Environmental Management in Practice: Vol 1: Instruments for Environmental Management

by Compton,Paul; Compton,Paul

• ISBN13: 9780415149068
• ISBN10: 0415149061
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-11-10
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

The three volumes inEnvironmental Management in Practicecover the four main aspects of environmental management, containing over sixty contributions from leading specialists in each field, and offering the first major source of contemporary international research and application within environmental management in practice.Volume 1: Instruments for Environmental Managementfocuses on a theoretical background to the physical, economic, legislative and communication instruments in common use today.Volume 2: Compartments, Stressors and Sectorsdeals with the problems what occur in the three "compartments" of the environment: air, water and soil.Volume 3: Managing the Ecosystemfocuses on those ecosystems in which human intervention has predominated, such as cities and rural areas.

Table of Contents

List of figures	xiv	(2)
List of tables	xvi	(2)
List of boxes	xviii	(2)
Notes on contributors	xx	(5)
Preface and acknowledgements	xxv	(4)
List of abbreviations	xxix	(5)
List of units	xxxiv
PART I ANALYSING AND MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS	1	(62)
INTRODUCTION	3	(3)
Paul A. Compton
1 IMPACT OF A GROWING POPULATION ON NATURAL RESOURCES: THE CHALLENGE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT	6	(16)
David Pimental
Xuewen Huang
Ana Cordova
Marcia Pimentel
Summary	6	(1)
Academic objectives	6	(1)
Introduction	6	(1)
Population and consumption of resources	7	(2)
Status of world environmental resources	9	(5)
Constraints in managing resources	14	(1)
Improving resource management	15	(1)
Conclusions	16	(2)
Note	18	(1)
References	18	(3)
Suggested reading	21	(1)
Self-assessment questions	21	(1)
2 PROBLEM-IN-CONTEXT: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS, EXPLANATION AND SOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS	22	(22)
Wouter T. de Groot
Summary	22	(1)
Academic objectives	22	(1)
Introduction: frameworks and causal chains	22	(3)
Analysis of environmental problems	25	(6)
Explanations: environmental problems in triple context	31	(3)
Social-scientific explanation of environmental problems	34	(3)
Design and evaluation	37	(4)
Conclusions	41	(1)
References	42	(1)
Suggested reading	43	(1)
Self-assessment questions	43	(1)
3 THE CULTURAL FILTER	44	(19)
Willy Weyns
Summary	44	(1)
Academic objectives	44	(1)
Environmental management, culture and sustainability	45	(2)
The cultural filter	47	(1)
Facts and values	48	(2)
Interdisciplinarity	50	(2)
Public decision-making	52	(1)
Interculturality	53	(4)
Biological and cultural evolution	57	(2)
Conclusions	59	(1)
References	59	(1)
Suggested reading	60	(1)
Self-assessment questions	61	(2)
PART II INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT	63	(6)
INTRODUCTION	65	(1)
Luc Hens
Summary	65	(1)
Introduction	65	(1)
Effect-directed and source-directed instruments	66	(1)
Legal instruments	66	(1)
Economic instruments	67	(1)
Instruments for communication	67	(1)
Conclusions	68	(1)
References	68	(1)
Suggested reading	68	(1)
PART II.1 PREDICTIVE AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS	69	(236)
4 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING	71	(19)
Emmanuel K. Boon
Summary	71	(1)
Academic objectives	71	(1)
Introduction	71	(2)
Undestanding the environment	73	(1)
Trends in planning	74	(2)
Concept and approaches	76	(2)
Strategic environmental planning and management	78	(8)
Conclusions	86	(1)
References	87	(1)
Suggested reading	88	(1)
Self-assessment questions	88	(2)
5 STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORTING	90	(18)
David J. Briggs
Summary	90	(1)
Academic objectives	90	(1)
The need for information	90	(1)
The development of state of environment reporting in Europe	91	(3)
The character of SoE reports	94	(4)
Indicators	98	(2)
The quality of environmental information	100	(4)
Conclusions	104	(1)
References	105	(1)
Suggested reading	105	(1)
Self-assessment questions	106	(2)
6 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS	108	(16)
Luc Hens
Max Vojtisek
Summary	108	(1)
Academic objectives	108	(1)
Guidelines, standards, limit values and alarm values	108	(3)
Health standards	111	(7)
Environmental standards	118	(2)
Guidelines for sustainable development?	120	(1)
Conclusions	121	(1)
Acknowledgements	122	(1)
References	122	(1)
Suggested reading	122	(1)
Self-assessment questions	123	(1)
7 MEASURING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT	124	(20)
Lars Fogh Mortensen
Summary	124	(1)
Academic objectives	124	(1)
Information on sustainable development for decision-making	125	(3)
Criteria for choosing measures	128	(1)
State-of-the-art in the development of measures	129	(4)
Frameworks	133	(6)
Some problems in developing measures of sustainability	139	(1)
The next steps	140	(1)
Conclusions	140	(1)
References	140	(1)
Suggested reading	141	(1)
Self-assessment questions	142	(2)
8 RISK ANALYSIS	144	(25)
Alfons Buekens
Bernard De Caevel
Alain Neyt
Summary	144	(1)
Academic objectives	144	(1)
The concept of risk	144	(8)
The human factor	152	(4)
Methods of risk analysis	156	(7)
Risk management	163	(3)
References	166	(1)
Suggested reading	167	(1)
Self-assessment questions	167	(2)
9 HAZARD, EXPOSURE AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT	169	(19)
Paul Johnston
Ruth stringer
David Santillo
Charles Vyvyan Howard
Summary	169	(1)
Academic objectives	169	(1)
Hazard, exposure and ecological risk assessment	169	(1)
Hazard assessment procedures	170	(6)
Hazard assessment, uncertainty and limitations	176	(4)
Risk-based hazard assessment	180	(1)
Exposure assessment	181	(2)
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals	183	(1)
Conclusions: risk assessment and reality	184	(1)
References	184	(2)
Suggested reading	186	(1)
Self-assessment questions	186	(2)
10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT	188	(23)
Dimitri Devuyst
Summary	188	(1)
Academic objectives	188	(1)
Definitions	188	(1)
Historical aspects of environmental impact assessment	189	(3)
Contents of an environmental impact statement	192	(1)
Methodology of environmental impact assessment	193	(7)
Major limitations of environmental impact assessment, topics of discussion and future developments	200	(7)
List of EIA resource centres	207	(1)
Conclusions	207	(1)
References	208	(1)
Suggested reading	209	(1)
Self-assessment questions	209	(2)
11 LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT	211	(30)
Eddy Nierynck
Summary	211	(1)
Academic objectives	211	(1)
Introduction	211	(2)
Definitions	213	(1)
The methodological framework	214	(2)
The procedural framework: the main components of an LCA	216	(10)
Practical issues: running the project	226	(4)
Applications of LCA	230	(1)
LCA in context	231	(1)
Conclusions	232	(4)
List of LCA resource centres	236	(1)
List of LCA-related homepages	237	(1)
References	238	(1)
Suggested reading	239	(1)
Self-assessment questions	240	(1)
12 INTEGRATING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS: MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS	241	(14)
Tapio Pento
Summary	241	(1)
Academic objectives	241	(1)
Material flow models and their purpose	241	(2)
Types of MFMs and their construction	243	(3)
Static material flow models	246	(3)
Dynamic material flow models	249	(4)
Conclusions	253	(1)
References	253	(1)
Suggested reading	254	(1)
Self-assessment questions	254	(1)
13 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS	255	(17)
Hildegard De Weerdt
Summary	255	(1)
Academic objectives	255	(1)
Introduction	255	(2)
Methods of environmental auditing	257	(3)
Setting up environmental audits	260	(2)
Implementation of audit policy in some countries	262	(2)
Environmental auditing: an integral component of Environmental Management Systems	264	(3)
Future development	267	(1)
Conclusions	267	(2)
References	269	(1)
Suggested reading	270	(1)
Self-assessment questions	270	(2)
14 ACCOUNTING FOR ECO-EFFICIENCY	272	(16)
Stefan Schaltegger
Summary	272	(1)
Academic objectives	272	(1)
Eco-efficiency as an operational measure	272	(3)
Environmental accounting	275	(3)
Calculation of eco-efficiency	278	(7)
Conclusions	285	(1)
References	285	(1)
Suggested reading	286	(1)
Self-assessment questions	286	(2)
15 ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING	288	(17)
Edeltraud Gunther
Summary	288	(1)
Academic objectives	288	(1)
The need for environmental management accounting	288	(1)
The stakeholder approach	289	(3)
Environmental management as an environmental goal	292	(1)
The `value circle' as a structure for environmental management accounting	293	(1)
Monetary instruments for information gathering and decision-making	293	(6)
Non-monetary instruments for information gathering and decision-making	299	(2)
Conclusions	301	(1)
References	302	(1)
Suggested reading	302	(1)
Self-assessment questions	302	(3)
PART II.2 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS	305	(54)
16 ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT	307	(18)
Aviel Verbruggen
Summary	307	(1)
Academic objectives	307	(1)
The pollution chain	307	(3)
Some economic concepts	310	(3)
Adjustments to the basic economic model	313	(2)
Cost trade-offs from a private and social perspective	315	(2)
Instruments for reaching the social optimum	317	(3)
Criteria for selecting suitable policy instruments	320	(3)
Conclusions	323	(1)
References	323	(1)
Suggested reading	324	(1)
Self-assessment questions	324	(1)
17 APPLICATION OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT	325	(16)
James Winpenny
Summary	325	(1)
Academic objectives	325	(1)
Scope of the chapter	325	(2)
Advantages of economic instruments: a summary	327	(4)
Air pollution	331	(1)
Water pollution	331	(4)
Solid waste	335	(2)
A broader view: EIs in developing countries and in the countries in economic transition	337	(1)
Conclusions	338	(1)
References	339	(1)
Suggested reading	339	(1)
Self-assessment questions	340	(1)
18 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY	341	(18)
Aaron Cosbey
Summary	341	(1)
Academic objectives	341	(1)
Introduction	341	(1)
The multilateral trading system	342	(5)
Environmental management in the global context: managing imported goods	347	(8)
Managing exported goods	355	(1)
Conclusions	356	(1)
References	356	(1)
Suggested reading	356	(1)
Self-assessment questions	357	(2)
PART II.3 LEGAL INSTRUMENTS	359	(62)
19 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY	361	(17)
Elizabeth R. DeSombre
Summary	361	(1)
Academic objectives	361	(1)
The international system and its implications for international environmental policy	362	(1)
Environmental problems and their impact on the international system	362	(2)
Evolution of international environmental policy	364	(1)
The instruments of international environmental policy	365	(7)
Non-state actors and international environmental policy	372	(2)
Conclusions	374	(1)
References	375	(1)
Suggested reading	375	(1)
Self-assessment questions	376	(2)
20 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE USA	378	(26)
William Luneburg
Summary	378	(1)
Academic objectives	378	(1)
Introduction	378	(2)
The legal background	380	(9)
Underlying policies influencing legal doctrine and statutory law	389	(2)
Methods of environmental protection adopted by United States law	391	(8)
The relationship between domestic and international environmental law in the USA	399	(1)
Recent trends in the development of US environmental law	400	(1)
Conclusions	401	(1)
Note	401	(1)
References	401	(1)
Suggested reading	401	(1)
Self-assessment questions	402	(2)
21 EU ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION	404	(17)
Katrien Debeuckelaere
Liam Cashman
Summary	404	(1)
Academic objectives	404	(1)
Development of EU environmental legislation	404	(3)
Legislative acts	407	(7)
Control of the implementation of EU legislation in the member states	414	(3)
Conclusions	417	(1)
Notes	417	(1)
References	417	(1)
Suggested reading	418	(1)
Appendix	418	(2)
Self-assessment questions	420	(1)
PART II.4 INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND EDUCATION	421	(55)
22 ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION: COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT	423	(13)
Walter Leal Filho
Summary	423	(1)
Academic objectives	423	(1)
Introduction to environmental education and communication	423	(3)
Environmental education and communication in the framing of decisions involving the environment	426	(2)
Environmental education and communication in environmental management: examples of approaches	428	(2)
Integration of environmental education and communication with environmental management	430	(2)
Conclusions	432	(1)
References	432	(2)
Suggested reading	434	(1)
Self-assessment questions	434	(2)
23 ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT	436	(21)
Henry van Asselt
Emiel Wubben
Summary	436	(1)
Academic objectives	436	(1)
Background	436	(5)
Types of environmental conflict resolution	441	(2)
The Mutual Gains Approach	443	(5)
Environmental conflict management	448	(5)
Observations	453	(1)
References	454	(1)
Suggested reading	455	(1)
Self-assessment questions	455	(2)
24 CURRENT OPTIONS OF THE UN FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT	457	(19)
Martin Tampier
Summary	457	(1)
Academic objectives	457	(1)
Definition of Transnational Environmental Conflict Management	457	(2)
General methods for settling conflicts	459	(1)
Current options for TECM within the UN	460	(12)
Conclusions	472	(1)
References	473	(2)
Suggested reading	475	(1)
Self-assessment questions	475	(1)
Glossary	476	(13)
Answers to self-assessment questions	489	(10)
Index	499