Epidemiology for Public Health Practice

by Friis, Robert H.

• ISBN13: 9780763731700
• ISBN10: 0763731706
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-10-01
• Publisher: Jones & Bartlett

Summary

Now in its third edition, Epidemiology for Public Health Practice provides a comprehensive look at all major topics, from study designs and descriptive epidemiology to quantitative measures and termin

Author Biography

Robert H. Friis, PhD: Professor and Chair, Department of Health Science, California State University, Long Beach Thomas A. Sellers, PhD, MPH: Associate Center Director, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
About the Authors	xv
Introduction	xvii
Chapter 1 The History and Scope of History	1	(44)
Introduction	2	(3)
Epidemiology Defined	5	(9)
Foundations of Epidemiology	14	(8)
Historical Antecedents of Epidemiology	22	(12)
Recent Applications of Epidemiology	34	(6)
Conclusion	40	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	40	(5)
Chapter 2 Practical Applications of Epidemiology	45	(42)
Introduction	46	(2)
Applications for the Assessment of the Health Status of Populations and Delivery of Health Services	48	(18)
Applications Relevant to Disease Etiology	66	(15)
Conclusion	81	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	81	(4)
Appendix 2: Data for Study Question 9	85	(2)
Chapter 3 Measures of Morbidity and Mortality Used in Epidemiology	87	(40)
Introduction	88	(1)
Definitions of Count, Proportion, Ratio, and Rate	88	(9)
Risk Versus Rate	97	(2)
Interrelationship Between Prevalence and Incidence	99	(1)
Applications of Incidence Data	100	(1)
Crude Rates	100	(9)
Specific Rates	109	(3)
Adjusted Rates	112	(9)
Conclusion	121	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	122	(3)
Appendix 3: Data for Study Questions 2 Through 5	125	(2)
Chapter 4 Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, Time	127	(52)
Introduction	128	(4)
Characteristics of Persons	132	(20)
Characteristics of Place	152	(11)
Characteristics of Time	163	(6)
Conclusion	169	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	169	(7)
Appendix 4: Project: Descriptive Epidemiology of a Selected Health Problem	176	(3)
Chapter 5 Sources of Data for Use in Epidemiology	179	(34)
Introduction	180	(1)
Criteria for the Quality and Utility of Epidemiologic Data	181	(1)
Computerized Bibliographic Databases	182	(1)
Confidentiality, Sharing of Data, and Record Linkage	182	(8)
Statistics Derived from the Vital Registration System	190	(1)
Reportable Disease Statistics	191	(6)
Screening Surveys	197	(1)
Disease Registries	198	(1)
Morbidity Surveys of the General Population	198	(3)
Insurance Data	201	(2)
Hospital Data	203	(1)
Diseases Treated in Special Clinics and Hospitals	203	(2)
Data from Physicians' Practices	205	(1)
Absenteeism Data	206	(1)
School Health Programs	206	(1)
Morbidity in the Armed Forces: Data on Active Personnel and Veterans	207	(1)
Other Sources of Data Relevant to Epidemiologic Studies	208	(1)
Conclusion	209	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	209	(4)
Chapter 6 Study Designs: Ecologic, Cross-Sectional, Case Control	213	(40)
Introduction	214	(1)
Observational Versus Experimental Approaches in Epidemiology	215	(1)
Overview of Study Designs Used in Epidemiology	216	(4)
Ecologic Studies	220	(7)
Cross-Sectional Studies	227	(7)
Case-Control Studies	234	(13)
Conclusion	247	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	248	(5)
Chapter 7 Study Designs: Cohort Studies	253	(42)
Introduction	254	(1)
Cohort Studies Defined	254	(10)
Sampling an Cohort Formation Options	264	(5)
Temporal Differences in Cohort Designs	269	(3)
Practical Considerations	272	(4)
Measures of Interpretation and Examples	276	(8)
Nested Case-Control Studies	284	(2)
Summary of Cohort Studies	286	(1)
Comparisons of Observational Designs	287	(1)
Conclusion	287	(3)
Study Questions and Exercises	290	(5)
Chapter 8 Experimental Study Designs	295	(32)
Introduction	296	(1)
Hierarchy of Study Designs	296	(2)
Intervention Studies	298	(1)
Clinical Trials	299	(12)
Community Trials	311	(10)
Conclusion	321	(2)
Study Questions and Exercises	323	(4)
Chapter 9 Measures of Effect	327	(18)
Introduction	328	(1)
Absolute Effects	328	(3)
Relative Effects	331	(5)
Statistical Measures of Effect	336	(3)
Evaluating Epidemiologic Associations	339	(2)
Conclusion	341	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	342	(2)
Appendix 9: Cohort Study Data for Coffee Use and Anxiety	344	(1)
Chapter 10 Data Interpretation Issues	345	(24)
Introduction	346	(1)
Validity of Study Designs	346	(4)
Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Research	350	(5)
Techniques to Reduce Bias	355	(3)
Methods To Control Confounding	358	(4)
Bias in Analysis and Publication	362	(1)
Conclusion	363	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	364	(5)
Chapter 11 Screening for Disease in the Community	369	(28)
Introduction	370	(1)
Screening for Disease	370	(4)
Appropriate Situations for Screening Tests and Programs	374	(3)
Characteristics of a Good Screening Test	377	(1)
Evaluation of Screening Tests	377	(4)
Sources of Unreliability and Invalidity	381	(1)
Measures of the Validity of Screening Tests	382	(2)
Effects of Prevalence of Disease on Screening Test Results	384	(2)
Relationship Between Sensitivity and Specificity	386	(2)
Evaluation of Screening Programs	388	(1)
Issues in the Classification of Morbidity and Mortality	389	(3)
Conclusion	392	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	392	(4)
Appendix 11: Data for Problem 6	396	(1)
Chapter 12 Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases	397	(48)
Introduction	398	(1)
Agents of Infectious Disease	399	(2)
Characteristics of Infectious Disease Agents	401	(3)
The Environment	404	(1)
Means of Transmission-Directly or Indirectly from Reservoir	405	(6)
Measures of Disease Outbreaks	411	(4)
Procedures Used in the Investigation of Infectious Disease Outbreaks	415	(22)
Epidemiologically Significant Infectious Diseases in the Community
Conclusion	437	(4)
Study Questions and Exercises	441	(3)
Appendix 12: Data from a Foodborne Illness Outbreak in a College Cafeteria	444	(1)
Chapter 13 Epidemiologic Aspects of Work and the Environment	445	(30)
Introduction	446	(1)
Health Effects Associated with Environmental Hazards	447	(1)
Study Designs Used in Environmental Epidemiology	447	(3)
Toxicologic Concepts Related to Environmental Epidemiology	450	(2)
Types of Agents	452	(6)
Environmental Hazards Found in the Work Setting	458	(2)
Noteworthy Community Environmental Health Hazards	460	(8)
Conclusion	468	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	468	(7)
Chapter 14 Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology	475	(38)
Introduction	476	(1)
Definitions and Distinctions: Molecular Versus Genetic Epidemiology	477	(8)
Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Factors	485	(1)
Causes of Familial Aggregation	485	(2)
Shared Family Environment and Familial Aggregation	487	(3)
Gene Mapping: Segregation and Linkage Analysis	490	(7)
Application of Genes in Epidemiologic Designs	497	(7)
Genetics and Public Health	504	(3)
Conclusion	507	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	507	(6)
Chapter 15 Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology	513	(38)
Introduction	514	(4)
Research Designs Used in Psychologic, Behavioral, and Social Epidemiology	518	(1)
The Social Context of Health	519	(1)
Independent Variables	520	(6)
Moderating Factors in the Stress-Illness Relationship	526	(11)
Outcome Variables: Physical Health, Mental Health, Affective States	537	(6)
Conclusion	543	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	543	(8)
Appendix A-Guide to the Critical Appraisal of an Epidemiologic/Public Health Research Article	551	(6)
Appendix B-Answers to Selected Study Questions	557	(10)
Glossary	567	(18)
Index	585