Environmental Law and Policy

by Salzman, James; Thompson, Barton H., Jr.

• ISBN13: 9781566629843
• ISBN10: 1566629845
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-10-01
• Publisher: Foundation Pr

Summary

The authors provide a broad conceptual overview of environmental law while also explaining the major statutes and cases. The first part of the book discusses the major themes and issues that cross-cut environmental law. The second part of the book examines the substance of environmental law, with separate sections on each of the major statutes. International issues such as ozone depletion, climate change, and transboundary waste disposal are also addressed. These chapters build on the conceptual framework in the first part of the text to integrate the discussion of individual statutes into a broad portrait of the law.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
PART I. TOOLS OF THE TRADE
An Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy	1	(10)
Why Study Environmental Law?	1	(2)
A Short History of Environmental Protection in America	3	(8)
Natural Resources	3	(5)
Pollution	8	(3)
Perspectives on Environmental Law and Policy	11	(29)
Basic Themes of Environmental Law	11	(15)
Scientific Uncertainty	11	(3)
Market Failures	14	(1)
Public Goods	15	(1)
The Tragedy of the Commons	16	(1)
Collective Action and Free Riders	17	(1)
Externalities	17	(2)
Mismatched Scales	19	(2)
Cognitive Biases	21	(2)
Sustainable Development	23	(2)
Protected Interests	25	(1)
Three Analytical Frameworks	26	(14)
Environmental Rights	27	(3)
Utilitarianism and Cost--Benefit Analysis	30	(6)
Environmental Justice	36	(4)
The Practice of Environmental Protection	40	(37)
Instrument Choice	40	(13)
Common Law Versus Regulation	41	(2)
Property Rights	43	(1)
Prescriptive Regulation	44	(1)
Market Instruments	45	(1)
Information	45	(1)
The Regulatory Toolkit	46	(2)
Instrument Design Issues	48	(2)
Where to Go from Here?	50	(3)
The Administration of Environmental Protection	53	(6)
Basics of Administrative Law	53	(2)
Rulemaking	55	(4)
Adjudication	59	(1)
Constitutional Issues in Environmental Policy	59	(9)
Congressional Powers	60	(2)
Legislative Delegation	62	(2)
Regulatory Takings	64	(4)
How Citizen Groups Shape Environmental Law	68	(9)
Lobbying for Legislative and Administrative Action	68	(1)
Citizen Suits	69	(3)
Standing	72	(5)
PART II. POLLUTION LAW
Air Pollution	77	(46)
The Clean Air Act	77	(25)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)	81	(4)
State Implementation Plans (SIPs)	85	(2)
New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Grandfathered Sources	87	(2)
Mobile Sources and Technology--Forcing	89	(2)
Trading	91	(8)
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)	99	(3)
The CAA of Tomorrow	102	(1)
Ozone Depletion	102	(9)
The Science of Ozone Depletion	103	(1)
International Controls	104	(4)
Developing Countries	108	(1)
Remaining Challenges	109	(1)
Lessons Learned	110	(1)
Climate Change	111	(12)
The Science of Climate Change	111	(4)
Impacts of Climate Change	115	(2)
Legal Responses	117	(2)
Climate Change Policies---No Regrets, Trading, Joint Implementation, and the CDM	119	(3)
The Future of the Climate Regime	122	(1)
Water Pollution	123	(25)
An Overview of Water Pollution	124	(2)
A Brief History of Water Quality Regulation	126	(1)
The Clean Water Act	127	(21)
Regulation of Point Sources	129	(1)
NPDES Permits	130	(1)
Publicly Owned Treatment Works	130	(1)
Industrial Point Sources	131	(3)
Existing Point Sources	134	(1)
New Point Sources	135	(1)
Industry-by-Industry Determination	136	(1)
Indirect Sources	137	(1)
Criticism of the Technological Approach	137	(1)
The Non--Regulation of Nonpoint Sources	138	(2)
Escaping Regulation as a Point Source	140	(2)
Water Quality Standards	142	(3)
Always Cleaner, Never Dirtier	145	(1)
Interstate Water Pollution	146	(2)
Regulating Toxic Substances	148	(22)
The Difficulties of Regulating Toxic Substances	149	(9)
Is ``Tolerable Risk'' an Oxymoron?	149	(3)
The Problem of Uncertainty	152	(1)
A Paucity of Information	152	(2)
The Difficulty of Determining Cancer Risks	154	(2)
Regulating Under Uncertainty	156	(2)
Major Regulatory Options	158	(12)
Pure Health--Based Statutes	158	(2)
Feasibility Statutes	160	(2)
Risk--Benefit Statutes	162	(1)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act	162	(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act	163	(1)
``Paralysis By Analysis''	163	(2)
Criticisms	165	(1)
Informational Approaches	166	(1)
The Toxic Release Inventory	166	(2)
California's Proposition 65	168	(2)
Waste Management	170	(43)
The Resource Conservation Recovery Act	170	(14)
What is It?	172	(1)
Solid Waste and Strategic Behavior	172	(3)
Solid Hazardous Waste and Closing Loopholes	175	(3)
Who am I?	178	(1)
Generators, Transporters and TSDs	178	(1)
The Land Ban and Regulatory Hammers	179	(3)
Subtitle D	182	(1)
The Challenge of Pollution Prevention	182	(2)
The Dormant Commerce Clause and Waste Disposal	184	(7)
The Basel Convention	191	(6)
The Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation and Liability Act	197	(16)
The Cleanup Process	199	(1)
Listing and Prioritization of Sites	199	(1)
Responses	200	(1)
Compensation for Response Actions	201	(1)
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs)	202	(1)
Liability Standards	203	(1)
Defenses	204	(1)
Acts of God, War, or a Third Party	204	(1)
Divisibility	205	(1)
Small Contributors	205	(1)
Municipalities	206	(1)
Lenders	206	(1)
Innocent Landowners	207	(1)
Settlement Strategies	207	(1)
Brownfields	208	(1)
How Clean Is Clean?	209	(2)
Superfund Reform	211	(2)
PART III. TRADE
Trade and Environment	213	(26)
The Trade Debate	214	(3)
The GATT and WTO	217	(8)
Like Products and PPMs	219	(5)
Multilateral Environmental Agreements	224	(1)
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)	225	(8)
Environmental Provisions	226	(1)
Environmental Side Agreement	227	(3)
Chapter 11	230	(3)
The Trade in Chemicals	233	(6)
PART IV. NATURAL RESOURCES
Protecting Natural Resources	239	(36)
The Nation's Diminishing Resources	239	(1)
The Public Trust Doctrine	240	(3)
Protecting Wetlands	243	(11)
Rivers & Harbors Act of 1899	244	(1)
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act	244	(1)
What are ``navigable waters''?	245	(2)
What is a ``Discharge'' of Material?	247	(2)
Special Exceptions	249	(1)
The Permitting Process	250	(2)
General Permits	252	(1)
EPA Vetoes	253	(1)
Constitutional Takings Challenges	253	(1)
Incentive Programs	253	(1)
The Endangered Species Act	254	(21)
Listing Species	258	(3)
Limits on Federal Agency Actions	261	(4)
Private Violations	265	(1)
The Prohibition On ``Takings''	265	(3)
Incidental Take Permits	268	(1)
Administrative Reform Efforts	269	(1)
Criticisms of Section 9	270	(1)
Constitutional Takings Challenges to Section 9	271	(1)
Recovery Plans & Other Provisions	271	(1)
Does the ESA Work?	272	(3)
PART V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
The National Environmental Policy Act	275	(12)
NEPA Grows Teeth	276	(1)
When Must An Agency Prepare An EIS?	277	(3)
Major Actions	278	(1)
Significantly Affecting the Human Environment	279	(1)
Timing	280	(1)
Adequacy of the EIS	281	(3)
Does It Work?	284	(3)
Table of Cases	287	(4)
Index	291