Preface | p. ix |
Environmental Problems and Politics | p. 1 |
Environmental Policy and Politics | p. 5 |
Perspectives on Environmental Problems | p. 7 |
Scientific Knowledge and Its Use | p. 7 |
Economics and Incentives | p. 9 |
Environmental Values and Ethics | p. 10 |
The Role of Government and Politics | p. 11 |
Democracy, Politics, and Environmental Policy | p. 13 |
Defining Environmental Policy | p. 13 |
Policy Typologies | p. 14 |
The Breadth of Environmental Policy | p. 15 |
Environmental Problems and Public Policy | p. 16 |
Defining the Problems: The Nature of Environmental Risks | p. 16 |
Coping with Environmental Risks | p. 19 |
Public Policy Responses | p. 21 |
Conclusions | p. 22 |
Discussion Questions | p. 23 |
Suggested Readings | p. 23 |
Endnotes | p. 24 |
Judging the State of the Environment | p. 26 |
Air Quality | p. 27 |
Gains in Air Quality and Remaining Problems | p. 28 |
Indoor Air Quality | p. 30 |
Acid Precipitation | p. 31 |
CFCs and the Stratospheric Ozone Layer | p. 31 |
Water Quality | p. 32 |
Pollution of Surface Waters | p. 33 |
Drinking Water Quality | p. 35 |
Toxic Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes | p. 36 |
Toxic Chemicals and Health Effects | p. 36 |
Hazardous Wastes | p. 39 |
Contaminated Federal Facilities | p. 40 |
Radioactive Wastes | p. 41 |
Solid Waste and Consumer Waste | p. 41 |
Energy Use and Climate Change | p. 42 |
The Nature of Energy Problems | p. 42 |
Fossil Fuels and the Threat of Climate Change | p. 44 |
Biological Diversity and Habitat Loss | p. 45 |
Biodiversity Loss and Implications | p. 46 |
Policy Actions and Effects | p. 48 |
Population Growth | p. 49 |
Population and Sustainable Development | p. 49 |
Growth Rates and Projected Population Increases | p. 51 |
Conclusions | p. 53 |
Discussion Questions | p. 53 |
Suggested Readings | p. 54 |
Endnotes | p. 54 |
Making Environmental Policy | p. 59 |
Understanding Environmental Politics | p. 61 |
The Policy Process Model | p. 62 |
Agenda Setting | p. 64 |
Policy Formulation | p. 67 |
Policy Legitimation | p. 69 |
Policy Implementation | p. 71 |
Policy and Program Evaluation | p. 71 |
Policy Change | p. 72 |
Patterns in Environmental Policymaking | p. 74 |
Characteristics of U.S. Government and Politics | p. 76 |
Constitutional and Political Features | p. 76 |
Institutional Fragmentation and Policy Stalemate | p. 77 |
The Benefits of Dispersed Power | p. 81 |
Conclusions | p. 85 |
Discussion Questions | p. 85 |
Suggested Readings | p. 86 |
Endnotes | p. 86 |
The Evolution of Environmental Policy and Politics | p. 88 |
Natural Resources and Environmental Policies in Historical Perspective | p. 89 |
The Settlement and "Conquest" of Nature | p. 90 |
The Conservation Movement and Advances in Public Health | p. 91 |
From the New Deal to the Environmental Movement | p. 92 |
The Modern Environmental Movement and Policy Achievements | p. 94 |
Environmental Interest Groups | p. 97 |
Public Opinion and the Environment | p. 103 |
Environmental Issues in Election Campaigns | p. 107 |
Political Reaction to Environmentalism | p. 108 |
Environmental Policy in the Reagan and Bush Administrations | p. 108 |
Clinton and Gore Reform Environmental Policy and Battle Congress | p. 109 |
George W. Bush and the Environment | p. 110 |
Conclusions | p. 111 |
Discussion Questions | p. 112 |
Suggested Readings | p. 112 |
Endnotes | p. 113 |
Environmental Protection Policy: Controlling Pollution | p. 115 |
The Contours of Environmental Protection Policy | p. 117 |
The Clean Air Act | p. 117 |
The Clean Water Act | p. 122 |
The Safe Drinking Water Act | p. 125 |
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | p. 127 |
The Toxic Substances Control Act | p. 129 |
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act | p. 130 |
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act | p. 132 |
The Institutional Context of Policy Implementation | p. 135 |
The EPA'S Organization, Budget, and Staff | p. 136 |
Working with the States | p. 139 |
Political Support and Opposition | p. 141 |
Setting Environmental Standards | p. 142 |
Environmental Goals and Objectives | p. 142 |
Environmental Quality Criteria | p. 143 |
Setting Quality Standards | p. 145 |
Emissions Standards | p. 147 |
Balancing Statutory Goals and Costs | p. 148 |
Adopting and Enforcing Regulations | p. 149 |
Administrative Rule Making | p. 149 |
Enforcement and Compliance | p. 151 |
White House Oversight | p. 153 |
Conclusions | p. 156 |
Discussion Questions | p. 157 |
Suggested Readings | p. 157 |
Endnotes | p. 158 |
Energy and Natural Resource Policies | p. 163 |
Energy Policy: Goals and Means | p. 165 |
Indirect Policy Impacts | p. 166 |
Shifting Energy Priorities | p. 167 |
The Energy Policy Cycle: 1973-1989 | p. 168 |
Carter's National Energy Plan and Conservation Gains | p. 168 |
Reagan's Nonpolicy on Energy | p. 169 |
Energy Policy for the Twenty-First Century | p. 170 |
The Bush Administration's National Energy Strategy | p. 171 |
The Clinton Administration Tries Its Hand | p. 172 |
Energy Policy Under | p. 174 |
State and Local Energy Initiatives | p. 178 |
Natural Resources and Policy Change | p. 178 |
Environmental Stewardship or Economic Development? | p. 180 |
The Environmentalist Challenge to Resource Development | p. 181 |
Natural Resource Policies and Agencies | p. 183 |
Managing the Nation's Forests | p. 184 |
Battles over Wilderness | p. 189 |
Governing the Range | p. 191 |
BLM Lands and the Sagebrush Rebellion | p. 192 |
Other Protected Lands and Agencies | p. 193 |
Environmental Impacts and Natural Resources Decision Making | p. 197 |
The Endangered Species Act | p. 197 |
The National Environmental Policy Act | p. 201 |
Conclusions | p. 203 |
Discussion Questions | p. 204 |
Suggested Readings | p. 205 |
Endnotes | p. 205 |
Evaluating Environmental Policy | p. 210 |
Critiques of Environmental Policy | p. 211 |
Environmental Policy Evaluation | p. 212 |
Program Outcomes | p. 215 |
Examining Decision Making and Institutions | p. 215 |
Signs of Progress | p. 215 |
Environmental Protection Policies | p. 216 |
Natural Resource Policies | p. 217 |
Data Assessment and Public Dialogue | p. 218 |
Costs, Benefits, and Risks | p. 220 |
Comparing Risks and Setting Priorities | p. 221 |
Controversies over Cost-Benefit Analysis and Risk Assessment | p. 222 |
Environmentalists' Use of Economic Analysis | p. 223 |
Jobs, the Economy, and the Environment | |
Employment, Business Costs, and Environmental Policy | p. 226 |
Seeking Common Ground: Toward Environmental Sustainability | p. 227 |
Environmental Justice | p. 228 |
Reforming Environmental Regulation | p. 229 |
The Case for Policy Alternatives | p. 229 |
Assessing New Policy Approaches | p. 234 |
New Directions in Energy and Natural Resources Policy | p. 237 |
The Appeal of User Fees | p. 238 |
Privatization of Public Land | p. 238 |
Social Cost Accounting | p. 239 |
Government Purchasing Power | p. 240 |
Ecosystem Management | p. 241 |
Conclusions | p. 242 |
Discussion Questions | p. 243 |
Suggested Readings | p. 243 |
Endnotes | p. 244 |
Environmental Policy and Politics for the Twenty-First Century | p. 247 |
Environmental Goals and Policy Choices: Domestic and Global | p. 248 |
Three Generations of Environmental Policy and Politics | p. 249 |
Toward Sustainable Development? | p. 250 |
The President's Council on Sustainable Development | p. 251 |
Sustainable Development at State and Local Levels | p. 252 |
Business and the Environment | p. 253 |
Citizens and the Environment | p. 255 |
International Environmental Policy and Politics | p. 255 |
Environmental Institutions and Policies | p. 256 |
Institutional Capacity for Global Sustainable Development | p. 262 |
Political Conflict and Global Environmental Policy | p. 266 |
Climate Change | p. 267 |
Protection of Biological Diversity | p. 269 |
Population Growth and Economic Development | p. 271 |
Conclusions | p. 274 |
Discussion Questions | p. 274 |
Suggested Readings | p. 275 |
Endnotes | p. 275 |
References | p. 279 |
Index | p. 299 |
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