(3)
The Promise and Fear of Biotechnology	704	(1)
The Initial Controversy over Regulating Biotechnology	705	(1)
``Frankenfood'' Enforcement	706	(1)
Research Sources	707	(2)
Pollution Prevention Act
Overview	709	(1)
Federal Pollution Prevention Strategy	710	(17)
Background	710	(1)
Pollution Prevention Strategy	711	(1)
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs in the 1990s	711	(12)
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs after 2000	723	(4)
Pollution Prevention Programs of Several States	727	(3)
Mandatory Waste Reduction Programs	727	(1)
Multimedia Permit Programs and Other Regulatory Innovations	728	(1)
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs	729	(1)
Conclusion	730	(1)
Research Sources	730	(3)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
Background to the Federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)	733	(2)
Emergency Planning and Notification	735	(14)
State Commissions, Planning Districts, and Local Committees (Section 301)	735	(1)
Substances and Facilities Covered and Notification (Section 302)	736	(2)
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans (Section 303)	738	(3)
Emergency Notification in the Event of a Release (Section 304)	741	(8)
Emergency Training and Review of Emergency Systems (Section 305)	749	(1)
Reporting Requirements	749	(22)
Material Safety Data Sheet Reporting Requirements (Section 311)	749	(4)
Hazardous Chemical Inventory Form Reporting Requirements (Section 312)	753	(3)
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Requirements (Section 313)	756	(14)
Common EPCRA Compliance Errors	770	(1)
Relationship to Other Law (Section 321)	771	(1)
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990	771	(1)
Trade Secrets (Sections 322 and 323)	772	(1)
Public Access to Information (Section 324)	773	(1)
Enforcement (Section 325)	773	(2)
Emergency Planning Violations	773	(1)
Emergency Notification Violations	773	(1)
Section 311 Reporting Violations	774	(1)
Section 312 and 313 Reporting Violations	774	(1)
Sections 322 and 323 Trade Secrets Violations	774	(1)
Civil Actions (Section 326)	775	(3)
Citizen Suits	775	(3)
State or Local Government Suits	778	(1)
Costs	778	(1)
Federal Acquisition and Community Right-to-Know	778	(1)
Internet Developments and TRI Reporting	779	(1)
Research Sources	780	(3)
Occupational Safety and Health Act
Introduction	783	(2)
Comparison of OSHA and EPA	784	(1)
OSHA, the Organization	784	(1)
Legislative Framework	785	(4)
Purpose of the Act	786	(1)
Coverage of the Act	786	(1)
Exemptions from the Act	787	(1)
Telecommuting and Home Workplaces	788	(1)
Scope of OSHA Standards	789	(4)
Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards	789	(1)
Overview of Standards	790	(1)
Overview of Health Standards	791	(1)
Overview of Safety Standards	792	(1)
Standard Setting	793	(9)
Four Types of OSHA Standards	793	(1)
Consensus Standards: Section 6(a)	794	(1)
Standards Completion and Deletion Processes	795	(1)
Permanent Standards: Section 6(b)	795	(2)
Emergency Temporary Standards	797	(1)
General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1)	798	(1)
Feasibility and the Balancing Debate	799	(3)
Current Standards in Development	802	(1)
Variances	802	(1)
Temporary Variances	802	(1)
Permanent Variances	803	(1)
Compliance and Inspections	803	(9)
Field Structure	804	(1)
Role of Inspections	804	(1)
Training and Competence of Inspectors	805	(1)
Citations and Proposed Fines	806	(1)
Types of Penalties	807	(1)
Willful Violations	807	(1)
Repeat Violations	808	(1)
Egregious Violations	809	(1)
Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules	809	(1)
OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns	810	(2)
Recordkeeping	812	(3)
New 300-Series Recordkeeping Forms	812	(1)
Accident Reports	813	(1)
Monitoring and Medical Records	813	(1)
Hazard Communication	814	(1)
Access to Records	815	(1)
Programmatic Standards	815	(1)
Refusal to Work and Whistleblowing	815	(3)
Refusal to Work	816	(1)
Protection of Whistleblowing	816	(2)
Federal and State Employees	818	(1)
Federal Agencies	818	(1)
State Employees	818	(1)
State OSHA Programs	819	(2)
Concept	819	(1)
Critiques	819	(1)
Role of Federal OSHA in State Plans	820	(1)
Consultation	821	(2)
Enforcement and Consultation	821	(1)
Consultation	822	(1)
Overlapping Jurisdiction	823	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission	824	(1)
OSHRC Appeal Process	824	(1)
Limitations of the Commission	824	(1)
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health	825	(1)
Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case	826	(1)
Hazard Communications Regulation	827	(6)
Reason for the Regulation	828	(1)
Scope and Components	828	(2)
Hazard Evaluation	830	(1)
Trade Secrets	831	(1)
Federal Preemption Controversy	832	(1)
Ergonomics Standard	833	(3)
Overview	834	(1)
Scope of the Standard	835	(1)
The Required Ergonomics Program	835	(1)
State Ergonomics Programs	836	(1)
Legislation	836	(2)
National Emergency Role	838	(1)
Research Sources	838	(3)
ISO 14001 and Environmental Law
Overview	841	(4)
Brief History	842	(3)
Legal Relevance	845	(1)
Environmental Management Systems	845	(1)
ISO 14001	846	(9)
Review of the Key Provisions from a Legal Perspective	846	(8)
Compliance Assurance	854	(1)
Potential Applications of ISO 14001	855	(5)
Enforcement Discretion and Penalty Mitigation	856	(1)
Alternative to the ``Command and Control'' Approach	857	(3)
International Considerations	860	(1)
Conclusion	861	(1)
Research Sources	861	(2)
Index	863