Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry

by Orszulik, Stefan T.

• ISBN13: 9781402054716
• ISBN10: 1402054718
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-11-03
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This significantly updated second edition identifies the issues and constraints for each stage in the production of petroleum products '¬" what they are, who is imposing them and why, their technical and financial implications. It then looks in detail at the technological solutions which have been found or are being developed. It also places these developments in their legal and commercial context and looks at the longer term environmental outlook in the light of increasingly sophisticated models in predicting climate change and other consequences of use of petroleum products.

Table of Contents

General Introduction	p. 1
Environmental technology	p. 1
The beginning	p. 1
The environmental effects of the oil industry	p. 2
Air emissions	p. 2
Water management	p. 5
Waste management	p. 7
Technology used in the oil industry	p. 10
Pollution control	p. 10
Pollution prevention	p. 12
Oil Industry future: design for the environment	p. 13
Design out the production problems	p. 13
Summary	p. 15
References	p. 15
Environmental Control Technology for Oilfield Processes	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Environmental control technology	p. 20
Evolution of environmentally controlled oilfield processes	p. 21
Scope and characteristics of oilfield ECT	p. 23
Methodology of ECT design	p. 25
ECT analysis of drilling process	p. 28
Mechanisms of drilling waste discharge	p. 28
Sources of drilling waste toxicity	p. 36
Waste generation mechanisms in petroleum production	p. 38
Sources of toxicity in produced water	p. 42
References	p. 48
Environmental Control of Well Integrity	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Mechanism of cement seal failures	p. 53
Improved cementing for annular integrity	p. 56
Cement pulsation after placement	p. 57
Integrity of injection wells	p. 60
Measurements of well integrity	p. 63
Sustained casinghead pressure	p. 65
Rig methods for SCP isolation	p. 66
Rig-less technology for SCP isolation	p. 68
References	p. 71
Environmental Control of Drilling Fluids and Produced Water	p. 77
Control of drilling fluid volume	p. 77
Control of mud dispersibility	p. 77
Improved solids-control-closed-loop systems	p. 79
Dewatering of drilling fluids: 'dry' drilling location	p. 82
Control of drilling fluid toxicity	p. 85
Drilling fluid toxicity testing	p. 85
Low-toxicity substitutes	p. 87
Synthetic base drilling fluids	p. 88
Source separation - drill cuttings de-oiling	p. 90
Control of produced water volume	p. 93
Source reduction - water shut-off technology	p. 94
Source separation-downhole oil/gas/water separation	p. 96
Source reduction with downhole water sink	p. 99
Control of produced water pollutants	p. 103
Oil-free water from DWS drainage-production systems	p. 104
Deoiling of produced water	p. 107
Removal of dissolved organics from produced water	p. 111
Produced water salinity reduction	p. 112
References	p. 113
Oilfield Waste Disposal Control	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Oilfield waste disposal to land	p. 124
Impact of oilfield pit contaminants	p. 124
Oilfield pit sampling and evaluation	p. 126
Oilfield pit closure: liquid phase	p. 127
Oilfield pit closure: solid phase	p. 127
Subsurface waste disposal to wells	p. 129
Description of slurry injection process of muds and cuttings	p. 133
Slurry fracture injection of muds and cuttings	p. 139
Properties of injected slurries	p. 144
Environmental implications of subsurface slurry injection	p. 145
Periodic injection to multiple fractures	p. 147
References	p. 151
Drilling and Production Discharges in the Marine Environment	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
Nature of offshore discharges	p. 157
Produced water	p. 157
Drilling waste	p. 158
Magnitude of waste discharges	p. 160
Accidental discharges	p. 161
Wastes that require handling during site abandonment	p. 164
Potential impacts on the environment	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Potential impacts from produced water	p. 166
Potential impacts from drilling waste	p. 167
Potential impacts from treating chemicals	p. 168
Potential impacts from accidental discharges	p. 168
Regulatory approaches	p. 170
Regulations for waste discharges	p. 170
OSPAR agreements and national regulations for the OSPAR area	p. 171
United states regulations	p. 172
Comparing and contrasting OSPAR and United States EPA regulations	p. 174
Russian and former Soviet Republics regulations	p. 175
Other regulatory systems	p. 175
Accidental discharges	p. 175
Should the release be re-mediated?	p. 184
Sources of data on discharges to the marine environment	p. 185
References	p. 186
Decommissioning of Offshore Oil and Gas Installations	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Legal framework of platform decommissioning	p. 190
Planning	p. 195
Abandonment phases	p. 195
Well abandonment	p. 196
Preabandonment surveys/data gathering	p. 196
Engineering	p. 197
Decommissioning	p. 199
Structure removal	p. 201
Disposal	p. 209
Site clearance	p. 211
Conclusion	p. 212
References	p. 212
Tanker Design: Recent Developments from an Environmental Perspective	p. 215
Introduction	p. 215
Tanker accidents	p. 216
Tanker design	p. 219
New tanker design standards: the USA takes the lead	p. 220
New tanker designs: the international debate in the early 1990s	p. 221
Some developments since the adoption of the new MARPOL regulations in 1992	p. 225
Some observations regarding the effectiveness of MARPOL's double hull requirements	p. 226
Epilogue	p. 227
References	p. 228
Pipeline Technology	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Environmental pressures	p. 231
Onshore pipelines	p. 232
Design	p. 233
Construction	p. 237
Operation	p. 250
Decommissioning	p. 256
Offshore pipelines	p. 256
Design	p. 256
Construction	p. 258
Operation	p. 265
Decommissioning	p. 267
Pipeline landfalls	p. 267
Design	p. 270
Construction	p. 279
References	p. 279
Environmental Management and Technology in Oil Refineries	p. 281
Function of an oil refinery	p. 281
Overview	p. 282
Control of atmospheric emissions	p. 283
Minimizing combustion-related emissions	p. 284
Minimizing flare-related emissions	p. 289
Minimizing fugitive emissions	p. 289
Odour control	p. 292
Sulphur removal and recovery	p. 293
Control of aqueous emissions	p. 295
Source control	p. 296
Effluent treatment	p. 298
Soil and groundwater protection	p. 301
Source control	p. 301
Monitoring	p. 302
Remediation	p. 303
Preventive techniques	p. 303
Control of solid wastes	p. 304
Source control	p. 304
Waste treatment	p. 306
Waste disposal	p. 308
Recycling to minimize waste	p. 311
Reuse on-site	p. 311
Off-site recycling	p. 311
Environmental management	p. 312
Environmental control	p. 312
Environmental training	p. 313
Environmental auditing	p. 314
References	p. 314
Distribution, Marketing and Use of Petroleum Fuels	p. 315
Introduction	p. 315
Main refinery product types	p. 315
Protection of the environment	p. 317
The atmosphere	p. 317
Sea waters: compliance with maritime regulations	p. 319
Soil and groundwater	p. 319
Distributing the products	p. 320
Distribution systems	p. 320
Anti-pollution controls	p. 322
The atmosphere	p. 322
The high seas	p. 322
Coastal and inland waterways	p. 324
Soil and groundwater	p. 325
Marketing the products	p. 327
Large industrial customer installations	p. 327
Small industrial and domestic customers	p. 328
Service stations	p. 328
Environmental technologies related to product use	p. 329
Fuels	p. 329
Marine diesel engines and fuels	p. 329
Fuels for large industrial power plants	p. 332
Fuels for small industrial and domestic installations	p. 332
Aircraft engines and fuels	p. 334
Engines for rail transport	p. 335
Automotive engines	p. 335
Into the next millenium	p. 347
Further reading	p. 347
Lubricants	p. 351
Introduction	p. 351
Performance	p. 353
Components	p. 353
Base fluids	p. 354
Mineral oils	p. 354
Synthetic base oils	p. 356
Polyol esters	p. 356
Poly-a-olefins	p. 356
Hydrocracked mineral oils	p. 357
Additives	p. 357
Actual environmental effects	p. 358
Biodegradability	p. 359
Biodegradation is not necessary in a lubricant	p. 360
A biodegradable lubricant will encourage dumping at the expense of collection and disposal	p. 360
A biodegradable lubricant will degrade in the engine	p. 360
A biodegradable lubricant will result in high concentrations of toxic residues that are detrimental to the environment	p. 361
Biodegradation is not necessary, as motor manufacturers are now producing sealed lubricant systems	p. 361
Collection and recycling of used oils	p. 361
Conclusion	p. 363
References	p. 364
Climate Change Scenarios and Their Potential Impact on World Agriculture	p. 367
What causes the climate system to change?	p. 367
Past climatic changes	p. 369
Anthropogenic forcing of the climate system	p. 372
Future changes in anthropogenic forcing	p. 374
Implications of SRES scenarios on global climate	p. 375
Temperature	p. 376
Precipitation	p. 377
Sea level rise	p. 378
Mitigation possibilities within the agricultural sector	p. 379
Implications of SRES scenarios on regional climate	p. 379
Europe	p. 379
North America	p. 385
Impacts of future climate change on agriculture	p. 385
Europe	p. 386
North America	p. 387
References	p. 388
Color Plates	p. 391
Index	p. 397
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