The Environmental Policy Paradox

by Smith, Zachary A.

• ISBN13: 9780130816061
• ISBN10: 013081606X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1994-09-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

This book provides an introduction to the policy making process in the United States with regard to air, water, land use, agriculture, energy, waste disposal, and other areas. It explains why some environmental ideas shape policy while others do not and illustrates that even when the best short and long-term solutions to environmental problems are identified, the task of implementing these solutions is either left undone or is completed too late. Also included is a comprehensive history of the environmental movement plus a unique chapter on the ecosystem and a unique discussion of agency culture (what makes agencies tick). ecosystem interdependence, the public and environmental awareness, the regulatory environment, the political and institutional setting, air, water, energy, toxic and hazardous waste, land management issues, international environmental issues, international environmental management. For public policy administrators, legislators, lobbyists, environmental advocates and others interested in how public policy with regard to the environment is developed and put into action.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Abbreviations	xvii
PART ONE: THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS
Ecosystem Interdependence	1	(6)
The Steady State	4	(1)
Common Pool Resources	4	(1)
Summary	5	(1)
Notes	5	(2)
The Public and Environmental Awareness	7	(18)
Dominant Social Paradigm	7	(6)
Economics and Growth	8	(3)
Science and Technology: Our Views of Nature	11	(1)
The Role of Religion	12	(1)
History of the Environmental Movement	13	(6)
Dominance	14	(1)
Early Awakening	14	(1)
Early Conservationists	14	(1)
Later Conservationists	15	(1)
The Reawakening	15	(1)
Complacency	16	(1)
The Little Reagan Revolution	17	(2)
Public Opinion and the Environment	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Notes	22	(3)
The Regulatory Environment	25	(10)
The Regulatory Context	25	(8)
Science and Risk Analysis	26	(3)
The Role of Government	29	(1)
Approaches to Regulation	30	(3)
Summary	33	(1)
Notes	33	(2)
The Political and Institutional Setting	35	(33)
Pluralism	35	(14)
Group Types	37	(1)
Interest Groups and the Policy Cycle	38	(2)
Group Resources and Policy Making	40	(4)
Incrementalism	44	(1)
Decentralization	45	(1)
Short-Term Bias	46	(1)
Ideological Bias	47	(1)
Private Nature of Public Policy Making	48	(1)
Crisis Planning	48	(1)
The Regulators	49	(14)
National Environmental Policy Act	49	(3)
Environmental Administration	52	(1)
The Environmental Protection Agency	53	(5)
Department of Interior	58	(2)
Bureau of Land Management	60	(1)
National Park Service	61	(1)
Forest Service	61	(1)
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Notes	63	(5)
PART TWO: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Air Pollution	68	(37)
Sources	68	(5)
Health Effects	70	(2)
Motor Vehicles	72	(1)
Air Pollution: Law, Regulations, and Enforcement	73	(24)
Regulatory Innovations	78	(2)
Regulatory Issues	80	(1)
Toxic Air Pollution	81	(3)
Acid Rain	84	(4)
Stratospheric Ozone	88	(4)
The Greenhouse Effect	92	(5)
Summary	97	(1)
Notes	98	(7)
Water Pollution	105	(20)
Sources	106	(4)
Nonpoint Sources of Pollution	108	(1)
Groundwater Pollution	108	(1)
Health Effects of Water Pollution	109	(1)
Water Law and Regulation	110	(11)
Criticisms of Water Pollution Policy	114	(2)
Ocean Pollution	116	(1)
The Paradox in Water Pollution Policy	117	(4)
Summary	121	(1)
Notes	121	(4)
Energy	125	(39)
History of Energy	126	(10)
Industrial Revolution	126	(1)
Oil and War	127	(1)
Role of Personal Consumption	128	(1)
OPEC and the Oil Crises	129	(2)
Development of Nuclear Power	131	(2)
Development of a National Energy Policy	133	(3)
Nonrenewable Energy Sources	136	(4)
Coal	136	(1)
Oil	137	(1)
Natural Gas	138	(1)
Geothermal Energy	139	(1)
Nuclear Power	139	(1)
Renewable Energy	140	(5)
Hydropower	141	(1)
Solar Power	142	(1)
Wind Power	143	(1)
Biomass	144	(1)
Conservation and Energy Efficiency: Some Suggestions for the Future	145	(5)
Conservation in Homes and Buildings	146	(2)
Conservation in Transportation	148	(1)
Conservation in Industry	148	(1)
Obstacles to Conservation	149	(1)
An Ecological Conclusion	150	(1)
Summary	150	(1)
Notes	151	(13)
Toxic and Hazardous Waste	164	(25)
Solid Waste	165	(5)
Scope of the Problem	165	(1)
Disposal Methods	166	(1)
Regulations	167	(1)
Solutions	168	(2)
Hazardous Wastes	170	(14)
Nature of the Problem	170	(2)
Disposal Methods	172	(4)
Federal Regulations	176	(2)
Regulatory Problems	178	(3)
The Policy Paradox in Hazardous Waste Management	181	(3)
Summary	184	(1)
Notes	184	(5)
Land Management Issues	189	(21)
Local Land-Use Planning	189	(6)
Soil Erosion	192	(2)
Farmland Conversion	194	(1)
Desertification	194	(1)
Federal Land Management	195	(11)
Summary	206	(1)
Notes	207	(3)
International Environmental Issues	210	(17)
Population and Food Production	211	(5)
Desertification and Food Production	216	(1)
Global Pollution	216	(3)
The Ozone Layer	217	(1)
The Greenhouse Effect	217	(1)
Deforestation	218	(1)
Ocean Pollution	218	(1)
Less Developed Countries: North vs. South	219	(2)
International Conflict	221	(2)
Summary	223	(1)
Notes	223	(4)
International Environmental Management	227	(15)
Alternative Political Systems	229	(5)
Market Based Economies	229	(1)
Collective Ownership Systems	230	(1)
Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union	231	(1)
China	232	(2)
International Environmental Management	234	(4)
Common Pool Resources	234	(1)
Creation of an IGO	235	(3)
Summary	238	(1)
Notes	239	(3)
Conclusion	242	(3)
Notes	245	(2)
Index	247