Environmental Toxicology

by Zakrzewski, Sigmund F.

• ISBN13: 9780195148114
• ISBN10: 0195148118
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-04-04
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The fundamental principles of environmental toxicology are clearly presented here for university students and professionals in related fields. This book consists of two parts. In the first part basic metabolic, physiological, and pharmacological concepts are used to explain the fate of toxic chemicals in the body, with emphasis on carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. This part also contains a chapter on chemicals disrupting the endocrine system and a chapter on risk assessment and the precautionary principle. The second section deals with specific environmental problems - air pollution, alteration of the earth's atmosphere, water and land pollution, including sections on wetlands, organic agriculture and genetically modified crops. It also deals with health and environmental effects of ionized radiation, and the effect of a rapid population growth on the environmental and human welfare. Chapter on pollution control and regulatory policies are also included.

Author Biography

Sigmund F. Zakrzewski is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Pharmacology at the State University of New York at Buffalo.

Table of Contents

Environment: Past and Present	3	(16)
Historical Perspective	3	(5)
Present State of the World	8	(4)
The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: The Earth Summit	12	(2)
Antienvironmental Movements in the United States	14	(1)
Rio Plus Five	15	(1)
The Impact of Global Trade on the Environment	16	(3)
Review of Pharmacologic Concepts	19	(20)
Dose--Response Relationship	19	(6)
The Concept of Receptors	25	(1)
Mode of Entry of Toxins	26	(4)
Translocation of Xenobiotics	30	(9)
Metabolism of Xenobiotics	39	(22)
Phases of Metabolism	39	(1)
Phase 1---Biotransformations	40	(3)
Disposition of Epoxides	43	(1)
Phase 2---Conjugations	44	(3)
Glutathione	47	(2)
Induction and Inhibition of P-450 Isozymes	49	(5)
Activation of Precarcinogens	54	(7)
Factors That Influence Toxicity	61	(10)
Selective Toxicity	61	(1)
Metabolic Pathways	62	(1)
Enzyme Activity	62	(2)
Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Systems	64	(1)
Toxicity Tests in Animals	65	(4)
Individual Variations in Response to Xenobiotics	69	(2)
Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis	71	(27)
Environment and Cancer	71	(2)
Multistage Development of Cancer	73	(2)
Types of Carcinogens	75	(1)
Review of DNA and Chromosomal Structure	76	(6)
Mutagenesis	82	(3)
Interaction of Chemicals with DNA	85	(7)
Xenoestrogens and Breast Cancer	92	(2)
Carcinogenic Effect of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields	94	(1)
DNA Repair Mechanism	94	(1)
Oncogenes and Tumor Supressor Genes	95	(3)
Endocrine Disrupters	98	(10)
Historical Perspectives	98	(1)
Hormonal Imbalance	99	(1)
Properties of Endocrine Disrupters	100	(2)
Environmental and Health Impact of Endocrine Disrupters	102	(6)
Risk Assessment	108	(15)
Hazard Assessment	108	(6)
Dose--Response Assessment	114	(3)
Exposure Assessment	117	(1)
Risk Characterization	118	(1)
Critique of Risk Assessment	119	(1)
Risk Assessment of Endocrine Disrupters	120	(1)
Ecological Risk Assessment	121	(1)
The Principle of Precautionary Action	121	(2)
Occupational Toxicology	123	(22)
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices	123	(1)
Respiratory Toxicity	124	(1)
Irritation of Airways and Edema	125	(2)
Pulmonary Fibrosis	127	(2)
Pulmonary Neoplasia	129	(1)
Allergic Responses	129	(4)
Nephrotoxins	133	(5)
Liver Damage	138	(4)
Other Toxic Responses	142	(3)
Air Pollution	145	(28)
Pollutant Cycles	145	(1)
Urban Pollutants: Their Sources and Biological Effects	145	(11)
Trends and Present Status of Air Quality	156	(4)
Pollution by Motor Vehicles	160	(2)
Pollution by Industrial Chemicals	162	(4)
Pollution by Incinerators	166	(2)
Tall Stacks and Their Role in Transport of Pollutants	168	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution	168	(5)
Pollution of the Atmosphere	173	(26)
The Earth's Atmosphere	173	(3)
Formation and Sustenance of Stratospheric Ozone	176	(1)
Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone	177	(6)
Emission of CO2 and Models of Climatic Changes	183	(7)
Current Developments	190	(5)
The Effects of Atmospheric Changes on Human Health	195	(4)
Water and Land Pollution	199	(42)
Freshwater Reserves	199	(1)
Nitrogen Overload	200	(1)
Transport of Water Pollutants	201	(1)
Urban Pollutants	201	(3)
Lead Pollution	204	(1)
Soil Erosion	205	(2)
Nutrients and Pesticides	207	(8)
Alternative Agriculture	215	(1)
Genetically Modified Crops	215	(2)
Wetlands and Estuaries	217	(3)
Industrial Pollutants	220	(11)
Pollution of Groundwater	231	(2)
Airborne Water and Land Pollution	233	(8)
Pollution Control	241	(26)
Clean-Coal Technology	241	(4)
Control of Mobile-Source Emission	245	(4)
Control of Nitrogen Oxides	249	(1)
Energy Conservation	250	(2)
Wastewater Treatment	252	(3)
Waste Disposal and Recycling	255	(8)
Hazardous Waste	263	(4)
Radioactive Pollution	267	(20)
Ionizing Radiation	267	(2)
Measurement of Radioactivity	269	(1)
Sources of Radiation	270	(2)
Health and Biological Effects of Radiation	272	(3)
Nuclear Energy	275	(12)
Population, Environment, and Women's Issues	287	(15)
Present Trends in Population Growth	287	(6)
Effect of Overpopulation on the Environment	293	(3)
Overpopulation, Urban Sprawl, and Public Health	296	(2)
International Cooperation on Population Issues	298	(4)
Regulatory Policies and International Treaties	302	(19)
The National Environmental Policy Act	302	(1)
Environmental Regulatory Framework	303	(2)
EPA and Its Responsibilities	305	(11)
OSHA and Its Responsibilities	316	(2)
Miscellaneous Environmental Acts and Treaties	318	(3)
Appendix: Subjects for Student Seminars	321	(1)
Index	322