Environmental Psychology

by Bell, Paul A.; Greene, Thomas Christopher; Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Baum, Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780155080645
• ISBN10: 0155080644
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, Fifth Edition is the most authoritative and up-to-date textbook available in environmental psychology. Environmental Psychology has become the leading text in its field by focusing on the application of science and theory to the solution of problems involving natural and altered environments. The author team of Paul Bell, Thomas Greene, Jeffrey Fisher, and Andrew Baum teach students to apply practical solutions to everyday environmental problems. They integrate theory, research and application using their unifying, eclectic model to demonstrate human-environment interaction and bring cohesion to the field. With an emphasis on the restorative effects of the natural environment, the fifth edition contains expanded coverage of national parks and a new look at design of college campuses.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
The Why, What, and How of Environmental Psychology	1	(22)
Why Study Environmental Psychology?	2	(3)
What Is Environmental Psychology?	5	(5)
Definitions of Environmental Psychology	5	(1)
Characteristics of Environmental Psychology	6	(4)
How Is Research in Environmental Psychology Done?	10	(10)
Research Methods in Environmental Psychology	10	(4)
Data Collection Methods	14	(5)
Ethical Considerations in Environmental Psychology Research	19	(1)
Preview of the Content Areas of Environmental Psychology	20	(1)
Summary	21	(1)
Key Terms	22	(1)
Suggested Projects	22	(1)
Nature and Human Nature	23	(32)
Introduction	24	(2)
Values and Attitudes	26	(8)
The Changing Meaning of Nature	26	(2)
Contemporary Values: The Role of Humans in Nature	28	(4)
Environmental Attitudes	32	(2)
Environmental Assessment	34	(13)
Quality Assessments	34	(3)
The Scenic Environment: Landscape Aesthetics and Preference	37	(10)
Restorative Effects of Nature	47	(3)
Stress Reduction	48	(1)
Attention Restoration Theory	49	(1)
Restorative Nature Reconsidered	50	(1)
Natural Landscapes as Places	50	(2)
Summary	52	(1)
Key Terms	53	(1)
Suggested Projects	53	(2)
Environmental Perception and Cognition	55	(42)
Introduction	56	(1)
Characterizing Environmental Perception	57	(11)
Perspectives on Environmental Perception	59	(4)
Nativism Versus Learning	63	(3)
Habituation and the Perception of Change	66	(2)
Overview of Environmental Cognition	68	(2)
An Informal Model of Spatial Cognition	68	(2)
Cognitive Maps	70	(18)
History of Cognitive Mapping	70	(3)
Current Perspectives	73	(1)
Methods of Studying Cognitive Maps	74	(4)
Errors in Cognitive Maps	78	(4)
Acquisition of Cognitive Maps	82	(3)
Memory and Cognitive Maps	85	(3)
Wayfinding	88	(7)
Action Plans and Wayfinding	88	(2)
Setting Characteristics That Facilitate Wayfinding	90	(1)
Maps	91	(2)
Simulations Facilitating Spatial Learning	93	(1)
When Wayfinding Fails: Lost and Found	94	(1)
Conclusion	95	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Key Terms	96	(1)
Suggested Projects	96	(1)
Theories of Environment-Behavior Relationships	97	(40)
Introduction	98	(1)
The Nature and Function of Theory in Environmental Psychology	99	(4)
Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories	100	(2)
Functions of Theories	102	(1)
Environment--Behavior Theories: Conceptualizing Our Interaction With the Environment	103	(28)
The Arousal Perspective	103	(2)
The Environmental Load Perspective	105	(3)
The Understimulation Perspective	108	(2)
Adaptation Level Theory: Optimal Stimulation	110	(3)
The Behavior Constraint Perspective	113	(3)
The Environmental Stress Perspective	116	(8)
Barker's Ecological Psychology	124	(6)
Other Theoretical Perspectives	130	(1)
Integration and Summary of Theoretical Perspectives	131	(2)
Summary	133	(1)
Key Terms	134	(1)
Suggested Projects	135	(2)
Noise	137	(30)
Introduction	138	(1)
What Is Noise?	139	(8)
Perceiving Sound and Noise	140	(4)
Annoyance	144	(2)
Sources of Noise	146	(1)
Effects of Noise	147	(16)
Hearing Loss	147	(1)
Other Health Effects of Noise	148	(3)
Noise and Mental Health	151	(1)
Effects of Noise on Performance	152	(1)
Noise Effects on Children: Why Johnny Can't Read?	153	(4)
Effects of Noise in Office and Industrial Settings	157	(1)
How Do These Effects Occur?	158	(1)
Noise and Social Behavior	159	(4)
Reducing Noise: Is It Really Effective?	163	(2)
Summary	165	(1)
Key Terms	166	(1)
Suggested Projects	166	(1)
Weather, Climate, and Behavior	167	(38)
Introduction	168	(1)
Why Are Environmental Psychologists Concerned About Weather and Climate?	169	(5)
Reciprocal Relationships Between Weather, Climate, and People	169	(3)
Global Warming, the Greenhouse Effect, the Ozone Hole, and El Nino	172	(2)
Geographical and Climatological Determinism	174	(4)
Early Beliefs About Climate and Behavior	175	(1)
Later Climatological Determinism	175	(3)
Current Views and Distinctions	178	(1)
Biological Adaptations to Climate	178	(1)
Heat and Behavior	178	(11)
Perception of and Physiological Reactions to Heat	179	(1)
Complicating Factors	180	(2)
Heat and Performance	182	(2)
Heat and Social Behavior	184	(5)
Cold Temperatures and Behavior	189	(4)
Perception of and Physiological Reactions to Cold	189	(2)
Cold Temperatures and Health	191	(1)
Cold Extremes and Performance	191	(1)
Cold Extremes and Social Behavior	191	(1)
Summary of Temperature Effects on Behavior	192	(1)
Wind and Behavior	193	(3)
Perception of Wind	193	(1)
Behavioral Effects of Wind	194	(2)
Barometric Pressure and Altitude	196	(6)
Physiological Effects	197	(1)
Acclimatization to High Altitudes	197	(2)
Behavioral Effects of High Altitudes	199	(1)
High Air-Pressure Effects	199	(1)
Medical, Emotional, and Behavioral Effects of Air-Pressure Changes	199	(3)
Summary of Air Pressure Effects	202	(1)
Summary	202	(1)
Key Terms	203	(1)
Suggested Projects	203	(2)
Disasters, Toxic Hazards, and Pollution	205	(46)
Introduction	206	(1)
Natural Disasters	207	(14)
What Constitutes a Natural Disaster?	208	(2)
Characteristics of Natural Disasters	210	(3)
Perception of Natural Hazards	213	(1)
Psychological Effects of Natural Disasters	214	(6)
Environmental Theories and Disasters	220	(1)
Summary of Effects	221	(1)
Technological Disasters	221	(8)
Characteristics of Technological Catastrophe	222	(3)
Effects of Technological Disasters	225	(4)
Summary and Conceptual Considerations	229	(1)
Primary and Secondary Victims	229	(3)
Effects of Toxic Exposure	232	(7)
Asbestos Exposure	233	(1)
Living Near Toxic Waste	234	(1)
Radon Exposure	235	(1)
Sick Building Syndrome	236	(2)
Teratology and Behavioral Toxicology	238	(1)
Air Pollution and Behavior	239	(7)
Perception of Air Pollution	239	(3)
Air Pollution and Health	242	(2)
Air Pollution and Performance	244	(1)
Air Pollution and Social Behavior	244	(2)
Where Do We Put Environmental Hazards? NIMBY and Environmental Racism	246	(2)
Summary	248	(1)
Key Terms	249	(1)
Suggested Projects	249	(2)
Personal Space and Territoriality	251	(42)
Introduction	252	(1)
Personal Space	253	(23)
Functions of Personal Space	253	(3)
Methods of Studying Personal Space	256	(1)
Situational Determinants of Personal Space	257	(3)
Individual Difference Determinants of Personal Space	260	(2)
Physical Determinants of Personal Space	262	(1)
Interpersonal Positioning Effects	262	(1)
Spatial Zones That Facilitate Goal Fulfillment	263	(2)
Consequences of Too Much or Too Little Personal Space	265	(4)
Consequences of Personal-Space Invasions	269	(6)
Summary of Personal Space	275	(1)
Territorial Behavior	276	(14)
The Origins of Territorial Functioning	278	(1)
Functions of Territoriality	278	(2)
Methods of Studying Territoriality in Humans	280	(1)
Research Evidence of Territorial Behavior	280	(4)
Territory and Aggression	284	(1)
Territory as a Security Blanket: Home Sweet Home	285	(1)
Some Design Implications	286	(4)
Summary	290	(1)
Key Terms	290	(1)
Suggested Projects	290	(3)
High Density and Crowding	293	(40)
Introduction	294	(2)
Effects of Population Density on Nonhuman Animals	296	(5)
Physiological Consequences of High Density for Nonhumans	296	(1)
Behavioral Consequences of High Density for Nonhumans	297	(3)
Conceptual Perspectives: Attempts to Explain High Density Effects in Nonhumans	300	(1)
Summary	301	(1)
Effects of High Density on Humans	301	(12)
Methods Used to Study High Density in Humans	303	(1)
Feeling the Effects of Density: Its Consequences for Affect, Arousal, and Illness	303	(3)
Effects of Density on Social Behavior	306	(5)
Effects of High Density on Task Performance	311	(2)
Putting the Pieces Together: Conceptualizations of Density Effects on Humans	313	(9)
Basic Models	313	(2)
The Control Perspective	315	(4)
A Summary Perspective on High-Density Effects	319	(3)
Eliminating the Causes and Effects of Crowding	322	(8)
Predictions From Our General Environment-Behavior Model Applied to High Density	322	(4)
Architectural Mediators of Crowding	326	(2)
Interventions in High-Density Settings	328	(2)
Summary	330	(1)
Key Terms	330	(1)
Suggested Projects	331	(2)
The City	333	(38)
Introduction	334	(2)
Effects of Urban Life on the City Dweller: Conceptual Efforts	336	(4)
Overload Notions	337	(1)
Environmental Stress	337	(1)
Behavior Constraint	337	(1)
Adaptation Level	337	(1)
The City as a Behavior Setting	338	(1)
Integrating the Various Formulations	339	(1)
Negative Effects of Urban Life on the City Dweller: Research Evidence	340	(9)
Stress	340	(1)
Affiliative Behavior	341	(1)
Prosocial Behavior	342	(1)
The Familiar Stranger	343	(1)
Crime	344	(2)
Homelessness	346	(3)
Environmental Solutions to Urban Problems	349	(17)
A Little Piece of Nature: Parks and Urban Gardens	349	(2)
Designing Urban Playgrounds	351	(4)
Revitalizing Entire Urban Districts: Urban Renewal	355	(1)
Revitalizing Residential Areas	355	(6)
Revitalizing Commercial and Business Districts	361	(5)
Escaping to the Suburbs	366	(2)
Summary	368	(2)
Key Terms	370	(1)
Suggested Projects	370	(1)
Planning and Design for Human Behavior	371	(28)
Introduction	372	(1)
The Physical Environment as a Behavior Setting: Extent of Design Influence	373	(2)
Architectural Determinism	373	(2)
The Designer's Perspective	375	(5)
History, Culture, and Design Procedures	378	(2)
The Process of Design: Fostering Communication	380	(5)
The Gaps	382	(2)
Fostering Participation	384	(1)
Substantive Contributions	385	(6)
Privacy	385	(1)
Materials and Color	386	(1)
Illumination	387	(1)
Windows	388	(1)
Furnishings	388	(1)
Architectural Aesthetics	389	(1)
Place	390	(1)
Selecting Alternatives: The Design Cycle	391	(2)
Stages in the Design Process	392	(1)
North American College Campuses: An Example of Design Dynamics	393	(4)
Planning for the Future	395	(2)
Summary	397	(1)
Key Terms	398	(1)
Suggested Projects	398	(1)
Design in Residential and Institutional Environments	399	(32)
Introduction	400	(1)
Residential Environments	401	(14)
Attachment to Place	401	(3)
Preferences	404	(2)
Satisfaction With the Home Environment	406	(2)
Use of Space in the Home	408	(4)
Neighborhood and Community Environments	412	(3)
Summary of Residential Environments	415	(1)
Institutional Environments	415	(14)
Hospital Settings	416	(4)
Prison Desing and Behavior	420	(3)
Designing for the Elderly	423	(6)
Summary	429	(1)
Key Terms	430	(1)
Suggested Projects	430	(1)
Work, Learning, and Leisure Environments	431	(36)
Introduction	432	(1)
Work Environments	433	(15)
A Brief History of Workplace Design	434	(2)
Ambient Work Environments	436	(2)
Territoriality and Status in the Work Environment	438	(1)
Human Factors: Engineering for Human Efficiency	439	(4)
The Electronic Office	443	(1)
Designing the Office Landscape	444	(2)
Job Satisfaction and the Work Environment	446	(1)
Summary of Design in the Work Environment	447	(1)
Learning Environments	448	(8)
Classroom Environments	448	(2)
Libraries	450	(2)
Visitor Behavior in Museum Environments	452	(4)
Management of Natural Lands for Leisure	456	(8)
The Meaning of Leisure	456	(1)
Characteristics of Recreationists	457	(1)
The Challenge of Land Management	457	(6)
Prelude to Preservation	463	(1)
Summary: Leisure and Recreation Environments	463	(1)
Summary	464	(1)
Key Terms	464	(1)
Suggested Projects	464	(3)
Changing Behavior to Save the Environment	467	(36)
Introduction	468	(1)
How Can Environmental Psychology Guide Environmentally Responsible Actions?	469	(4)
The Commons Dilemma as an Environment-Behavior Problem	473	(7)
Examples of Commons Tragedies	473	(2)
Conceptual Views of Commons-Type Problems	475	(1)
Findings From Laboratory Experiments	476	(4)
A Foundation for Intervention	480	(1)
Overview of Strategies to Encourage Environmentally Responsible Behavior	480	(1)
Antecedent Strategies: Intervening Before the Behavior	480	(9)
Attitude Change and Education	481	(5)
Prompts	486	(3)
Consequent Strategies: Intervening After the Behavior	489	(4)
Rewards and Punishments	489	(3)
Feedback	492	(1)
Beyond Traditional Behavioral Interventions	493	(7)
Removal of Barriers	494	(1)
Individual Sacrifice and Commitment to Conservation	494	(1)
Policy and Technological Innovations: Influencing Individuals	495	(2)
Technology Change in Industry: Going ``Green'' on a Larger Scale	497	(3)
Integration of Perspectives: What You Can Do	500	(1)
Summary	500	(1)
Key Terms	501	(1)
Suggested Projects	501	(2)
Glossary	503	(12)
References	515	(81)
Copyright Acknowledgments	596	(1)
Name Index	597	(25)
Subject Index	622