Environmental Protection: Text and Materials

by Sue Elworthy , Jane Holder

• ISBN13: 9780406037701
• ISBN10: 0406037701
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-11
• Publisher: Lexis Nexis

Summary

This book is targeted to students studying environmental law as well as legal academics, researchers, and undergraduates from other disciplines, including economics, political science, and natural sciences.

Table of Contents

Dedication	v
Preface	vii
Acknowledgements	ix
Table of statutes	xvii
Table of cases	xxiii
PART I USING THE LAW FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Environmental law in context
Science and environmental law	7	(18)
Precaution: soft science/hard values	15	(10)
Nature and the environment	25	(9)
Spacial scales	34	(3)
The political environment	37	(3)
How we live	40	(7)
PART II HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN BRITAIN
Building Babylon: industrial activities and early pollution controls
Introduction	47	(1)
Industrial activities, public health and pollution	48	(6)
Scope and limitations of the common law	54	(7)
Riparian rights	54	(1)
Trespass	55	(1)
The rule in Rylands v Fletcher	56	(1)
The role of the common law of nuisance	56	(3)
Private property rights	59	(2)
Legislation and control of industrial activities	61	(4)
Air pollution	61	(2)
Water pollution	63	(1)
Interaction of statutory regimes and private law	64	(1)
Conclusions	65	(2)
A modern postscript: Cambridge Water Company v Eastern Counties Leather	67	(15)
Containing Arcadia: early land use and development controls
Introduction	82	(1)
Origins and evolution of land use controls	82	(18)
Public health	82	(2)
Utopianism and the garden city movement	84	(5)
Miming nature	89	(3)
Early planning law	92	(5)
The post-war planning project: 1944 and onwards	97	(3)
Countryside protection	100	(13)
Separation of legal controls - the town and the country	103	(4)
Pressure for change	107	(4)
Access to the countryside	111	(2)
Conclusions	113	(1)
Millennium plotlands?	114	(9)
PART III DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
International initiatives
Introduction	123	(1)
Sources of international law	124	(8)
Treaties	125	(5)
International custom	130	(1)
Soft international law	131	(1)
Evolution of the concept of `sustainable development'	132	(10)
Stockholm 1972	133	(1)
Principle 21	134	(1)
The United Nations Environment Programme	135	(1)
The Nairobi Declaration (1982)	135	(3)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)	138	(1)
The World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission)	139	(1)
Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living	140	(2)
The contradictions of sustainable development	142	(2)
Agenda 21	144	(10)
Linkage between sustainable development and the precautionary principle: New Zealand v France	154	(11)
The development of environmental law in the European Community
Introduction	165	(3)
The EEC to the European Union: A market in polluting substances	166	(2)
Origins and development of EC environmental law and policy	168	(5)
Policy making	173	(6)
Legal and policy framework	179	(4)
Approaches and techniques of Community environmental law	183	(6)
Sectoral controls	184	(1)
Preventive and integrated law	184	(1)
Regulation of land use	185	(1)
Moving towards integration	185	(1)
The imperative of subsidiarity	186	(3)
A case of selective implementation	189	(2)
Enforcement	191	(13)
Procedure	191	(9)
Individual protection	200	(3)
Francovich liability	203	(1)
Losing the economic base: Lappel Bank	204	(11)
PART IV TECHNIQUES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Beyond Babylon: the development of pollution controls
Introduction	215	(2)
Best Practicable Means	217	(4)
Control of smoke	221	(2)
Integrated Pollution Control: the expansion of BPM	223	(11)
Best Practicable Environmental Option	225	(3)
BATNEEC	228	(6)
Public participation	234	(4)
Environmental assessment	238	(1)
Monitoring air quality	238	(2)
Conclusion	240	(3)
Land use control: town planning and countryside designation
Introduction	243	(1)
Town planning	243	(23)
Elements of the town planning system	249	(3)
Policy change: the fall and rise of the development plan	252	(9)
Planning tools: conditions and obligations	261	(5)
Planning for environmental protection	266	(19)
The `greening' of planning	271	(2)
Interrelation of planning and pollution controls	273	(8)
Precautionary planning?	281	(1)
Scope of planning controls	282	(3)
Control of land use in the countryside	285	(11)
Countryside designation	286	(7)
European designations	293	(2)
Planning for conservation	295	(1)
Conclusion	296	(3)
Alternative environmental protection
Introduction	299	(7)
Economic instruments	306	(16)
Oblique regulation	322	(2)
Self regulation: environmental management and auditing systems	324	(14)
Buying the green lifestyle	338	(8)
Voluntary simplicity and alternative lifestyles: post-materialism	346	(3)
Direct action and destabilisation: the new Total Kritik	349	(4)
Legal radicalism	353	(8)
PART V APPLICATIONS OF MODERN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
The case of nitrate: farming for environmental protection
Introduction	361	(1)
Nitrate pollution	361	(4)
The legal problem	365	(1)
European Community law	366	(7)
Emission standards or water quality objectives?	366	(1)
Directive 778/80/EEC on the quality of drinking water	367	(5)
Directive 91/676/EEC on the protection of water against pollution caused by nitrate from agricultural sources	372	(1)
The British response: proactive law	373	(11)
Information	374	(1)
Storage	374	(2)
Water Protection Zones	376	(1)
Nitrate Sensitive Areas	377	(3)
Code of Good Agricultural Practice for the Protection of Water	380	(4)
Conclusion	384	(4)
The road ahead: environmental assessment
Introduction	388	(1)
The concept of environmental assessment - the accepted version	389	(5)
Characteristics of environmental assessment	390	(1)
Implementing sustainable development via environmental assessment	391	(3)
Environmental assessment in law and practice	394	(6)
Development of environmental assessment by the EC	394	(4)
Refining environmental assessment	398	(2)
Environmental assessment in the UK	400	(2)
Informal environmental assessment	400	(1)
Implementation of Directive 85/337/EEC	401	(1)
The Thanet Way bypass project	402	(16)
Alternative routes and the `need' for the project	407	(3)
Mitigating measures and environmental gains	410	(2)
Cumulative effects of development	412	(1)
Role of the developer's environmental statement	413	(1)
Environmental assessment and the planning inquiry	414	(3)
Perceptions of the environment in environmental assessment	417	(1)
So what is going on here?	418	(1)
Is strategic environmental assessment the way forward?	419	(3)
Room for the geese: conservation and designation
Introduction	422	(3)
The case study: Loch Druidibeg	425	(2)
Nature conservation	427	(3)
Designation	430	(1)
The post war conservation project	431	(3)
National Nature Reserves in Scotland	434	(2)
The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949	436	(2)
Establishment of the reserve	438	(1)
International law	439	(12)
Designation as a Ramsar Site	439	(10)
Designation as a Biosphere Reserve	449	(1)
Designation as a Geological Conservation Review Site	450	(1)
European Community Law	451	(6)
Designation as a Special Protection Area	451	(3)
Designation as a Special Area of Conservation	454	(3)
Agricultural designations	457	(4)
Crofting and rare species	461	(1)
Conclusion	461	(4)
Epilogue Environmental justice	465	(2)
Bibliography	467	(10)
Index	477