Essential Rubber Formulary: Formulas for Practitioners

by Chandrasekar

• ISBN13: 9780815515395
• ISBN10: 0815515391
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-12-03
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

The author, a seasoned rubber technologist of four decades, provides more than 180 essential rubber formularies, some of which have never been published, that are used by practitioners the world over on a frequent basis. A special feature of the formulations is that they are designed for factory scale applications. The opening chapter of this indispensable book gives practical information on compounding techniques, coloring, ingredients, as well as a whole section on typical rubber testing methods. The book concludes with appendices useful for the technologist that include seven conversion tables and three tables on scorching of rubber, specific gravity and volume cost, equivalent chemical names for trade names. Designing a rubber formula on the factory floor demands knowledge of the whole undertaking, such as the physical nature of ingredients, the interaction of additives and the base rubber during compounding and processing, as well as making sure that the finished product conforms to specification and requirements. This book provides all the necessary knowledge for practitioners and students alike.

Author Biography

V.C. Chandrasekaran is currently a Rubber Technologist at Can C Consulting, in Chennai, India

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvii
About Rubber	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Brief Notes on Compounding Ingredients	p. 5
Accelerators	p. 5
Vulcanizing Agents	p. 6
Activators	p. 6
Antioxidants	p. 6
Fillers and Reinforcing Agents	p. 6
Retarders	p. 7
Process Oils/Softeners	p. 7
Some Hints on Rubber Compounding Techniques	p. 8
Note on Reclaimed Rubber	p. 11
Rubber Content in Products	p. 12
Note on Coloring of Rubbers	p. 14
Typical Rubber Testing Methods	p. 16
Prelude	p. 16
Tests on Unvulcanized Rubber Stocks	p. 17
Plasticity	p. 17
Scorch Time and Rate of Cure	p. 17
Plasticity Retention Index	p. 17
Tests on Vulcanized Rubbers	p. 17
Hardness	p. 17
Tensile Test	p. 18
Resilience	p. 19
Specific Gravity	p. 19
Abrasion Resistance	p. 19
Spark Testing	p. 19
Accelerated Tests	p. 20
Low Temperature Flexibility	p. 20
Chemical Tests	p. 21
Total Sulfur	p. 21
Ash Content	p. 21
Acetone Extract	p. 21
Tests for Copper and Manganese	p. 22
Formulary	p. 23
Thin Coatings	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
The Gray Coating of Hypalon	p. 25
The Black Coating of Neoprene	p. 26
Black Brushing	p. 26
Gray Brushing	p. 27
Oil Seals and "O" Rings	p. 28
Introduction	p. 28
Rotary Seal (Neoprene)-85[degree]A	p. 29
"O" Ring (Neoprene)-60[degree]A	p. 29
Rotary Seal (Nitrile)-60[degree]A	p. 30
Rotary Seal (Nitrile)-80[degree]A	p. 30
Rotary Seal (Nitrile)-75[degree]A	p. 31
"O" Rings (Nitrile)-65[degree]A	p. 31
"O" Rings (Nitrile 1)-60[degree]A	p. 32
"O" Rings (Nitrile 2)-60[degree]A	p. 32
"O" Ring Compound (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, SBR)-55[degree]A	p. 33
Rotary Seal (Natural Rubber)-85[degree]A	p. 33
"O" Rings (Natural Rubber) for Pipe Couplings-60[degree]A	p. 34
Rotary Seal (SBR)-90[degree]A	p. 34
Rotary Seal (Nitrile)-75[degree]A	p. 35
"O" Rings (Nitrile)-60[degree]A	p. 35
Rotary Seal (Blend of Nitrile/SBR)-75[degree]A	p. 36
Rotary Seal (Neoprene)-85[degree]A	p. 36
Rotary Seal (Neoprene)-95[degree]A	p. 37
"O" Ring (Neoprene)-65[degree]A	p. 37
Butyl Rubber Seal-75[degree]A	p. 38
Bromobutyl Seal-70[degree]A	p. 38
"O" Ring Thiokol (Polysulfide Rubber) for Airborne Applications	p. 39
"O" Ring Thiokol-55[degree]A	p. 39
"O" Ring Thiokol-65[degree]A	p. 39
Typical Nitrile Sealing Formulations for Airborne Applications	p. 40
Rotary Seal (Hypalon)	p. 40
Rotary Seal (Hypalon)-85[degree]A	p. 40
Rotary Seal (Hypalon)-70[degree]A	p. 41
Rotary Seal (Nitrile/PVC Blend)-80[degree]A	p. 41
"O" Ring (Nitrile/PVC Blend)-65[degree]A	p. 42
Rotary Seal with Viton for Airborne Applications	p. 42
Nitrile Rubber Ebonite for Oil Resistant Products	p. 43
Beltings-Transmission, Conveyor, and V-Belts	p. 44
Introduction	p. 44
V-Belt Inner Layer (Natural Rubber)	p. 45
Cord Friction Compound	p. 45
Latex-Based Solution for Cord Dipping	p. 46
Transmission Belting	p. 46
Conveyor Belt Cover Compound (Natural Rubber)	p. 47
Conveyor Belt Cover Compound (Flame Proof)	p. 48
Conveyor Belt Cover (Natural Rubber/SBR Blend)	p. 49
Oil Resistant Raw Edge V-Belt	p. 50
Auto Rubber Components (Molded)	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Shock Absorber-55[degree]A	p. 51
Shock Absorber-65[degree]A	p. 52
Shock Absorber 1-60[degree]A	p. 52
Shock Absorber 2-60[degree]A	p. 53
Stabilizer Bar Bush-60[degree]A	p. 53
Stabilizer Bar Bush-67[degree]A	p. 54
Adhesive Bonding Agent for Fabric Insertion Sheets	p. 54
Repair Cement for Automotive Belts	p. 55
Metal-Bonded Engine Mountings-45[degree]A	p. 55
Tire Flaps-60[degree]A	p. 56
Window Channel Extrusion for Cars (Natural Rubber)	p. 57
Window Channel Extrusion for Cars (Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR))	p. 58
Neoprene Dust Covers for the Auto Industry-58[degree]A	p. 59
Automotive Tire Tubes-45[degree]A	p. 60
Low Cost Butyl Tube	p. 61
Car Mat (Natural Rubber)-70[degree]A	p. 61
Bicycle Tube	p. 62
Wind Screen Wiper for Automobiles	p. 63
Nitrile Rubber Gasket Molding for Automobiles	p. 64
Metal-Bonded Engine Mounting for Automobiles-50[degree]A	p. 65
Head Lamp Gasket for Automobiles (Nonstaining)-55[degree]A	p. 66
Basic Formula for General-Purpose, Heat Resistant Gasket (Natural Rubber Without Sulfur)-60[degree]A	p. 66
Basic Formula for Oil Resistant Gasket from Natural Rubber-65[degree]A	p. 67
General-Purpose Auto Rubber Bush	p. 67
Retreading Rubber Compounds and Cements	p. 68
Introduction	p. 68
Tire Tread or Camel Back 1	p. 68
Tire Tread or Camel Back 2	p. 69
Tire Tread or Camel Back 3	p. 69
Tire Tread or Camel Back 4	p. 70
Tire Tread or Camel Back 5	p. 71
Tire Tread or Camel Back 6	p. 72
Under Tread Strips	p. 72
Cushion Gum Compound	p. 73
Vulcanizing Solution	p. 73
Industrial Rubber Rollers	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
Method	p. 75
Cylinder 38-Paper Mills	p. 76
Cylinder 44 (White)-Paper Mills	p. 77
Cylinder 55-Paper Mills	p. 77
Cylinder 65-Paper Mills	p. 78
Cylinder 56 (White)-Paper Mills	p. 78
Cylinder 75-Paper Mills	p. 79
Cylinder 60-Paper Mills	p. 79
Cylinder 80-Paper Mills	p. 80
Cylinder 92-Paper Mills	p. 80
Cylinder 96-Paper Mills	p. 81
Cylinder 995-Semi-ebonite	p. 81
Cylinder for the Steel Industry (Natural Rubber)	p. 82
Cylinder A (Green) for Textile Mills	p. 82
Cylinder E-Textiles	p. 83
Cylinder G-Textiles	p. 83
Cylinder N55	p. 84
Cylinder N70	p. 84
Neoprene N75	p. 85
Cylinder N90	p. 86
Cylinder P72	p. 87
Printing Roll Nitrile Based (Oil Resistant Printing Roll)	p. 88
Cylinder "O" for the Textile Industry	p. 88
Cylinder B (Beige) for the Textile Industry	p. 89
Cylinder H (Green-Blue) for the Textile Industry	p. 89
Cylinder C (Red) for the Textile Industry	p. 90
Cylinder E (Yellow-Green) for the Textile Industry	p. 90
Cylinder F (Light Brown) for the Textile Industry	p. 91
Cylinder G (Light Green) for the Textile Industry	p. 91
Ethylene-Propylene Diene Monomer Roll for 15% Nitric Acid-Electroplating Service	p. 92
Neoprene Printing Roll-40-45[degree]A	p. 93
Neoprene Hard Roll Compound (Nonblack)-85[degree]A	p. 94
Hypalon Roll (Black)-85[degree]A	p. 95
Hypalon Roll Compound (White)-98[degree]A	p. 96
Rubber Roll for Tannery-60[degree]A	p. 96
Rubber Roll for Tannery-80[degree]A	p. 97
Tank Linings and Adhesives	p. 98
Introduction	p. 98
Rubber Lining of Digesters with Brick Lining for Sulfuric Acid Conditions at 100[degree]C	p. 99
Rubber Lining Drum Filters for Handling Sulfuric Acid Slurry at 65[degree]C	p. 100
Rubber Lining for Iron Ore Slurry (Wear Resistant)	p. 100
Adhesive Solution for the Abrasion/Wear Resistant Lining Compound for Slurry Lines	p. 101
Rubber Lining for Wet Chlorine-Caustic Soda Industry	p. 101
Base Layer (Semi-ebonite)	p. 102
Lining Layer (True Ebonite)	p. 102
Adhesive Dissolution to be Used on Cleaned Metal Surfaces for Ebonite Lining	p. 103
Lining Formulations for Phosphoric Acid Storage Tanks	p. 103
Natural Rubber	p. 104
Neoprene Rubber	p. 104
Cold Bond Adhesive Common for Natural, Neoprene, Butyl, and Hypalon Rubber Sheets	p. 105
Mixture of Solvents for Evaporation Makeup	p. 105
Chlorine Resistant Compound Formulation Used in Mercury Cells in the Caustic Soda Industry	p. 106
Semi-ebonite Compound Formulation for Extension of Profiles for Drum Filters	p. 107
Formulation for Sulfuric Acid/Chlorine Solutions in Drying Towers in the Caustic Soda Industry	p. 108
Ebonite Based on Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) for Making Ebonite Distance Pieces and Internals for the Chemical Industry	p. 109
Ebonite Formulation Suitable for the Hot Water Curing Method	p. 110
Acid Resistant Strip Extension Compound Formulation (Natural Rubber)	p. 111
Acid and Ozone Resistant Strip Extrusion Compound Formulation (Neoprene Rubber)	p. 112
Nitric Acid Resistant Ethylene-Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Lining Formulation for the Electroplating Industry	p. 113
Bromobutyl Lining Formulation for the Ore/Sand Beneficiation Industry	p. 114
White Natural Rubber Compound Formula for Lining of Equipments in Pigment Plants	p. 115
White Neoprene Rubber Lining for Pigmentation Plants	p. 116
White Natural Rubber/Neoprene Blend for Pigmentation Plants	p. 117
Chlorobutyl Adhesive Formulation for Use in Butyl Lining Formulation	p. 118
Adhesive for Patchwork in a Rubber-Lined Pipes	p. 118
Compound A	p. 118
Compound B	p. 118
Butyl Rubber Lining for Acid Regeneration Duty	p. 119
Flexible Cell Covers	p. 119
Ozone Resistant Neoprene Layer	p. 120
Wet Chlorine Resistant Layer	p. 120
Butyl Rubber/EPDM Membrane for Use in Fishery Tanks	p. 121
Low Temperature Curable Bromobutyl Lining for Digesters in the Ore Industry	p. 122
Open Steam Curable Phosphoric Acid Resistant Soft Natural Rubber Compound	p. 123
Master Batch	p. 123
Ultra Accelerator System	p. 123
Rubber Lining for 20% Hydrochloric Acid at 100[degree]C	p. 124
Lining of Impellers in Phosphatic Fertilizer Plants with Tip Velocities of 109-110 m/sec to withstand Dust and Fumes of Phosphoric Acid	p. 125
Low Water Absorption Neoprene Lining Formulation for Chlor-Alkali Plants	p. 125
Butyl Lining for Digester (Without Mineral Fillers)	p. 126
Lining for Road Tankers for 80% Phosphoric Acid or 32% Hydrochloric Acid	p. 127
Grooved Rubber Pads for Railways	p. 128
Introduction	p. 128
Paddy Dehusking Rolls	p. 129
Formulation Based on Natural Rubber	p. 129
Formulation Based on Carboxylated Nitrile Rubber	p. 130
Footwear Rubber Components	p. 131
Solid Rubber Soling for Footwear	p. 131
Black Heel for Footwear	p. 132
Brown Soling for Footwear	p. 133
Sponge with High Styrene Nitrile Rubber for Soling	p. 134
Sponge Rubber Soling for Footwear (Natural Rubber)	p. 134
Rubber Strap for Microcellular/Sponge Soling	p. 135
Hoses	p. 136
Introduction	p. 136
Nitrile Rubber Hose Outer	p. 136
Nitrile Rubber Hose Inner	p. 137
Typical Ebonite Formulations	p. 138
Introduction	p. 138
Fast Curing Ebonite	p. 139
Table Mats	p. 140
Rubber Erasers	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Pencil Eraser-Alternate I	p. 141
Pencil Eraser-Alternate II	p. 142
Ink Eraser-Alternate I	p. 142
Ink Eraser-Alternate II	p. 143
Eraser for Typewriter	p. 144
Natural Rubber (NR) Study Formulations-Factory Trials	p. 145
White Rubber Tiles	p. 146
Factory Trials of Neoprene Moldables	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Proofing Compounds for Clothing and Inflatables	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Frictioning Compound	p. 149
Topping Compound	p. 149
Wear Resistant Rubber for the Mining Industry	p. 150
Introduction	p. 150
Typical Slurry Handling Compound-40[degree]A	p. 151
Typical Chute and Launder Lining Compound-60[degree]A	p. 151
Neoprene Molded Corks	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
Low-Cost Chemical Resistant Canvass Reinforced Neoprene Rubber Sheets	p. 153
Battery Box	p. 154
Neoprene Washer for Water Taps	p. 155
Neoprene Inner Layer for Isocyanate Bonded Components	p. 156
Rubber Bonded Anvil for the Electronics Industry	p. 157
Solid Tires for Forklift Trucks	p. 158
Introduction	p. 158
Pharmaceutical Bottle Closures	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Appendices	p. 161
Scorching of Rubber-A Study Formula	p. 163
Specific Gravity and Volume Cost	p. 164
Equivalent Chemical Names for Trade Names	p. 165
Useful Conversion Tables	p. 169
Tensile Strength and Modulus Conversions (Force/Area)	p. 169
Tear Strength Conversions (Force/Width)	p. 170
Temperature Conversions	p. 171
Celsius to Fahrenheit	p. 171
Fahrenheit to Celsius	p. 172
Other Conversion Tables	p. 173
Metric Weight Measures	p. 173
Pounds to Kilograms	p. 173
Ounces to Kilograms	p. 174
Inches to Millimeters	p. 174
Fractions to Decimals	p. 175
Bibliography	p. 177
Index	p. 179
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