Environmental Modelling With Gis and Remote Sensing

by Skidmore; Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780415241700
• ISBN10: 0415241707
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2002-02-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Most government agencies and private companies are investing significant resources in the production and use of geographical data. The capabilities of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for data analysis are also improving, to the extent that the potential performance of GIS software and the data available for analysis outstrip the abilities of managers and analysts to use and analyze the information. This is especially true for environmental applications. Here the need to keep up-to-date is essential for providing effective and efficient services.Environmental Modeling with GIS and Remote Sensing derives from a training course run by ITC for professionals and managers in the environmental sciences, detailing the applications of remote sensing and GIS for environmental modeling and assessment. It sets out the current research results and provides operational methods for environmental mapping and monitoring.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
List of figures	xiii
List of tables and boxes	xvii
Introduction	1	(7)
The challenge	1	(1)
Motivation to write this book	2	(1)
What is environmental modelling and how can GIS and remote sensing help in environmental modelling	3	(3)
Contents of the book	6	(1)
References	7	(1)
Taxonomy of environmental models in the spatial sciences	8	(18)
Introduction	8	(1)
Taxonomy of models	9	(1)
Models of logic	10	(5)
Deductive models	10	(1)
Inductive models	11	(3)
Discussion	14	(1)
Deterministic models	15	(6)
Empirical models	15	(3)
Knowledge driven models	18	(2)
Process driven models	20	(1)
Stochastic models	21	(2)
Conclusion	23	(1)
References	23	(3)
New environmental remote sensing systems	26	(26)
Introduction	26	(1)
High spatial resolution sensors	27	(4)
Historical overview	27	(1)
Overview sensors	28	(1)
IRS-1C and IRS-1D	28	(1)
KVR-1000	29	(1)
OrbView-3	29	(1)
Ikonos	29	(1)
QuickBird	30	(1)
Eros	30	(1)
Applications and perspectives	31	(1)
High spectral resolution satellites	31	(5)
Historical overview	31	(2)
Overview hyperspectral imaging sensors	33	(2)
Applications and perspectives	35	(1)
High temporal resolution satellites	36	(5)
Low spatial resolution satellite system with high revisiting time	36	(2)
Medium spatial resolution satellite systems with high revisiting time	38	(3)
Radar	41	(6)
Historical overview	41	(2)
Overview of sensors	43	(3)
Applications and perspectives	46	(1)
Other systems	47	(1)
Altimetry	47	(1)
Scatterometers/Spectrometers	47	(1)
Lidar	47	(1)
Internet sources	48	(1)
High spatial resolution satellite systems	48	(1)
High spectral resolution satellite systems	48	(1)
High temporal resolution satellite systems	48	(1)
RADAR satellite systems	48	(1)
General sources of information	49	(1)
References	49	(3)
Geographic data for environmental modelling and assessment	52	(18)
Introduction	52	(2)
Land-atmosphere interaction modelling	54	(1)
Ecosystems process modelling	54	(1)
Hydrologic modelling	55	(1)
Dynamic biosphere modelling	55	(1)
Data access	56	(1)
Global databases	57	(5)
Multiple-theme global databases	57	(1)
Heritage global land cover databases	58	(1)
Global land cover from satellite data	59	(1)
Topographic data	60	(1)
Soils data	61	(1)
Global population	61	(1)
Satellite data	61	(1)
Sub-global scale databases	62	(3)
Regional land cover mapping	62	(1)
Topographic databases	63	(1)
Administrative and census data	63	(1)
Data clearinghouses	64	(1)
The role of the end-user in the USGS global land cover characterization project	65	(1)
Summary	66	(1)
References	67	(3)
The biosphere: a global perspective	70	(27)
Introduction	70	(1)
Historic overview	71	(2)
Landsat based regional studies	73	(3)
The Large Area Crop Inventory Program	74	(1)
Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation	75	(1)
AVHRR based regional and global studies	76	(12)
Sources of interference	76	(4)
Desert margin studies	80	(2)
Monitoring Desert Locust habitats	82	(2)
Land cover classification	84	(2)
ENSO	86	(2)
Wild fire detection	88	(1)
Discussion	89	(1)
References	89	(8)
Vegetation mapping and monitoring	97	(24)
Introduction	97	(1)
Vegetation mapping	98	(15)
Historical overview	99	(1)
Multispectral data and image classification	99	(1)
Vegetation mapping, ancillary data and GIS	100	(7)
Use of spatial and temporal patterns	107	(2)
New kinds of imagery	109	(2)
Accuracy assessment	111	(2)
Monitoring vegetation change	113	(3)
Monitoring vegetation condition and health	113	(2)
Vegetation conversion and change	115	(1)
Concluding comments	116	(1)
References	116	(5)
Application of remote sensing and geographic information systems in wildlife mapping and modelling	121	(24)
Introduction	121	(1)
Wildlife conservation and reserve management	122	(1)
Mapping wildlife distribution	123	(2)
Mapping wildlife resource requirements	125	(1)
Mapping and modelling habitat suitability for wildlife	126	(5)
Habitats and habitat maps	126	(1)
Mapping suitability for wildlife	127	(1)
Accuracy of suitability maps	128	(2)
Factors influencing wildlife distribution	130	(1)
Modelling species-environment relationships	131	(4)
Static versus dynamic models	133	(2)
Transferability of species - environment models	135	(1)
Innovative mapping of wildlife and its physical environment	135	(1)
Conclusions	136	(1)
References	137	(8)
Biodiversity mapping and modelling	145	(21)
Context	145	(1)
Definitions	145	(1)
Key issues	146	(1)
Mobilizing the data	147	(5)
Attribute selection	147	(1)
Sampling design	148	(1)
Data capture	148	(1)
Standards and quality assurance	149	(2)
Data custodianship and access	151	(1)
Data mining and harmonization	152	(1)
Tools and techniques	152	(7)
Database management	154	(1)
Geographic information systems	154	(1)
Distribution mapping tools	155	(2)
Environmental domain analysis	157	(1)
Environmental assessment and decision support	158	(1)
Display and communication	159	(1)
Future developments	160	(1)
References and information resources	160	(3)
Tools and technologies	163	(3)
Approaches to spatially distributed hydrological modelling in a GIS environment	166	(34)
Basic hydrological processes and modelling approaches	166	(7)
The hydrological cycle	167	(5)
Modelling approaches	172	(1)
Data for spatially distributed hydrological modelling	173	(11)
Vegetation	174	(4)
Modelling vegetation growth	178	(1)
Topography	179	(2)
Soil	181	(1)
Climate	182	(2)
The land surface - atmosphere interface	184	(5)
Estimation of potential evaporation	184	(3)
Estimation of actual evaporation and evapotranspiration	187	(2)
The distribution of surface flow in digital elevation models	189	(4)
Estimation of topographic form for `undisturbed' surface facets	192	(1)
Estimation of subsurface flow	193	(2)
Estimation of subsurface unsaturated flow	194	(1)
Estimation of subsurface saturated flow	195	(1)
Summary	195	(1)
References	196	(4)
Remote sensing and geographic information systems for natural disaster management	200	(27)
Introduction	200	(6)
Disaster management	206	(1)
Remote sensing and GIS: tools in disaster management	207	(3)
Introduction	207	(1)
Application levels at different scales	208	(2)
Examples of the use of GIS and remote sensing in hazard assessment	210	(11)
Floods	210	(2)
Earthquakes	212	(3)
Volcanic eruptions	215	(2)
Landslides	217	(1)
Fires	218	(1)
Cyclones	219	(1)
Environmental hazards	220	(1)
Conclusions	221	(1)
References	222	(5)
Land use planning and environmental impact assessment using geographic information systems	227	(25)
Introduction	227	(2)
GIS in land use planning activities	229	(1)
Sources and types of spatial data sets	230	(4)
Land topography	230	(1)
Soils	231	(1)
Land use/cover	232	(2)
Land evaluation methods	234	(5)
Conventional approaches	234	(2)
Quantitative approaches	236	(2)
Site suitability analysis	238	(1)
Standard land evaluation systems	238	(1)
Land use planning activities at regional and global scales	239	(3)
Availability and distribution of spatial data sets	242	(1)
Reliability of GIS-based land use planning results	243	(1)
Summary and conclusions	244	(1)
References	245	(7)
Environmental modelling: issues and discussion	252	(8)
Introduction	252	(1)
Geo-information related questions in environmental management	252	(2)
Problems raised by the participants	254	(2)
Data problems	254	(1)
Modelling problems	255	(1)
GIS and remote sensing technology problems	255	(1)
Expertise problems	256	(1)
Proposed solutions for problems by participants	256	(2)
Data solutions	256	(1)
Modelling solutions	257
GIS and RS technology solutions	255	(3)
Expertise solutions	258	(1)
General solutions	258	(1)
Reflection	258	(1)
References	259	(1)
Index	260