Magnetism is important in environmental studies for several reasons, the two most fundamental being that most substances exhibit some form of magnetic behavior, and that iron is one of the most common elements in the Earth's crust. Once sequestered in a suitable material, magnetic particles constitute a natural archive of conditions existing in former times. Magnetism provides a tracer of paleo-climatic and paleo-environmental conditions and processes. Environmental Magnetism details the occurrence and uses of magnetic materials in the natural environment. The first half of the volume describes the basic principles. The second half discusses the applications of magnetic measurements in various environmental settings on land, in lakes, in the ocean, and even various biological organisms.

Foreword

ix

Preface

xi

Introduction

Prospectus

1

(1)

An Example

2

(2)

Scope of the Subject

4

(3)

Basic Magnetism

Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism

7

(2)

Magnetic Susceptibility

9

(4)

Magnetic Hysteresis

13

(1)

Grain Size Effects

14

(4)

Summary of Magnetic Parameters and Terminology

18

(2)

Enviromagnetic Parameters

20

(7)

Susceptibility

21

(1)

ARM Susceptibility

21

(1)

S-Ratio

21

(1)

ARM/SIRM and SIRM/Kif

22

(1)

Mrs/Ms and Bcr/Bc and the Day Plot

22

(2)

KARM/KIf and the King Plot

24

(1)

Hc1 Hu and FORC Diagrams

25

(2)

Magnetic Units

27

(2)

Putting It All Together

29

(2)

Enviromagnetic Minerals

Introduction

31

(1)

Iron Oxides

32

(9)

Magnetite

33

(5)

Hematite

38

(2)

Maghemite

40

(1)

Iron Oxyhydroxides

41

(1)

Iron Sulfides

41

(1)

Iron Carbonate

42

(1)

Some Examples

43

(4)

Room-Temperature Biplots

47

(3)

Measurement and Techniques

Introduction

50

(1)

Measurement of Magnetic Parameters

50

(18)

Low-Field or Initial Susceptibility

50

(3)

Remanent Magnetization

53

(9)

High-Field Techniques

62

(6)

Magnetic Parameters Used in Environmental Studies

68

(10)

Loess/Paleosol Sequences

69

(5)

Lacustrine Deposits

74

(3)

Marine Sediments

77

(1)

Magnetic Parameters Unmixed

78

(6)

Processes and Pathways

Introduction

84

(4)

Depositional Processes

84

(3)

(Bio-) Chemical Processes

87

(1)

Soils and Paleosols

88

(8)

Marine Sediments

96

(7)

Rivers and Lakes

103

(8)

Time

Introduction

111

(6)

An Example

115

(1)

Another Example

116

(1)

Temporal Characteristics of the Geomagnetic Field

117

(13)

Geomagnetic Polarity Reversals

118

(3)

Secular Variation

121

(4)

Geomagnetic Excursions

125

(3)

Geomagnetic Intensity Fluctuations

128

(2)

Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy

130

(3)

Milankovitch Cycles

133

(3)

Magnetoclimatology and Past Global Change

Introduction

136

(1)

Loess

136

(23)

Magnetic Enhancement

136

(8)

Minerals and Mechanisms

144

(3)

Milankovitch Cycles

147

(2)

Paleoprecipitation

149

(6)

The Wind-Vigor Model

155

(3)

Examples of Gleization

158

(1)

Lake Sediments

159

(5)

Early Work

159

(1)

Italian and French Crater Lakes

160

(4)

Lake Baikal

164

(1)

Marine Sediments

164

(10)

Early Work

164

(1)

Terrigenous Magnetic Influx

165

(6)

Biogenic Magnetite

171

(1)

Postdepositional Diagenesis

171

(3)

Mass Transport

Introduction

174

(1)

Dust Flux and Climate

174

(2)

Erosion and Sediment Yield

176

(3)

Permeating Fluids

179

(3)

Oceanic and Atmospheric Circulation

182

(3)

Magnetism in the Biosphere

Introduction

185

(3)

Biomineralization

188

(1)

Bacterial Magnetism

189

(17)

Two BOM Examples

196

(2)

Two BIM Examples

198

(1)

Diagnostic Magnetic Tests

199

(4)

Bacterial Greigite

203

(3)

Mars Meteorite

206

(1)

Other Organisms

206

(5)

Mollusces

207

(1)

Insects

207

(1)

Fish and Birds

208

(1)

Mammals

208

(3)

Magnetic Monitoring of Pollution

Introduction

211

(2)

Soil Contamination

213

(5)

Rivers, Lakes, and Harbors

218

(7)

A Canadian Harbor

220

(2)

A Swiss Lake

222

(1)

An Austrian River

223

(2)

Atmospheric Contaminants

225

(2)

Roadside Pollution

227

(2)

Pneumomagnetism

229

(2)

Archeological and Early Hominid Environments

Introduction

231

(1)

Archeological Soils

232

(3)

Archeological Magnetic Prospection Surveys

235

(4)

Economy, Industry, and Art

239

(2)

Speleomagnetism

241

(2)

Hominid Evolution

243

(2)

Our Planetary Magnetic Environment

Introduction

245

(1)

The Geomagnetic Field

246

(3)

The Magnetosphere

249

(4)

Appendix

253

(1)

Glossary

254

(7)

References

261

(28)

Index

289

(6)

List of Volumes in the Series

295

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