The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

by Bushberg, Jerrold T.

• ISBN13: 9780683011401
• ISBN10: 0683011405
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1994-06-01
• Publisher: William s Hein & Co

Summary

Developed from the authors' highly successful annual imaging physics review course, this new Second Edition gives readers a clear, fundamental understanding of the theory and applications of physics in radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiobiology. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging, Second Edition provides key coverage of the clinical implications of technical principles--making this book great for board review. Highlights of this new edition include completely updated and expanded chapters and more than 960 illustrations. Major sections cover basic concepts, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation protection, dosimetry, and biology. A Brandon-Hill recommended title.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Foreword	p. xix
Basic Concepts	p. 1
Introduction to Medical Imaging	p. 3
The Modalities	p. 4
Image Properties	p. 13
Radiation and the Atom	p. 17
Radiation	p. 17
Structure of the Atom	p. 21
Interaction of Radiation with Matter	p. 31
Particle Interactions	p. 31
X- and Gamma Ray Interactions	p. 37
Attenuation of X- and Gamma Rays	p. 45
Absorption of Energy from X- and Gamma Rays	p. 52
Imparted Energy, Equivalent Dose, and Effective Dose	p. 56
Computers in Medical Imaging	p. 61
Storage and Transfer of Data in Computers	p. 61
Analog Data and Conversion between Analog and Digital Forms	p. 66
Components and Operation of Computers	p. 70
Performance of Computer Systems	p. 78
Computer Software	p. 79
Storage, Processing, and Display of Digital Images	p. 82
Diagnostic Radiology	p. 95
X-ray Production, X-ray Tubes, and Generators	p. 97
Production of X-rays	p. 97
X-ray Tubes	p. 102
X-ray Tube Insert, Tube Housing, Filtration, and Collimation	p. 113
X-ray Generator Function and Components	p. 116
X-ray Generator Circuit Designs	p. 124
Timing the X-ray Exposure in Radiography	p. 132
Factors Affecting X-ray Emission	p. 135
Power Ratings and Heat Loading	p. 137
X-ray Exposure Rating Charts	p. 140
Screen-Film Radiography	p. 145
Projection Radiography	p. 145
Basic Geometric Principles	p. 146
The Screen-Film Cassette	p. 148
Characteristics of Screens	p. 149
Characteristics of Film	p. 157
The Screen-Film System	p. 163
Contrast and Dose in Radiography	p. 164
Scattered Radiation in Projection Radiography	p. 166
Film Processing	p. 175
Film Exposure	p. 175
The Film Processor	p. 178
Processor Artifacts	p. 181
Other Considerations	p. 183
Laser Cameras	p. 184
Dry Processing	p. 184
Processor Quality Assurance	p. 186
Mammography	p. 191
X-ray Tube Design	p. 194
X-ray Generator and Phototimer System	p. 204
Compression, Scattered Radiation, and Magnification	p. 207
Screen-Film Cassettes and Film Processing	p. 212
Ancillary Procedures	p. 219
Radiation Dosimetry	p. 222
Regulatory Requirements	p. 224
Fluoroscopy	p. 231
Functionality	p. 231
Fluoroscopic Imaging Chain Components	p. 232
Peripheral Equipment	p. 242
Fluoroscopy Modes of Operation	p. 244
Automatic Brightness Control (ABC)	p. 246
Image Quality	p. 248
Fluoroscopy Suites	p. 249
Radiation Dose	p. 251
Image Quality	p. 255
Contrast	p. 255
Spatial Resolution	p. 263
Noise	p. 273
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)	p. 283
Sampling and Aliasing in Digital Images	p. 283
Contrast-Detail Curves	p. 287
Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves	p. 288
Digital Radiography	p. 293
Computed Radiography	p. 293
Charged-Coupled Devices (CCDs)	p. 297
Flat Panel Detectors	p. 300
Digital Mammography	p. 304
Digital versus Analog Processes	p. 307
Implementation	p. 307
Patient Dose Considerations	p. 308
Hard Copy versus Soft Copy Display	p. 308
Digital Image Processing	p. 309
Contrast versus Spatial Resolution in Digital Imaging	p. 315
Adjuncts to Radiology	p. 317
Geometric Tomography	p. 317
Digital Tomosynthesis	p. 320
Temporal Subtraction	p. 321
Dual-Energy Subtraction	p. 323
Computed Tomography	p. 327
Basic Principles	p. 327
Geometry and Historical Development	p. 331
Detectors and Detector Arrays	p. 339
Details of Acquisition	p. 342
Tomographic Reconstruction	p. 346
Digital Image Display	p. 358
Radiation Dose	p. 362
Image Quality	p. 367
Artifacts	p. 369
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance	p. 373
Magnetization Properties	p. 373
Generation and Detection of the Magnetic Resonance Signal	p. 381
Pulse Sequences	p. 391
Spin Echo	p. 391
Inversion Recovery	p. 399
Gradient Recalled Echo	p. 403
Signal from Flow	p. 408
Perfusion and Diffusion Contrast	p. 409
Magnetization Transfer Contrast	p. 411
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	p. 415
Localization of the MR Signal	p. 415
k-space Data Acquisition and Image Reconstruction	p. 426
Three-Dimensional Fourier Transform Image Acquisition	p. 438
Image Characteristics	p. 439
Angiography and Magnetization Transfer Contrast	p. 442
Artifacts	p. 447
Instrumentation	p. 458
Safety and Bioeffects	p. 465
Ultrasound	p. 469
Characteristics of Sound	p. 470
Interactions of Ultrasound with Matter	p. 476
Transducers	p. 483
Beam Properties	p. 490
Image Data Acquisition	p. 501
Two-Dimensional Image Display and Storage	p. 510
Miscellaneous Issues	p. 516
Image Quality and Artifacts	p. 524
Doppler Ultrasound	p. 531
System Performance and Quality Assurance	p. 544
Acoustic Power and Bioeffects	p. 548
Computer Networks, PACS, and Teleradiology	p. 555
Computer Networks	p. 555
PACS and Teleradiology	p. 565
Nuclear Medicine	p. 587
Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation	p. 589
Radionuclide Decay Terms and Relationships	p. 589
Nuclear Transformation	p. 593
Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 603
Radionuclide Production	p. 603
Radiopharmaceuticals	p. 617
Regulatory Issues	p. 624
Radiation Detection and Measurement	p. 627
Types of Detectors	p. 627
Gas-Filled Detectors	p. 632
Scintillation Detectors	p. 636
Semiconductor Detectors	p. 641
Pulse Height Spectroscopy	p. 644
Non-Imaging Detector Applications	p. 654
Counting Statistics	p. 661
Nuclear Imaging--The Scintillation Camera	p. 669
Planar Nuclear Imaging: The Anger Scintillation Camera	p. 670
Computers in Nuclear Imaging	p. 695
Nuclear Imaging--Emission Tomography	p. 703
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)	p. 704
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)	p. 719
Radiation Protection, Dosimetry, and Biology	p. 737
Radiation Protection	p. 739
Sources of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation	p. 739
Personnel Dosimetry	p. 747
Radiation Detection Equipment in Radiation Safety	p. 753
Radiation Protection and Exposure Control	p. 755
Regulatory Agencies and Radiation Exposure Limits	p. 788
Radiation Dosimetry of the Patient	p. 795
X-ray Dosimetry	p. 800
Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry: The MIRD Method	p. 805
Radiation Biology	p. 813
Interaction of Radiation with Tissue	p. 814
Cellular Radiobiology	p. 818
Response of Organ Systems to Radiation	p. 827
Acute Radiation Syndrome	p. 831
Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis	p. 838
Hereditary Effects of Radiation Exposure	p. 851
Radiation Effects In Utero	p. 853
Appendices	p. 863
Fundamental Principles of Physics	p. 865
Physical Laws, Quantities, and Units	p. 865
Classical Physics	p. 867
Electricity and Magnetism	p. 868
Physical Constants, Prefixes, Geometry, Conversion Factors, and Radiologic Data	p. 883
Physical Constants, Prefixes, and Geometry	p. 883
Conversion Factors	p. 884
Radiological Data for Elements 1 through 100	p. 885
Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Spectra Data Tables	p. 887
Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Elements	p. 887
Mass Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Compounds	p. 889
Mass Energy Attenuation Coefficients for Selected Detector Compounds	p. 890
Mammography Spectra: Mo/Mo	p. 891
Mammography Spectra: Mo/Rh	p. 893
Mammography Spectra: Rh/Rh	p. 895
General Diagnostic Spectra: W/Al	p. 897
Radiopharmaceutical Characteristics and Dosimetry	p. 899
Route of administration, localization, clinical utility, and other characteristics of commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	p. 900
Typical administered adult activity, highest organ dose, gonadal dose, and adult effective dose for commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	p. 908
Effective doses per unit activity administered to patients age 15, 10, 5, and 1 year for commonly used diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals	p. 910
Absorbed dose estimates to the embryo/fetus per unit activity administered to the mother for commonly used radiopharmaceuticals	p. 911
Internet Resources	p. 913
Subject Index	p. 915
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