Essential Epidemiology

by Oleckno, William A.

• ISBN13: 9781577662167
• ISBN10: 1577662164
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-03-01
• Publisher: Waveland Pr Inc

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Scope and Significance of Epidemiology	1	(12)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	2	(1)
Importance of Epidemiology to Public Health	2	(1)
Some Applications of Epidemiology	3	(2)
Definition of Epidemiology	5	(4)
Summary	9	(4)
New Terms	9	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	10	(1)
References	10	(3)
Evolution of Epidemiology	13	(10)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Origins of Epidemiology	14	(1)
Early Pioneers of Epidemiology	15	(5)
Summary	20	(3)
New Terms	21	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	21	(1)
References	22	(1)
Selected Disease Concepts in Epidemiology	23	(14)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Concepts of Disease and Health	24	(3)
Natural History of Disease	27	(2)
Levels of Prevention	29	(3)
Immunity to Disease	32	(1)
Summary	33	(4)
New Terms	35	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	35	(1)
References	36	(1)
An Overview of Epidemiologic Study Designs	37	(24)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	38	(1)
Categories of Epidemiologic Studies	38	(1)
Descriptive Studies	39	(2)
Analytic Studies	41	(9)
Experimental Studies	50	(4)
Identifying Epidemiologic Study Designs	54	(3)
Summary	57	(4)
New Terms	57	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	58	(1)
References	59	(2)
Common Measures of Morbidity and Mortality	61	(30)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Measures of Incidence	62	(8)
Measures of Prevalence	70	(4)
Relationship between Incidence and Prevalence	74	(2)
General Health and Population Indices	76	(2)
Other Measures of Morbidity and Mortality	78	(6)
Confidence Intervals for Rates	84	(3)
Summary	87	(4)
New Terms	87	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	88	(1)
References	89	(2)
Comparing Rates in Epidemiology	91	(32)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Crude and Specific Rates	92	(1)
Adjusted Rates	93	(1)
Age Adjustment	94	(12)
Measures of Association	106	(10)
Tests of Statistical Significance	116	(3)
Summary	119	(4)
New Terms	120	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	120	(2)
References	122	(1)
Association and Causation	123	(14)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	124	(1)
Types of Association	124	(3)
Criteria for Assessing Causation	127	(3)
Types of Causes	130	(3)
Causes of Death	133	(1)
Summary	133	(4)
New Terms	134	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	134	(1)
References	135	(2)
Assessing the Accuracy of Epidemiologic Studies	137	(22)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	138	(1)
The Meaning of Accuracy	138	(1)
Validity	138	(2)
Bias	140	(8)
Confounding	148	(3)
Precision	151	(4)
Summary	155	(4)
New Terms	155	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	156	(1)
References	157	(2)
Screening for Disease Detection	159	(22)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	160	(1)
Types of Screening	160	(1)
Accuracy of Screening Tests	161	(11)
To Screen or Not to Screen	172	(2)
Evaluating the Efficacy of Screening	174	(2)
Summary	176	(5)
New Terms	177	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	177	(1)
References	178	(3)
Analytic Ecological and Cross-Sectional Studies	181	(22)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	182	(1)
Analytic Ecological Studies	182	(7)
Analytic Cross-Sectional Studies	189	(10)
Summary	199	(4)
New Terms	199	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	200	(1)
References	201	(2)
Case-Control Studies	203	(26)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	204	(1)
Design Considerations in Case-Control Studies	204	(9)
Analysis and Interpretation of Case-Control Studies	213	(13)
Summary	226	(3)
New Terms	227	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	227	(1)
References	228	(1)
Prospective and Retrospective Cohort Studies	229	(22)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	230	(1)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cohort Studies	231	(2)
Selecting the Cohort	233	(2)
Determining Exposure Status	235	(2)
Determining Outcome Status	237	(2)
Analysis of Cohort Studies	239	(1)
Analysis Based on Cumulative Incidence Rates	239	(5)
Analysis Based on Person-Time Incidence Rates	244	(3)
Summary	247	(4)
New Terms	248	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	248	(1)
References	249	(2)
Experimental Studies in Epidemiology	251	(28)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	252	(1)
Randomized Controlled Trials	252	(9)
Variations in the Design of RCTs	261	(2)
Major Strengths and Weaknesses of RCTs	263	(2)
Analysis of RCTs	265	(5)
Community Trials	270	(2)
Major Strengths and Weaknesses of Community Trials	272	(2)
Analysis of Community Trials	274	(1)
Summary	275	(4)
New Terms	275	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	276	(1)
References	277	(2)
Applications of Epidemiology: Disease Outbreaks, Disease Clusters, and Public Health Surveillance	279	(30)
Learning Objectives / Overview
Introduction	280	(1)
Purpose of Investigating Disease Outbreaks	280	(1)
Framework for Investigating Disease Outbreaks	281	(4)
Epidemic Curves and Types of Outbreaks	285	(6)
Testing Hypotheses Using Analytic Studies	291	(5)
Disease Clusters	296	(2)
Public Health Surveillance	298	(5)
Summary	303	(6)
New Terms	305	(1)
Study Questions and Exercises	305	(2)
References	307	(2)
Appendix A Table of Formulas	309	(12)
Appendix B A Brief Introduction to Epi Info	321	(2)
Appendix C Summary of Surveys and Data Systems from the National Center for Health Statistics	323	(4)
Appendix D Resources in Epidemiology	327	(2)
Appendix E Selected Answers to Chapter Study Questions and Exercises	329	(4)
Glossary	333	(24)
Index	357